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1. Theoretical Framework
 Once the research questions have been stated then one is
ready to develop a theoretical frame work of their research.
 While developing our theoretical frame work we basically
theorize on the bases of our belief that how are certain
phenomena's are related.
 So theoretical framework is a representation of our beliefs
on how certain phenomena ( or variables or concepts ) are
related to each other(model) and an explanation of why we
believe that these are associated with each other (theory).
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Prepared By Farrukh Nazir (MS Project
Management, MBA, MSc CS)

2. Continued…
 It’s a conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes
logical sense of the relationship among several factors or
variables that have been identified to the problem under
the study.
 It helps us to postulate or hypothesize and test certain
relationships and improves our level of understanding in
the context of dynamics of situation.
 Based on the previous literature we discuss the
interrelationship between the different variables which are
of interest to us and concerns the problem.
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Prepared By Farrukh Nazir (MS Project
Management, MBA, MSc CS)

3. Continued…
 By developing this kind of conceptual framework would
help us claim and test certain relationships.
 i.e. From this framework we develop hypothesis
statements which are then tested to find out if our theory
was valid or not
 It offers the conceptual foundation for constructing the
edifice of research that is to taken in hand.
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Prepared By Farrukh Nazir (MS Project
Management, MBA, MSc CS)

4. Continued…
Specifically a theoretical framework:
 Elaborates the relationship among the variables.
 Explains the logical understanding of the relationships.
 Describes the nature and direction of the relationship with
arguments.
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Prepared By Farrukh Nazir (MS Project
Management, MBA, MSc CS)

5. Types of Variables
 Dependent
 (Criterion Variable)
 primary interest
 Describe or explain the variability or predict it.
 We study what variables influence dependent variable
 So by studying these we might able to find a solution of
the problem
 E.g. Sales are low , employee loyalty is dropping
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Prepared By Farrukh Nazir (MS Project
Management, MBA, MSc CS)

6. Continued…
 Independent
 (Predictor variable)
 Which influences the dependent variable
 The influence might be positive or negative
 When independent variable is present the dependent
variable is also present.
 With each unit of increase in independent variable there
is an increase or decrease in the dependent variable
 E.g. Advertising on sales, recognition on loyalty
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Prepared By Farrukh Nazir (MS Project
Management, MBA, MSc CS)

7. Continued…
 Moderating (surfaces in between the independent and
dependent at a given time)
 Moderating Variables have strong contingent (conditional)
effect on the independent – dependent variables
relationship.
 i.e. in the presences of the a third variable the relationship
between the independent and dependent is modified.
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Prepared By Farrukh Nazir (MS Project
Management, MBA, MSc CS)

8. Continued…
 Mediating / Intervening(Effects the relationship
between independent and dependent)
 A variable which surfaces between the time the
independent variable operates to influence the
dependent variable.
 Temporal /sequential quality
 Surfaces as a function of the independent variable
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Prepared By Farrukh Nazir (MS Project
Management, MBA, MSc CS)

9. Components of Theoretical
Framework
Whether we use a ready-made theoretical framework or
explicates an entirely new one, there are some essential
features that have to be taken into consideration that is
called as components of a theoretical framework.
In a good theoretical framework, following six basic features
should be incorporated:
1. Inventory of Variables – The relevant variables should
be clearly identified and labeled in the study plan.
2. Direction of Relationship – In the light of findings of
previous research, there should be an indication in the
discussion as to whether the relationship should be
positive or negative.
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Prepared By Farrukh Nazir (MS Project
Management, MBA, MSc CS)

10. Continued…
3. Clear Explanation of Why We Should Expect The
Proposed Relationship to Exist – There should be clear
explanation of why we would expect these relationships
to exist. It is essential to theorize logical relationship
between different variables.
4. Inventory of Propositions – Logical relationship
between any two variables is formulated in a number of
propositions and such a collection of propositions is
called as inventory of propositions.
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Prepared By Farrukh Nazir (MS Project
Management, MBA, MSc CS)

11. Continued…
5. Propositions Arrangement in a Sequential Order –
Interrelated set of propositions relevant to the study plan
or problem explain the pathway or roadmap of logical
relationships between different variables.
6. Schematic Diagram of The Theoretical Model – A
schematic diagram of the theoretical framework helps
the reader to see and comprehend the theorized
relationship.
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Prepared By Farrukh Nazir (MS Project
Management, MBA, MSc CS)