Katharina reiss
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Katharina Reiss is a German linguist known for her defense of skopos theory and text typology in translation studies. She argues that the translation unit is the text rather than individual words or sentences. Her text typology includes informative texts that communicate facts, expressive creative works, operative texts meant to persuade actions, and audio medial texts combining words with visual/audio elements. Skopos theory focuses on translation having an intended purpose for a target audience in a given context.
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Theories_of_translation.pptx
This document provides an overview of various theories of translation that have developed over time. It discusses early philological theories from figures like Cicero and Augustine, then philosophical theories from the 20th century from thinkers like Ezra Pound and Walter Benjamin. It also covers linguistic theories from Eugene Nida that emphasized dynamic equivalence, and sociolinguistic theories that view translation in its social context and as serving a purpose or skopos. The document traces the development of translation theory through multiple schools and perspectives.
translation
This document provides an overview of the history and development of translation studies as an academic discipline. It notes that while translation has long been practiced, translation studies emerged as a formal discipline in the 1950s and 1960s. Early work focused on contrastive analysis and linguistic approaches to translation. The field has rapidly expanded since the 1990s, with numerous university courses, conferences, journals, and books focused on translation studies. It is now recognized as an independent, multidisciplinary academic field encompassing various theoretical and practical approaches to written translation.
The summary of `Introducing Translation Studies` by Jeremy Munday
The document summarizes Jeremy Munday's book which presents the development of translation and its issues over 11 chapters. Each chapter introduces a key translation theory, provides an overview and discussion points. The book aims to give a practical introduction and critical survey of trends in translation studies in order to help readers develop their understanding of its issues. It is designed as a coursebook for translation students and professionals.
History of translstudies
1. Translation studies developed as an academic discipline since the 1970s, drawing from fields like linguistics, comparative literature, and cultural studies.
2. Early work focused on contrastive analysis and equivalence, while recent approaches examine translation as a communicative act within sociocultural contexts.
3. Current theories address issues like text types, skopos, descriptive approaches, the literary polysystem, cultural studies perspectives, and the relationship between theory and practice in the field.
Equivalencein translation
This document discusses concepts of equivalence and similarity in translation. It begins by defining equivalence and similarity, noting that similarity is not necessarily symmetrical, reversible, or transitive. It then examines approaches to equivalence in translation theory, including the equative view, taxonomic view, and relativist view which rejects equivalence as an identity assumption. Models of equivalence proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet, Jakobson, and Nida are outlined, noting tensions between formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence. The document emphasizes that equivalence is a complex concept that depends on context and perspective.
Purposes(skopos theory)
The document discusses the Skopos theory of translation. Some key points:
- Skopos theory proposes that the purpose or intended function ("skopos") of the target text, rather than faithfully translating the source text, should be the guiding principle for the translator.
- Hans Vermeer explained the "skopos rule," which states that a translation should be produced in a way that enables it to function for the people who want to use it and for the purpose they want it to serve.
- Translations may have different purposes than the source texts. According to skopos theory, the translator's decisions should be determined by the target audience and purpose rather than strict equivalence to the
Functional theories
This document summarizes several functional theories of translation:
1) Katharina Reiss's theory links text types to their communicative functions and argues translations should preserve the source text's predominant function.
2) Justa Holz-Manttari's theory of translational action views translation as an outcome-oriented process involving various stakeholders. It focuses on producing a target text that is functionally communicative to the receiver.
3) Theories are criticized for oversimplifying text types and functions, and disregarding socio-cultural factors that influence translation. Functional theories moved beyond considering words/sentences to the communicative purpose of translation.
Corpus linguistics the basics
Introductory lecture on Corpus Linguistics. Contents: Corpus linguistics: past and present, What is a corpus?, Why use computers to study language? Corpus-based vs. Intuition-based approach, Theory vs. Methodology.
This lecture was based on McEnery et al. 2006. Corpus-based Language Studies. An Advanced resource book. Routlege.
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Theories_of_translation.pptx
This document provides an overview of various theories of translation that have developed over time. It discusses early philological theories from figures like Cicero and Augustine, then philosophical theories from the 20th century from thinkers like Ezra Pound and Walter Benjamin. It also covers linguistic theories from Eugene Nida that emphasized dynamic equivalence, and sociolinguistic theories that view translation in its social context and as serving a purpose or skopos. The document traces the development of translation theory through multiple schools and perspectives.
translation
This document provides an overview of the history and development of translation studies as an academic discipline. It notes that while translation has long been practiced, translation studies emerged as a formal discipline in the 1950s and 1960s. Early work focused on contrastive analysis and linguistic approaches to translation. The field has rapidly expanded since the 1990s, with numerous university courses, conferences, journals, and books focused on translation studies. It is now recognized as an independent, multidisciplinary academic field encompassing various theoretical and practical approaches to written translation.
The summary of `Introducing Translation Studies` by Jeremy Munday
The document summarizes Jeremy Munday's book which presents the development of translation and its issues over 11 chapters. Each chapter introduces a key translation theory, provides an overview and discussion points. The book aims to give a practical introduction and critical survey of trends in translation studies in order to help readers develop their understanding of its issues. It is designed as a coursebook for translation students and professionals.
History of translstudies
1. Translation studies developed as an academic discipline since the 1970s, drawing from fields like linguistics, comparative literature, and cultural studies.
2. Early work focused on contrastive analysis and equivalence, while recent approaches examine translation as a communicative act within sociocultural contexts.
3. Current theories address issues like text types, skopos, descriptive approaches, the literary polysystem, cultural studies perspectives, and the relationship between theory and practice in the field.
Equivalencein translation
This document discusses concepts of equivalence and similarity in translation. It begins by defining equivalence and similarity, noting that similarity is not necessarily symmetrical, reversible, or transitive. It then examines approaches to equivalence in translation theory, including the equative view, taxonomic view, and relativist view which rejects equivalence as an identity assumption. Models of equivalence proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet, Jakobson, and Nida are outlined, noting tensions between formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence. The document emphasizes that equivalence is a complex concept that depends on context and perspective.
Purposes(skopos theory)
The document discusses the Skopos theory of translation. Some key points:
- Skopos theory proposes that the purpose or intended function ("skopos") of the target text, rather than faithfully translating the source text, should be the guiding principle for the translator.
- Hans Vermeer explained the "skopos rule," which states that a translation should be produced in a way that enables it to function for the people who want to use it and for the purpose they want it to serve.
- Translations may have different purposes than the source texts. According to skopos theory, the translator's decisions should be determined by the target audience and purpose rather than strict equivalence to the
Functional theories
This document summarizes several functional theories of translation:
1) Katharina Reiss's theory links text types to their communicative functions and argues translations should preserve the source text's predominant function.
2) Justa Holz-Manttari's theory of translational action views translation as an outcome-oriented process involving various stakeholders. It focuses on producing a target text that is functionally communicative to the receiver.
3) Theories are criticized for oversimplifying text types and functions, and disregarding socio-cultural factors that influence translation. Functional theories moved beyond considering words/sentences to the communicative purpose of translation.
Corpus linguistics the basics
Introductory lecture on Corpus Linguistics. Contents: Corpus linguistics: past and present, What is a corpus?, Why use computers to study language? Corpus-based vs. Intuition-based approach, Theory vs. Methodology.
This lecture was based on McEnery et al. 2006. Corpus-based Language Studies. An Advanced resource book. Routlege.
Research in translation studies
This document outlines areas of research in translation studies, including text analysis and translation quality assessment, genre translation, multimedia translation, translation history, and the translation process. It discusses both conceptual and empirical research. Empirical research uses methodology like quantitative and qualitative methods, case studies, corpus studies, text analysis, and interviews. Research questions can be exploratory to understand what is happening, or descriptive to analyze translations and understand patterns. Hypotheses are used if researchers want to generalize findings.
Systemic Functional Linguistics
Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) views language as a social semiotic system used to exchange meanings in social contexts. SFL was developed by Michael Halliday to study the relationship between language and its functions in social settings. It treats grammar as a meaning-making resource and considers how language evolves under the pressure of functions it must serve in society. SFL analyzes language through three metafunctions - the ideational to express experience, the interpersonal to enact social relationships, and the textual to create coherent messages.
Peter Newmark translation theory
An easy explanation to Peter Newmark's translation theory that's pretty much quoted from his book A Textbook of Translation and some personal comments i added aiming to making the explanation easier
Development of translation theory (ling)
This document summarizes the development of linguistic translation theory from ancient times to the present. It traces the evolution of translation practices and theories through different historical periods and scholars. Some of the key developments discussed include:
- 5th century BC - Early translations focused on literal translation with no established theory.
- 16th century - Martin Luther and others advocated for sense-based "meaning for meaning" translations to make religious texts more accessible.
- 17th century - Scholars like Dryden discussed different translation methods like metaphrase (literal) and paraphrase (free).
- 20th century - Structural linguistics theories focused on language as a system of signs, influencing scholars like Jakobson
Corpus linguistics
The document discusses corpus linguistics and different types of corpora. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language based on large collections of electronic texts, known as corpora. It describes general corpora, specialized corpora, historical/diachronic corpora, regional corpora, learner corpora, multilingual corpora, comparable corpora, and parallel corpora. It also discusses corpus annotation, concordancing, frequency and keyword lists, collocation, and software used for corpus analysis.
Sociocognitive model
Vygotsky's sociocognitive theory holds that culture is the primary influence on individual development. Children learn through shared problem-solving experiences with more advanced individuals like parents and teachers. Initially, adults guide problem-solving, but responsibility is gradually transferred to the child. Language is the main tool for transmitting cultural knowledge, and children internalize language to self-direct. The zone of proximal development refers to what children can do with help versus alone. Interaction with culture and social agents significantly contributes to intellectual development. Effective instruction uses scaffolding to adjust support based on the child's mastery level.
Translation, Function Of The Text
The document discusses different theories of translation, focusing on Newmark's theory which is based on Buhler's functional theory of language. Buhler identified the main functions of language as the expressive, informative, and vocative functions. Newmark classified texts according to their dominant function as expressive, informative, or vocative. The translation method should focus on retaining either the author's intent (semantic translation) or the readership's response (communicative translation) depending on the text's dominant function.
Systemic Functional Linguistics: An approach to analyzing written academic di...
Written academic discourse refers to the way of thinking and using language that exist in the academy. Writers demonstrate knowledge and negotiate social relations with readers by means of written discourse. In order to understand these characteristics of written discourse, different approaches are followed. Some follow a linguistic approach to uncover the linguistic devices associated with coherence in a written text. Other follow a social approach to analyze the social cultural context in which a written text occurs. However, it is demonstrated that the linguistic and the social cultural elements in a written text cannot be disassociated and that an approach, which combine the two approaches is required. Such an approach is Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Therefore, this paper discusses the way in which SFL is used as an approach to analyzing linguistic features of academic discourses and how those features relate to social cultural context. In this paper, it is shown that SFL provides the means to analyze not only the linguistic resources employed in a written text but also the context in which the text is used. These linguistic resources are associated with the creation of ideational, interpersonal and textual meaning at the level of lexicogrammar and discourse semantic. The context is modelled through register and genre theory.
Christiane Nord
The document discusses the role of a translator as a mediator between two cultures. It explains that a translator must have in-depth knowledge of both the source and target cultures in order to adequately translate texts while accounting for cultural codes and differences. Specifically, the document states that without knowledge of cultural codes, it is better not to translate at all. It also outlines four key abilities - abstraction, decision, transfer, and criticism - that translators must develop to translate effectively.
Pedagogical stylistics
The document discusses the pedagogical aspects and advantages of using a stylistic approach to teaching literature at the college level. A stylistic approach teaches students how language is used in literature and how meanings are made through language features. Adopting this approach would help students understand the role of language in literature and analyze unique aspects of different literary works. It also presents language in context and exposes students to complex vocabulary, syntax, and figurative language.
History of translation studies
Translation studies has gone through four phases of development: from Cicero and Horace translating Greek works into Latin between 46 BC and 1792; the rise of translation as a profession between 1769 and 1946; the development of machine translation and hermeneutic approaches between 1940 and 1960; and a metaphysical approach to translation theory from 1960 onwards. The Romans were early translators who helped spread Greek literature, but focused more on practical translation than creative works, lacking the imagination of later eras. Key Roman translators included Cicero, Horace, Longinus, and Quintilian.
Jakobson
Roman Jakobson was a famous Russian linguist who emigrated to Czechoslovakia and the United States. He was a leading figure of the Moscow Linguistic Circle and co-founder of the Prague Linguistic Circle. In his 1959 essay "On Linguistic Aspects of Translation," Jakobson defined three types of translation: intralingual translation within one language, interlingual translation between two languages, and intersemiotic translation from verbal language to nonverbal sign systems.
HIstory of Translation.pptx
(1) The document discusses the history of translation theory from ancient Rome to the 20th century.
(2) It outlines four periods of translation theory defined by George Steiner from practical work in antiquity to structural linguistics in the 20th century.
(3) Key figures like Cicero, Jerome, Luther, and Dryden contributed different approaches from sense-for-sense translation to stylistic license or imitation.
Text, genre and discourse shifts in translation
1) The document discusses text, genre, and discourse shifts that can occur in translation. It provides examples of each type of shift.
2) Genre shifts refer to changes in communicative events and their associated goals and norms. Translated news reports sometimes use words that do not accurately convey contrast, implication, or parallelism.
3) Text shifts relate to changes in rhetorical modes like arguing or narrating. Some concessive and adversative signals are sometimes ignored in translation.
4) Discourse shifts impact power relations and ideology. Checking an Arabic translation example, the writer found the heroine's agency and discourse were altered from the original.
Translation and culture
This document discusses the relationship between translation and culture. It argues that translation involves decoding thoughts from one language and social group and recoding them into an appropriate expression for another group, which is a process of cultural encoding and decoding. When translating a text, the cultural aspects and context should be taken into account more so than just the words, in order to ensure the translation is credible and understandable to the target reader and culture. As cultures and nations increasingly interact through processes like globalization and technology, translation must account for multicultural perspectives and blurred boundaries between cultures.
08 Literary Translation #1 Prose
This document discusses the challenges of translating prose works from one language to another. It begins by defining literary translation and prose translation. Some of the key challenges mentioned include maintaining an author's style while translating, dealing with unique character names and places, translating dialogues which are structured differently across languages, and maintaining semantic prosody of words. Additional difficulties come from translating cultural nuances, feelings and delicate elements of a work. The translator must have a strong understanding of both the source and target languages to perform this high art of literary translation.
Corpus linguistics
This document provides an introduction to corpus linguistics, including definitions of key terms and concepts. It discusses the history and development of corpus linguistics from early generational corpora in the 1960s-1990s to current applications. The document outlines different types of corpora as well as software tools used for corpus analysis. Both advantages and limitations of using corpora are presented. Finally, examples of famous corpora and applications to translation studies and research methods in corpus linguistics are briefly mentioned.
Levels of translating
The document discusses four levels of translation: the textual level, referential level, cohesive level, and naturalness level. The textual level involves decoding the syntactic structures of the source text and encoding them in the target text. The referential level deals with the meaning and message of the text by decoding idioms, expressions, and the pragmatic function. The cohesive level links the textual and referential levels by considering the tone, mood, and train of thought and following discourse analysis.
C.nord before translating
Nord highlights two types of translation: documentary translation, which serves to document a source culture communication, and instrumental translation, which serves as an independent message in the target culture. She also emphasizes three important aspects of translation: 1) considering the translation commission/brief, 2) analyzing aspects of the source text like subject matter and composition, and 3) establishing a functional hierarchy of translation problems from deciding the intended function to addressing lower-level linguistic problems.
Translation theory
1. The document discusses the need to study the translation process systematically rather than focusing only on models and diagrams.
2. It argues that understanding the cognitive process translators undergo when translating a text is important for improving translation skills.
3. Several experts are quoted warning that current understanding of the brain and memory is insufficient to fully describe the translation process, and that both descriptive and inductive approaches are needed.
Translation techniques and text types
This document outlines classroom guidelines for learners at the School of Continuing Education (SCE) at the American University in Cairo. It details policies on attendance, punctuality, grading, and how final grades are determined and posted. The key points are:
- Learners must attend at least 75% of class sessions or they will fail the course.
- Learners are expected to arrive on time and any tardiness beyond twice will count as absences.
- Grades are based on continual assessments, a final exam, and end-of-term achievement tests. Final grades are posted by student ID number, not name.
Teoria del skopos
La teoría del Skopos se centra en el propósito de la traducción. Propone que el texto meta debe cumplir una función comunicativa específica dentro de la cultura meta y que está determinado por el encargo de traducción. El texto meta no necesita ser equivalente al texto fuente, sino que debe ser adecuado al propósito de la traducción. La teoría enfatiza que un mismo texto puede ser traducido de diferentes maneras dependiendo del objetivo.
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Research in translation studies
This document outlines areas of research in translation studies, including text analysis and translation quality assessment, genre translation, multimedia translation, translation history, and the translation process. It discusses both conceptual and empirical research. Empirical research uses methodology like quantitative and qualitative methods, case studies, corpus studies, text analysis, and interviews. Research questions can be exploratory to understand what is happening, or descriptive to analyze translations and understand patterns. Hypotheses are used if researchers want to generalize findings.
Systemic Functional Linguistics
Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) views language as a social semiotic system used to exchange meanings in social contexts. SFL was developed by Michael Halliday to study the relationship between language and its functions in social settings. It treats grammar as a meaning-making resource and considers how language evolves under the pressure of functions it must serve in society. SFL analyzes language through three metafunctions - the ideational to express experience, the interpersonal to enact social relationships, and the textual to create coherent messages.
Peter Newmark translation theory
An easy explanation to Peter Newmark's translation theory that's pretty much quoted from his book A Textbook of Translation and some personal comments i added aiming to making the explanation easier
Development of translation theory (ling)
This document summarizes the development of linguistic translation theory from ancient times to the present. It traces the evolution of translation practices and theories through different historical periods and scholars. Some of the key developments discussed include:
- 5th century BC - Early translations focused on literal translation with no established theory.
- 16th century - Martin Luther and others advocated for sense-based "meaning for meaning" translations to make religious texts more accessible.
- 17th century - Scholars like Dryden discussed different translation methods like metaphrase (literal) and paraphrase (free).
- 20th century - Structural linguistics theories focused on language as a system of signs, influencing scholars like Jakobson
Corpus linguistics
The document discusses corpus linguistics and different types of corpora. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language based on large collections of electronic texts, known as corpora. It describes general corpora, specialized corpora, historical/diachronic corpora, regional corpora, learner corpora, multilingual corpora, comparable corpora, and parallel corpora. It also discusses corpus annotation, concordancing, frequency and keyword lists, collocation, and software used for corpus analysis.
Sociocognitive model
Vygotsky's sociocognitive theory holds that culture is the primary influence on individual development. Children learn through shared problem-solving experiences with more advanced individuals like parents and teachers. Initially, adults guide problem-solving, but responsibility is gradually transferred to the child. Language is the main tool for transmitting cultural knowledge, and children internalize language to self-direct. The zone of proximal development refers to what children can do with help versus alone. Interaction with culture and social agents significantly contributes to intellectual development. Effective instruction uses scaffolding to adjust support based on the child's mastery level.
Translation, Function Of The Text
The document discusses different theories of translation, focusing on Newmark's theory which is based on Buhler's functional theory of language. Buhler identified the main functions of language as the expressive, informative, and vocative functions. Newmark classified texts according to their dominant function as expressive, informative, or vocative. The translation method should focus on retaining either the author's intent (semantic translation) or the readership's response (communicative translation) depending on the text's dominant function.
Systemic Functional Linguistics: An approach to analyzing written academic di...
Written academic discourse refers to the way of thinking and using language that exist in the academy. Writers demonstrate knowledge and negotiate social relations with readers by means of written discourse. In order to understand these characteristics of written discourse, different approaches are followed. Some follow a linguistic approach to uncover the linguistic devices associated with coherence in a written text. Other follow a social approach to analyze the social cultural context in which a written text occurs. However, it is demonstrated that the linguistic and the social cultural elements in a written text cannot be disassociated and that an approach, which combine the two approaches is required. Such an approach is Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Therefore, this paper discusses the way in which SFL is used as an approach to analyzing linguistic features of academic discourses and how those features relate to social cultural context. In this paper, it is shown that SFL provides the means to analyze not only the linguistic resources employed in a written text but also the context in which the text is used. These linguistic resources are associated with the creation of ideational, interpersonal and textual meaning at the level of lexicogrammar and discourse semantic. The context is modelled through register and genre theory.
Christiane Nord
The document discusses the role of a translator as a mediator between two cultures. It explains that a translator must have in-depth knowledge of both the source and target cultures in order to adequately translate texts while accounting for cultural codes and differences. Specifically, the document states that without knowledge of cultural codes, it is better not to translate at all. It also outlines four key abilities - abstraction, decision, transfer, and criticism - that translators must develop to translate effectively.
Pedagogical stylistics
The document discusses the pedagogical aspects and advantages of using a stylistic approach to teaching literature at the college level. A stylistic approach teaches students how language is used in literature and how meanings are made through language features. Adopting this approach would help students understand the role of language in literature and analyze unique aspects of different literary works. It also presents language in context and exposes students to complex vocabulary, syntax, and figurative language.
History of translation studies
Translation studies has gone through four phases of development: from Cicero and Horace translating Greek works into Latin between 46 BC and 1792; the rise of translation as a profession between 1769 and 1946; the development of machine translation and hermeneutic approaches between 1940 and 1960; and a metaphysical approach to translation theory from 1960 onwards. The Romans were early translators who helped spread Greek literature, but focused more on practical translation than creative works, lacking the imagination of later eras. Key Roman translators included Cicero, Horace, Longinus, and Quintilian.
Jakobson
Roman Jakobson was a famous Russian linguist who emigrated to Czechoslovakia and the United States. He was a leading figure of the Moscow Linguistic Circle and co-founder of the Prague Linguistic Circle. In his 1959 essay "On Linguistic Aspects of Translation," Jakobson defined three types of translation: intralingual translation within one language, interlingual translation between two languages, and intersemiotic translation from verbal language to nonverbal sign systems.
HIstory of Translation.pptx
(1) The document discusses the history of translation theory from ancient Rome to the 20th century.
(2) It outlines four periods of translation theory defined by George Steiner from practical work in antiquity to structural linguistics in the 20th century.
(3) Key figures like Cicero, Jerome, Luther, and Dryden contributed different approaches from sense-for-sense translation to stylistic license or imitation.
Text, genre and discourse shifts in translation
1) The document discusses text, genre, and discourse shifts that can occur in translation. It provides examples of each type of shift.
2) Genre shifts refer to changes in communicative events and their associated goals and norms. Translated news reports sometimes use words that do not accurately convey contrast, implication, or parallelism.
3) Text shifts relate to changes in rhetorical modes like arguing or narrating. Some concessive and adversative signals are sometimes ignored in translation.
4) Discourse shifts impact power relations and ideology. Checking an Arabic translation example, the writer found the heroine's agency and discourse were altered from the original.
Translation and culture
This document discusses the relationship between translation and culture. It argues that translation involves decoding thoughts from one language and social group and recoding them into an appropriate expression for another group, which is a process of cultural encoding and decoding. When translating a text, the cultural aspects and context should be taken into account more so than just the words, in order to ensure the translation is credible and understandable to the target reader and culture. As cultures and nations increasingly interact through processes like globalization and technology, translation must account for multicultural perspectives and blurred boundaries between cultures.
08 Literary Translation #1 Prose
This document discusses the challenges of translating prose works from one language to another. It begins by defining literary translation and prose translation. Some of the key challenges mentioned include maintaining an author's style while translating, dealing with unique character names and places, translating dialogues which are structured differently across languages, and maintaining semantic prosody of words. Additional difficulties come from translating cultural nuances, feelings and delicate elements of a work. The translator must have a strong understanding of both the source and target languages to perform this high art of literary translation.
Corpus linguistics
This document provides an introduction to corpus linguistics, including definitions of key terms and concepts. It discusses the history and development of corpus linguistics from early generational corpora in the 1960s-1990s to current applications. The document outlines different types of corpora as well as software tools used for corpus analysis. Both advantages and limitations of using corpora are presented. Finally, examples of famous corpora and applications to translation studies and research methods in corpus linguistics are briefly mentioned.
Levels of translating
The document discusses four levels of translation: the textual level, referential level, cohesive level, and naturalness level. The textual level involves decoding the syntactic structures of the source text and encoding them in the target text. The referential level deals with the meaning and message of the text by decoding idioms, expressions, and the pragmatic function. The cohesive level links the textual and referential levels by considering the tone, mood, and train of thought and following discourse analysis.
C.nord before translating
Nord highlights two types of translation: documentary translation, which serves to document a source culture communication, and instrumental translation, which serves as an independent message in the target culture. She also emphasizes three important aspects of translation: 1) considering the translation commission/brief, 2) analyzing aspects of the source text like subject matter and composition, and 3) establishing a functional hierarchy of translation problems from deciding the intended function to addressing lower-level linguistic problems.
Translation theory
1. The document discusses the need to study the translation process systematically rather than focusing only on models and diagrams.
2. It argues that understanding the cognitive process translators undergo when translating a text is important for improving translation skills.
3. Several experts are quoted warning that current understanding of the brain and memory is insufficient to fully describe the translation process, and that both descriptive and inductive approaches are needed.
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Systemic Functional Linguistics: An approach to analyzing written academic di...
Systemic Functional Linguistics: An approach to analyzing written academic di...
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Translation techniques and text types
This document outlines classroom guidelines for learners at the School of Continuing Education (SCE) at the American University in Cairo. It details policies on attendance, punctuality, grading, and how final grades are determined and posted. The key points are:
- Learners must attend at least 75% of class sessions or they will fail the course.
- Learners are expected to arrive on time and any tardiness beyond twice will count as absences.
- Grades are based on continual assessments, a final exam, and end-of-term achievement tests. Final grades are posted by student ID number, not name.
Teoria del skopos
La teoría del Skopos se centra en el propósito de la traducción. Propone que el texto meta debe cumplir una función comunicativa específica dentro de la cultura meta y que está determinado por el encargo de traducción. El texto meta no necesita ser equivalente al texto fuente, sino que debe ser adecuado al propósito de la traducción. La teoría enfatiza que un mismo texto puede ser traducido de diferentes maneras dependiendo del objetivo.
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The problem of literary translation with particular attention to the case of ...
ABSTRACT: This essay first of all traces a synthetic path of the translation orientations, starting from the
theoretical bases already founded in the classical Greek-Latin world, up to the current theories on translation. In
this regard, the methodological orientations of Spanish translators are examined more carefully, as this essay
connects to in-depth research work that is the basis of the author's doctoral thesis. Then we move on to the topic
of variations within the language and how to transpose these linguistic registers into the target languages. Finally,
we propose a concrete example of the translation of literary works in which the author uses dialect and a language
rich in variants: that is, the case of the Sicilian writer Andrea Camilleri and in particular the translations of his
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KEYWORDS: Andrea Camilleri translated into Spain, linguistic variance, translation history,
translation problems.
History of rhetoric
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Two Uses of Language in I. A. Richards’ Criticism
I.A. Richards, a prominent 20th century literary critic, believed that language served two main functions in literary criticism: the expressive function and the practical function. The expressive function conveys subjective experiences and emotions to understand the writer's intentions. The practical function conveys objective information and data to analyze literary techniques, themes, and symbols. Richards felt both functions were needed for effective literary analysis to understand texts both subjectively and objectively.
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Discourse analysis of power in colonial texts in indonesia
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Katharina reiss
- 1. Katharina Reiss (Katharina Reiß) 1923 German linguist and translation scholar.
- 2. Katharina Reiss She is a defender of the skopos theory. Katharina Reiss's approach considers the text rather than the word or the sentence as the translation unit and hence the level at which equivalence is to be sought. Reiss's text typology is: informative, expressive, operative and the audio medial
- 3. Skopos Theory Skopos theory focuses on translation as an activity with an aim or purpose, and on the intended addressee or audience of the translation. To translate means to produce a target text in a target setting for a target purpose and target addressees in target circumstances
- 4. Reiss's text typology The 'informative‘ text where the content is the main focus. These texts do plain communication of facts, information, knowledge, opinions etc. The logical or referential dimension of language is what is involved.
- 5. Reiss's text typology The 'expressive' text where the focus is on creative composition and aesthetics. Both the author (the sender) and the message are what are foregrounded. Imaginative creative literature exemplifies these texts.
- 6. Reiss's text typology The 'operative' text where the focus is 'appellative' by which what is meant is that the text appeals to the reader to act in a certain way, persuading, dissuading, requesting, and cajoling him. The form of language is dialogic.
- 7. Reiss's text typology The audio medial text where the focus is on visual and audio representations. The audio medial parts supplement the other three text types with visual images and music etc.
- 8. References Reiss, K. (1981/2000) 'Type, kind and individuality of text: decision making in translation', translated by S. Kitron in L. Venuti (ed) (2000), pp. 160-71. Vermeer, H. (1989/2000) 'Skopos and commission in translational action', in L. Venuti (ed.) (2000),pp. 221- 32.