This document discusses the skeletal system, specifically the vertebral column and the effects of exercise. It defines the vertebral column as being made up of 33 bones that provide posture, movement, stability and protection. It identifies the different regions of the vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx) and number of bones in each. Short term effects of exercise include increased synovial fluid and cartilage swelling, while long term effects involve increased bone density, strength and mineral storage.

1. Exercise and Fitness Lvl 2 Lesson 3 Skeletal System

2. Session 3 Aims & Objectives Recap of session 2 – Joints in Action Label and explain the functions of the Vertebral Column Identify the long and short term effects of exercise on the skeletal system Skeletal System - Revision Workshop

3. WHAT IS THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN? Also called the spine , used for posture , movement, stability & protection . Strong and flexible structure and one of its primary roles is to protect the spinal cord since any damage can cause considerable problems Made up of 33 bones, some allow for movement at the joints where the bones fit together, some allow for no movement at all Discs are between these joints and act as shock absorbers

4. The Vertebral Column What are the main functions?

5. Answer: 1. Protection of the spinal chord 2. Attachment of Ribs 3. Attachment of muscles 4. To allow a wide range of movement although each vertebrae only moves a small distance.

6. What are the vertebrae called? There are 33 bones in the vertebral column CERVICAL (7) THORACIC (12) LUMBAR (5) SACRUM (5) (FUSED) COCCYX (4) (FUSED ) CTLSC = 7,12,5,5,4 (Cats Tongue Licks Some Cream!!!)

8. Vertebral Column The “S” Shape of the spine allows for absorption of impact, e.g. during sport Mainly the lumbar region of the spine which absorbs the impact and this area is where many back problems are located

10. Vertebral Column Fused, no movement 4 Coccyx Fused, no movement 5 Sacrum Lumbar vertebrae are moveable 5 Lumbar Limited, creates a stable structure for organs 12 Thoracic Yes 7 Cervical Movement Number of Vertebrae Category

11. Lets look at this type of vertebrae and think about its use in sport. CERVICAL - THE VERTEBRAE THAT MAKE UP THE NECK REGION (THE TOP TWO ARE THE ATLAS AND AXIS )

12. EXAMPLES

13. Look at these vertebrae and recognise the difference.

14. The Pelvic Girdle The coccyx and sacrum region of the spine sit perfectly within the pelvic girdle The pelvic girdle is made up of the illium, pubis symphysis & ischium

15. Activity 1 Now complete the worksheet 5 labelling the 5 regions of the spine, detailing how many vertebrae are in each region.

16. Short Term Effects of Exercise on the Skeletal Increased production of Synovial fluid Cartilage temporarily swells as it absorbs synovial fluid

17. Long Term Effects of Exercise Increased bone density – bones get thicker and stronger Reduced risk of Osteoporosis Increased mineral storage Increased red blood cell production Ligaments become stronger Tendons become stronger Increased number of capillaries