- The Skopos theory introduced by Hans Vermeer defines the "skopos" or purpose of a translation as determining the translation methods and strategies. - Vermeer's theory focuses on understanding why a source text is being translated and what function the target text will serve in order to produce an adequate translation. - The theory proposes that a target text must fulfill its skopos or purpose for the target culture, be internally coherent, and coherent with the source text, with the skopos taking precedence over other factors.

1. The Skopos Theory
Presented by
Dr. Nighat Ahmed
Department of English (UGS)
NUML, Islamabad
BS-English (Afternoon)
Course = Introduction to
Translation Studies
7th Semester
Section A,B & C
Semester : Spring 2021
8th Lecture (Online)

2. Hans J. Vermeer’s Skopos theory
Skopos is the Greek word for ‘aim’ or ‘purpose’ and was
introduced into Translation theory in the 1970’s by Hans
J. Vermeer as a technical term for the purpose of a
translation. The major work on Skopos theory is a book
‘Ground work for a General Theory of Translation’ (1984)
co-authored by Vermeer and Katharina Reiss.
This theory focuses on the purpose of translation which
determines the translation methods and strategies to be
employed in order to produce functionally adequate
result.

3. The result is TT which Vermeer calls the translatum.
Hence in Skopos theory, knowing why a ST is to be
translated and what the function of TT will be, are crucial
for the translator.
Vermeer and Reiss aim at a general translation theory
for all texts in their book. First Vermeer’s Skopos is
explained and in the second section ‘special theories’
adopt Reiss’s functional text type model to the general
theory. The basic underlying rules of this theory are as
follows:
1. A translatum (or TT) is determined by its skopos.

4. 2. A TT is an offer of information in a target culture and
TL concerning an offer of information in a source
culture and SL.
3. A TT does not initiate an offer of information in a
clearly reversible way.
4. A TT must be internally coherent.
5. A TT must be coherent with the ST.
6. The five rules above stand in hierarchical order, with
the skopos rule predominating.

5. Discussion of Skopos theory
Nord and Schaffner discuss some of the criticisms made
on Skopos theory by other scholars. These include the
following:
1. What purports to be a ‘general’ theory is in fact only
valid for non-literary texts. Literary texts are
considered either to have no specific purpose and far
more complex stylistically.
2. Reiss;s text type approach and Vermeer’s skopos
theory are in fact considering different functional
phenomena and cannot be lumped together.

6. 3. Skopos theory does not pay sufficient attention to the
linguistic nature of the ST nor to the reproduction of
micro-level features in the TT. Even if the Skopos is
adequately fulfilled, it may be inadequate at the
stylistic or semantic levels of individual segments.
Other criticisms are namely that Jargon such a
‘translation’ does little to further translation theory,
where workable terms already exist and that
consideration of cultural issues and differences must
surely be essential when deciding on how skopos
can be achieve.