Non-state actors are individuals or organizations that have influence at a national or international level but do not belong to any state. There are three main types of non-state actors: sub-state actors like trade unions that influence domestic policy; intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) like the UN and WTO that coordinate policies between states; and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) like Amnesty International that advocate for issues and influence state and IGO policies. While states remain important actors, non-state actors have increasing power in international relations as globalization continues.
International relations represent the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states including the roles of the states, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), non- governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). It is both an academic and public policy field, and can be either positive or normative as it seeks both to analyze as well as formulate the foreign policy of particular states. It is often considered as the branch of political science.
Apart from political science, IR draws upon such diverse fields as economics, history, law, philosophy, geography, sociology, anthropology, psychology and cultural studies. It involves diverse range of issues including but not limited to: globalization, state sovereignty, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, terrorism, organized crime, human security, foreign interventionism and human rights.
The presentation is on neoliberalism in international relations. The emergence of neoliberalism and convergence and difference of neoliberalism and structural realism as well as barriers to international cooperation is presented.
International relations represent the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states including the roles of the states, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), non- governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). It is both an academic and public policy field, and can be either positive or normative as it seeks both to analyze as well as formulate the foreign policy of particular states. It is often considered as the branch of political science.
Apart from political science, IR draws upon such diverse fields as economics, history, law, philosophy, geography, sociology, anthropology, psychology and cultural studies. It involves diverse range of issues including but not limited to: globalization, state sovereignty, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, terrorism, organized crime, human security, foreign interventionism and human rights.
The presentation is on neoliberalism in international relations. The emergence of neoliberalism and convergence and difference of neoliberalism and structural realism as well as barriers to international cooperation is presented.
Each response 250 wordsResponse 1 I noticed two important t.docxjoellemurphey
Each response 250 words
Response 1:
I noticed two important themes in this weeks’ readings. First, the lack of consensus for defining international organizations (IOs) (Duffield 2007, Iriye 2004). This falls in line with my undergraduate Homeland Security studies and the lack of consencus for defining domestic terrorism. How can we really talk about something if we don’t agree on the basics? Reprocussions are readily visible thorughout “society”. Second, though not a recurring theme in our literature but to our current state of national politics is, “the international relations literature remains unnecessarily balkanized as adherents of different conceptions talk past one another, when they attempt to communicate at all” (Duffield 2007). So, scholars do not agree on definitions nor, as is suggested, will they listen to various points of view (ibid). I’m not sure which is more disconcerting.
I do like Iriye’s (2004) differentiation of the two types of IOs, one formed by states, such and the UN, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). I see them both as gap-fillers (much like the third theme running through our reading…gaps in literature). NGO’s such as Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) (BRAC 2020, CHAI 2019) play such a large, global humanitarian role in health care, sexual violence, access to medical care, ect. The World Bank (1995) clearly stated their importance when defining NGOs stating, “private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services or undertake community development”. Mondal, Chowdhury and Basu concluded NGOs have faster reponse times due to less bureaucracy (2015). US disaster response is built on an escalting scale beginning with local response then escalating upward when resources are depleted or overwhelmed (FEMA 2011). Sometimes communication between agencies is disrupted, procedures unclear or not clearly communicated (Cole and Fellows 2008). The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), synonymous in the western world with relief through pop culture reference in movies (care packages provided to POWs), as well as disaster relief drives, is not an NGO (ICRC n.d). It functions independently from government based on its mandate and legal status.
I believe NGOs such as the ones previously listed are most crucial international politics for one reason; suffering should have nothing to do with politics. Whether it is a earthquake in Iran, a Hurricane in Puerto Rico, a cyclone in Bangledash, or famine in multiple African countries (Oxfam 2020), governments have limitations in funding, organization, and training. Chandra and Acosta note the importance of NGOs in disaster recovery but also note limitations such as lack of coordination with governemnt agencies (2009). As previously stated, NGOs are gap fillers mean to augment response or fill a.
Information System are increasingly being used in all organizations..pdfforwardcom41
Information System are increasingly being used in all organizations. NGOs (non governmental
organizations), in particular, use ICTs to coordinate their advocacy programs, relate the
programs to broader governmental goals, and establish accountability. However, at times, NGOs
have not been particularly successful in using ICTs because of social forces that influence the
type of organization. Discussion Prompt: On the basis of your work experience, what are the
similarities and differences between the needs and cultures of NGOs (non-governmental
organizations) and business organizations. What lessons from NGOs and their needs can you use
in business organizations?
Solution
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a not-for-profit organization that\'s independent
from states and international governmental organizations. They square measure sometimes
funded by donations however some avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by
volunteers. NGOs are extremely numerous teams of organizations engaged in a big selection of
activities, and take completely different forms in different elements of the globe. Some may have
charitable standing, while others could be registered for tax exemption supported recognition of
social functions. Others may be fronts for political, religious, or other interests.
The number of NGOs worldwide is calculable to be three.7 million.[1] Russia has 277,000
NGOs.[2] India is calculable to have had around two million NGOs in 2009, just over one
organization per 600 Indians, and many times the quantity of primary colleges and first health
centres in Asian country.[3][4] China is estimated to have more or less 440,000 officially
registered NGOs.[5]
NGOs are tough to outline, and the term \'NGO\' isn\'t always used systematically. In some
countries the term NGO is applied to Associate in Nursing organization that in Associate in
Nursingother country would be known as an , and vice versa. There are several completely
different classifications of organization in use. The most common focus is on \"orientation\" and
\"level of operation\". An NGO\'s orientation refers to the kind of activities it takes on. These
activities might embody person rights, environmental, civilizing health, or growth work. An
NGO\'s level of process indicates the scale at that a corporation works, such as local, regional,
national, or international
Later the term became used more wide. Today, according to the UN, Associate in Nursingy kind
of private organization that\'s freelance from government management is termed an \"NGO\",
provided it is not-for-profit, no prevention,[clarification needed] but not merely Associate in
Nursing opposition political party.
One characteristic these diverse organizations share is that their non-profit standing means that
they square measure not hindered by short monetary objectives. Accordingly, they are able to
devote themselves to problems that occur across longer time horizons, such as global climate
change,.
Organizations which are independent of government involvement are known as non-governmental organizations or NGOs or non-government organizations. NGOs are a subgroup of organizations founded by citizens, which include clubs and associations which provide services to its members and others.
1. In what way do INGOs and NGOs (Global Civil Society) participate .docxblondellchancy
1. In what way do INGOs and NGOs (Global Civil Society) participate within the International Human Rights Regime?
Are they effective and what are some of the challenges they face
2. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, what mechanisms within the United Nations help enforce human rights? Are they effective?
3. According to the CFR, what is one of the greatest challenges of utilizing these mechanisms?
(300 Words)
-------
INFORMATION
https://www.cfr.org/report/global-human-rights-regime
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6QQTiAnOVM
-------
sTUDENT EXAMPLES
2. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, what mechanisms within the United Nations help enforce human rights? Are they effective?
The United Nations is known as the central global authority for developing standards on issues and laws all across the world. They are known for being able to develop international norms and find legitimate ways to be able to enforce those standards in countries. In order for all of these standards, norms, and laws to be enforced, there are many different mechanisms within the United States placed there to make sure that everything runs smoothly and that the standards are reached. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, the mechanisms within the United Nation include the UNSC Action, UN Human Rights Council, committees of elected experts, various rapporteurs, special representatives and working groups. Together, all of these mechanisms work together to attempt to enforce human rights. What all of these have in common is that they all have the same goals of raising political will as well as public awareness, they also seek to evaluate the ways that states assess issues dealing with human rights, and offer technological advice to states on how to improve how they deal with human rights. In addition to these mechanisms, there are also war crime tribunals such as the International Criminal Court, tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and hybrid courts in Sierra Leone and Cambodia. The war crime tribunals also aid the United Nations in making sure that human rights are being enforced in all of these nations, and if there is a legal issue between two nations on whether the standards are being kept or not, one nation may bring legal action against another.
References:
“The Global Human Rights Regime.”
Council on Foreign Relations
, Council on Foreign Relations, www.cfr.org/report/global-human-rights-regime.
-------------
In what way do INGOs and NGOs (Global Civil Society) participate within the International Human Rights Regime? Are they effective and what are some of the challenges they face?
INGOs and NGOs have become a prominent part of global society. Starting from the UN Charter and the UN Declaration of Human Rights, several countries have now joined various organizations to promote human rights. HRINGOs are motivated by their principles and are powered by their committed constituencies. Hence why they are.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Non state Actors
1. Definition
Non-state actors are individuals or organizations that have powerful economic,
political or social power and are able to influence at a national and sometimes
international level but do not belong to or allied themselves to any particular
country or state.
Types of Non-state Actors and Their Roles
1: Sub-state Actors
Sub-state actors are groups of people or individuals with similar interests not
beyond the states that areable to effect the state’s foreign policy. They are also
known as domestic actors. They are politically assembled to influence policies
through interest groups, lobbying, donating to political candidates or parties,
swaying public opinion on certain issues, and other means.
Some examplesof sub-state actors arethetradeunion (British English) / labour
union (Canadian English) labour union (American English). Trade union is an
organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals
such as protecting the integrity of its trade, achieving higher pay, increasing the
number of employees an employer hires, and better working conditions. They
are able to influence the decisions made regarding their state’s laws in order to
protect the rights of employees.
2: Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
IGOs areorganizations whosemembers consistof threeor morenations-states.
IGOs arecreated and joined by states to solveshared problems which givethem
authority to make collective decisions to manage problems on the global
agenda. In these organizations, the states’ representatives gather to discuss
issues that are of mutual interests to the member states.
There are two main types of IGOs,theglobal IGOs and theregionalIGOs. Global
IGOs are organizations having universal or nearly universal membership which
means every state is a member like the United Nations (UN), World Trade
Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and many more.
Regional IGOs are a subset of states as members based on a particular interest
or region,such asthe Associationof SoutheastAsianNations (ASEAN),European
Union (EU) and many others.
2. States need to correspond with each other and oversee other states to ensure
that they are honouring their commitments to acknowledge many of the
problems.Asan example, in thecaseof freetrade,the WorldTradeOrganization
(WTO) was formed to coordinate the negotiation of tariffs and to provide a
mechanism for resolving disputes. Some of these tasks might be more
complicated and expensive to execute without the IGOs.
Some examples of IGOs and their purposes:
i: United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to
maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among
nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a center for harmonizing the
actions of nations.It is the largest, most familiar, most internationally
represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world.
The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City; other main
offices are in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna and The Hague.
ii: World Trade Organization (WTO)
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that
is concerned with the regulation of international trade between nations. The
WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement,
signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. It is the largest
international economic organization in the world.
iii: World Bank
The World Bank (French: Banque mondiale) is an international financial
institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of poorer
countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. It comprises two
institutions: the InternationalBank forReconstruction and Development (IBRD),
and the International Development Association (IDA). The World Bank is a
component of the World Bank Group.
iv: International Monetary Fund (IMF)
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization
headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 189 countries working to
foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate
international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic
3. growth, and reduce poverty around the world while periodically depending on
the World Bank for its resources.[1]
Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods
Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard
Keynes,[6]
it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and
the goal of reconstructing the international payment system. It now plays a
central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and
international financial crises.[7]
Countries contribute funds to a pool through a
quota systemfromwhich countriesexperiencing balance of paymentsproblems
can borrow money.
3: Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
NGOs are private international actors whose members are not states, but are
volunteersfrompopulations of 2 or morestates whohaveformed organizations
to promote their shared interests and ideals in order to influence the policies of
state governments and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). NGOs tackle
many global problems and seek changes in the world for causes such as
disarmament, environmental protection, human rights and many more. Most
pursueobjectives that are highly respected and constructive, and therefore do
not provoke any controversy or arouse much opposition.
NGOs interact with states, sub-state actors, MNCs, and other NGOs. NGOs are
increasingly being recognized in the UN and other forums, as legitimate actors
along with states but is not equal to them. Some of the groups have a political
purpose,somea humanitarian one, somean economic or a technical one. There
are times where NGOs combine efforts through transnational advocacy
networks.Byjoining NGOs, many peoplefound thatthey could participatein the
global system and lobby to influence international organizations.
Some examples of NGOs:
One of the NGOs that fight for human rights is Amnesty International. Amnesty
International is a worldwide movement of people who campaign for
internationally recognized human rights for all. They conduct research and
generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights and to
demand justice for those whose rights have been violated.
Some of the issues that has been campaign are armed conflict issues and
protection of civilians, basic welfare of children, LGBT rights, rights of people
4. with AIDS, women's rights, disability rights, human impact of pollution and
environmental degradation, freedom of the press and many more.
Conclusion
Although states remains as the most important actors in the global system, the
non-state actors in today’s world have an increasing influence and power in IR.
One of the largest MNCs has revenues that even surpasses someof the poorer
states shows their increasing influences. As the world continues to globalize, it
will be difficult for us to distinguish corporations, countries and other actors in
an era of collapsing states and re-emerging nations.