The history of Standard English and the issues and implications of Standard English in the classroom and life. The confusion between Standard English and Received Pronunciation. http://spellingblog.howtospell.co.uk/
This document discusses national and official languages, providing examples from different countries. It defines a national language as the language of a political, cultural, and social unit that symbolizes national unity, while an official language is simply used for government business. Some countries have multiple official languages but one dominant national language. Developing a national language involves selecting a variety, standardizing its structure through codification, extending its functions through elaboration, and securing its acceptance among the population through prestige planning. Linguists often play an important role in the standardization and codification of national languages.
This document discusses the relationship between applied linguistics and language teaching. It defines applied linguistics as the theoretical and empirical investigation of real-world language problems. It explores how applied linguistics can positively impact language teachers by informing areas like teaching methods, materials development, and testing. The document also examines how linguistics, applied linguistics, and language teaching are interrelated and how descriptions of language can improve teaching.
This document provides an overview of pidgins and creoles. It defines pidgins as contact languages that arise between distinct linguistic groups for communication, featuring reduced grammar and vocabulary. Creoles develop from pidgins when a new generation acquires the contact language as its native tongue, expanding its structure. The document outlines the processes of pidginization and creolization, and notes that creoles may decreolize over time to resemble the standard language. It provides examples of pidgins and creoles, and a model of their life cycle from jargon to creole and possible convergence with the standard form.
Language Shift and Language Maintenancemahmud maha
The document discusses language shift, which is a change from using one language to using another, more dominant language. This often occurs among immigrant families and communities. It provides examples of language shift occurring among Coptic speakers in Egypt and Hungarian speakers in Austria. Language shift happens for various social, economic, political and demographic reasons, and it can ultimately lead to language loss or even death if a language is no longer spoken. Maintaining positive attitudes about a minority language and frequent use of it can help prevent language shift.
This document discusses various types of language variation including dialects, sociolects, idiolects, registers, pidgins, and creoles. It notes that dialects are varieties of a language used by a particular group that share non-linguistic characteristics. Pidgins develop for communication between groups that don't share a common language, while creoles emerge when a pidgin becomes a community's native language.
The document discusses different types of language change, including changes in vocabulary and the meanings of words. It outlines several processes by which vocabulary changes, such as coinage, compounding and affixation, conversion, clipping, blending, acronyms, and backformations. It also describes two main types of semantic change: extension and narrowing of meaning, as well as grammaticalization. Speakers adapt language over time to meet changing communicative needs, and new words can be created through various morphological and semantic processes.
This document discusses various linguistic concepts related to regional variation and dialects, including:
1) Regional dialects arise from variations in language associated with different places, and are an easy way to observe language variety.
2) Over time and distance, dialects can diverge and become unintelligible to one another, as seen with the evolution of Latin into the distinct languages of French, Spanish, and Italian.
3) Dialect atlases aim to map the geographical boundaries of linguistic features using lines called isoglosses, showing where different pronunciations, words, or syntactic features are used on either side.
4) Bundles of intersecting isoglosses often delineate clear dialect boundaries between regions.
This document discusses national and official languages, providing examples from different countries. It defines a national language as the language of a political, cultural, and social unit that symbolizes national unity, while an official language is simply used for government business. Some countries have multiple official languages but one dominant national language. Developing a national language involves selecting a variety, standardizing its structure through codification, extending its functions through elaboration, and securing its acceptance among the population through prestige planning. Linguists often play an important role in the standardization and codification of national languages.
This document discusses the relationship between applied linguistics and language teaching. It defines applied linguistics as the theoretical and empirical investigation of real-world language problems. It explores how applied linguistics can positively impact language teachers by informing areas like teaching methods, materials development, and testing. The document also examines how linguistics, applied linguistics, and language teaching are interrelated and how descriptions of language can improve teaching.
This document provides an overview of pidgins and creoles. It defines pidgins as contact languages that arise between distinct linguistic groups for communication, featuring reduced grammar and vocabulary. Creoles develop from pidgins when a new generation acquires the contact language as its native tongue, expanding its structure. The document outlines the processes of pidginization and creolization, and notes that creoles may decreolize over time to resemble the standard language. It provides examples of pidgins and creoles, and a model of their life cycle from jargon to creole and possible convergence with the standard form.
Language Shift and Language Maintenancemahmud maha
The document discusses language shift, which is a change from using one language to using another, more dominant language. This often occurs among immigrant families and communities. It provides examples of language shift occurring among Coptic speakers in Egypt and Hungarian speakers in Austria. Language shift happens for various social, economic, political and demographic reasons, and it can ultimately lead to language loss or even death if a language is no longer spoken. Maintaining positive attitudes about a minority language and frequent use of it can help prevent language shift.
This document discusses various types of language variation including dialects, sociolects, idiolects, registers, pidgins, and creoles. It notes that dialects are varieties of a language used by a particular group that share non-linguistic characteristics. Pidgins develop for communication between groups that don't share a common language, while creoles emerge when a pidgin becomes a community's native language.
The document discusses different types of language change, including changes in vocabulary and the meanings of words. It outlines several processes by which vocabulary changes, such as coinage, compounding and affixation, conversion, clipping, blending, acronyms, and backformations. It also describes two main types of semantic change: extension and narrowing of meaning, as well as grammaticalization. Speakers adapt language over time to meet changing communicative needs, and new words can be created through various morphological and semantic processes.
This document discusses various linguistic concepts related to regional variation and dialects, including:
1) Regional dialects arise from variations in language associated with different places, and are an easy way to observe language variety.
2) Over time and distance, dialects can diverge and become unintelligible to one another, as seen with the evolution of Latin into the distinct languages of French, Spanish, and Italian.
3) Dialect atlases aim to map the geographical boundaries of linguistic features using lines called isoglosses, showing where different pronunciations, words, or syntactic features are used on either side.
4) Bundles of intersecting isoglosses often delineate clear dialect boundaries between regions.
The document discusses corpus linguistics and different types of corpora. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language based on large collections of electronic texts, known as corpora. It describes general corpora, specialized corpora, historical/diachronic corpora, regional corpora, learner corpora, multilingual corpora, comparable corpora, and parallel corpora. It also discusses corpus annotation, concordancing, frequency and keyword lists, collocation, and software used for corpus analysis.
This document discusses pidgins and creoles. It defines pidgins as mixtures of languages formed for communication between communities, while creoles develop when a pidgin becomes the native language of a community. Pidgins have simple structures without native speakers, whereas creoles have more complex structures and are the first language of a group. Theories on the origins of pidgins and creoles include baby talk theory, polygenesis, relexification, and monogenesis. Creoles are influenced by but distinct from their lexifier languages in terms of vocabulary, grammar, and social functions.
This document discusses topics related to language contact including dialect leveling, globalization, lingua francas, pidgins and creoles, and vernacularization. It provides definitions and examples for each topic. Dialect leveling refers to the loss of differences between regional dialects due to contact between speakers. Pidgins are simplified languages used for communication between groups without a shared language, while creoles develop from pidgins and have native speakers. Tok Pisin is discussed as an example of a creole language in Papua New Guinea that originated from a pidgin.
Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field that identifies and solves real-world language problems. It applies the knowledge of linguistics to improve practical tasks involving language. Some related fields are education, psychology, communication research, anthropology, and sociology. Applied linguistics investigates language learning and teaching problems, the role of language in culture and society, and finds solutions to language issues linguistics cannot solve alone. It covers domains like computational linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and others.
The document defines inter-language as the language system produced by second and foreign language learners who are in the process of learning a new language. Inter-language develops based on rules from the learner's first language and the target language, and may not reflect features of either. The inter-language system changes over time as rules are altered, deleted, or added. Learners progress through stages from early approximations of the target language to later intermediate and final stages. Fossilization occurs when errors become impossible to correct despite ability and motivation.
This document discusses creoles and pidgins from linguistic and social perspectives. It defines creoles as pidgins that have acquired native speakers, arising through extended contact between language groups where one dominates. Creoles provide insights into the origins and identities of their speaker communities. The document also discusses decreolization as the process where a creole converges over time with a dominant standard language. Key terms related to decreolization include basilect, acrolect, mesolect and post-creole continuum. The process of creolization whereby a pidgin develops into a creole through generations acquiring it as a first language is also examined.
This document discusses language maintenance and shift. It defines language maintenance as the continuing use of a minority language in the face of a dominant language, while language shift refers to one language displacing another in a community's linguistic repertoire. The document then examines factors that can contribute to language shift, including the prestige of the dominant language, economic pressures, and institutional domains like schools. It analyzes language shift patterns among migrant minorities, non-migrant minorities, and migrant majorities. Finally, it discusses factors that accelerate language shift and ways that minority languages can be maintained, such as through community ties, contact with homelands, institutional support, and positive language attitudes.
This document defines sociolinguistics and discusses various aspects of language variation. Sociolinguistics is defined as the study of the relationship between language and society. It examines how people vary their language use across different social contexts and how language conveys social meanings. The document also discusses standard and non-standard language varieties, language variation in terms of both users and uses, and other types of language variation including dialect, register, accent, bilingualism/multilingualism, lingua franca, pidgin/creole, and code switching/mixing.
Diglossia refers to a stable language situation where two varieties of the same language are used by a language community. The high variety (H) has prestige and is used for formal, written communication while the low variety (L) lacks prestige and is used for informal, spoken communication. Some key aspects of diglossia include the high variety having prestige, a literary heritage, acquisition through formal education, standardization, a simpler grammar in the low variety, differing lexicons between the varieties, and the high variety having a divergent sound system from the low variety.
Difference Between American English And British EnglishDr. Cupid Lucid
The document discusses the key differences between American English and British English, including differences in grammar, vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation, and other areas. It provides examples of grammatical differences like usage of the present perfect tense and collective nouns. Vocabulary differences highlighted include words for clothes, transportation, buildings, and other categories. The importance of understanding these differences for language teachers is also noted.
This document discusses language and culture from a linguistic perspective. It explains that culture refers to the ideas and assumptions we learn as members of social groups, including our particular language. Our language provides a system for categorizing the world that is acquired without conscious awareness. Some key linguistic categories discussed are kinship terms, time concepts, and grammatical markers. Social categories refer to how we are connected to others, demonstrated through pronouns. Gender is discussed as the distinction between male and female that is reflected linguistically in areas like grammatical gender, gendered words, interaction, and speech.
1. South Asian Englishes refers to the varieties of English spoken in South Asia, which developed due to British colonialism and the continued use of English in government, education, and business in the region.
2. English has taken on new roles and meanings in South Asia, with locals claiming ownership over how they speak the language. While English teaching aims for standard British pronunciation and grammar, the languages inevitably interact, producing new vocabulary, pronunciations, and grammatical features.
3. South Asian English varieties are characterized by features like code-switching, question tags with "isn't" and "isn't it", dropping initial consonant clusters, and borrowing or calquing words from local languages.
This document discusses English as a lingua franca. It begins by defining lingua franca as a common language used for communication between speakers of different native languages. It then discusses how English has become the main global lingua franca due to factors like globalization and the internet. The document covers attitudes towards English as a lingua franca, how it is taught, and issues related to its use replacing native languages in some countries like difficulties becoming literate in either the native language or English. It concludes that the use of English as a lingua franca will likely continue increasing as a tool for global communication.
This document discusses dialects and their development. It defines dialects as mutually intelligible forms of a language that differ systematically. Dialects are not inferior versions of a language, as a language consists of many dialects. Regional dialects develop differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar based on geographic location. Accents reveal information about a speaker's background, while social dialects are influenced by factors like age, gender, and social situation. Standard languages aim to prevent differentiation, but many dialects like Cajun English have been banned despite being legitimate forms of communication.
The role of universal grammar in first and second language acquisitionSajjad Zehri
Universal Grammar (UG) refers to the innate linguistic principles that are shared across all human languages. While UG plays a significant role in first language acquisition, its role in second language acquisition is more limited according to several theories. Native language has a major influence on second language acquisition, and there are fundamental differences between how children and adults acquire language as outlined in Bley-Vorman's Fundamental Difference Hypothesis. UG may influence second language acquisition indirectly through the influence of native language grammar rather than acting directly on the learning process.
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of dialect, register, and style. It defines register as varieties of language defined by their social use, such as the registers of scientific or religious language. Dialect refers to varieties according to the user. The document explores the relationships and overlaps between these concepts. It examines factors that influence register, such as formality, topic, and social roles. Models of analyzing registers along dimensions like field, mode, and tenor are discussed. The principles of stylistic variation and how style relates to formality are also summarized.
This document discusses pidgin and creole languages. It defines pidgin as a simplified language that develops for communication between groups that speak different languages. Pidgins have no native speakers and basic grammar. Creoles evolve from pidgins and become the native language of a community, with more complex grammar and phonology. Examples provided are Tok Pisin, Hawai'i Creole English, and Jamaican Creole. Pidgins are used for trade and practical communication while creoles take on properties of full languages.
Syntax is the study of sentence structure and the rules for constructing sentences, while grammar refers more broadly to the rules of a language, including syntax and morphology. Syntax examines what words go where in a sentence and the relationships between them. Grammar sets the standard for correct usage of a language through rules governing areas like agreement between words. Traditional grammar describes syntactic structures through categories like nouns and verbs, while generative grammar aims to provide rules for predicting grammatical sentences in a language.
What is Universal Grammar Theory and its Criticism Farhad Mohammad
This document discusses Noam Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar and its application to language acquisition and learning. It begins by introducing Chomsky's work in the 1960s questioning how children can produce novel sentences if language is learned through conditioning alone. It then defines Universal Grammar as the innate, universal principles and parameters that are part of the human language faculty. The document outlines some key aspects of Universal Grammar, including principles that are shared across all languages and parameters that allow for variation. It discusses arguments for and against Universal Grammar, hypotheses about how UG is accessed in first and second language acquisition, and debates around issues like whether parameters can be reset in a second language. Overall, the document provides an overview of Chomsky's influential theory of Universal Grammar
The document discusses the concept of social class and how class is related to language and dialect. It examines studies that have found correlations between social class and features of speech like pronunciation. Specifically, it outlines Labov's study in New York City department stores that found salespeople in higher-end stores pronounced postvocalic R sounds more than those in middle and lower-class stores, supporting the link between social class and linguistic variables.
Standard English refers to the accepted form of the English language used for official purposes in Anglophone countries. It encompasses grammar, vocabulary, and spelling. In Britain, Standard English is associated with Received Pronunciation and UK Standard English, while in the US it is associated with General American.
There are some differences between British and American English, primarily in pronunciation but also in vocabulary, grammar, and spelling. The differences are not huge, as the languages have remained relatively similar compared to other languages that diverged more after colonial periods.
World Englishes refers to localized varieties of English that have developed in former British colonies and areas influenced by the US. Over time, English varieties have emerged and adapted to local contexts
On The Origin And Nature Of Standard Englishguest5737aa
The document discusses the origins and nature of Standard English. It traces the term "Standard English" back to 1138 when it referred to military standards or flags. By the 18th century, it was applied to language and literature. Standard English emerged from the East Midland dialect becoming dominant due to various political, communication, and industrial factors. Linguists disagree on the definition of Standard English and whether it refers to grammar, orthography, or a particular accent. The document concludes that while there is debate around Standard English, English language teachers should be aware of variations but focus on exposing students to authentic materials to familiarize them with English broadly.
The document discusses corpus linguistics and different types of corpora. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language based on large collections of electronic texts, known as corpora. It describes general corpora, specialized corpora, historical/diachronic corpora, regional corpora, learner corpora, multilingual corpora, comparable corpora, and parallel corpora. It also discusses corpus annotation, concordancing, frequency and keyword lists, collocation, and software used for corpus analysis.
This document discusses pidgins and creoles. It defines pidgins as mixtures of languages formed for communication between communities, while creoles develop when a pidgin becomes the native language of a community. Pidgins have simple structures without native speakers, whereas creoles have more complex structures and are the first language of a group. Theories on the origins of pidgins and creoles include baby talk theory, polygenesis, relexification, and monogenesis. Creoles are influenced by but distinct from their lexifier languages in terms of vocabulary, grammar, and social functions.
This document discusses topics related to language contact including dialect leveling, globalization, lingua francas, pidgins and creoles, and vernacularization. It provides definitions and examples for each topic. Dialect leveling refers to the loss of differences between regional dialects due to contact between speakers. Pidgins are simplified languages used for communication between groups without a shared language, while creoles develop from pidgins and have native speakers. Tok Pisin is discussed as an example of a creole language in Papua New Guinea that originated from a pidgin.
Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field that identifies and solves real-world language problems. It applies the knowledge of linguistics to improve practical tasks involving language. Some related fields are education, psychology, communication research, anthropology, and sociology. Applied linguistics investigates language learning and teaching problems, the role of language in culture and society, and finds solutions to language issues linguistics cannot solve alone. It covers domains like computational linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and others.
The document defines inter-language as the language system produced by second and foreign language learners who are in the process of learning a new language. Inter-language develops based on rules from the learner's first language and the target language, and may not reflect features of either. The inter-language system changes over time as rules are altered, deleted, or added. Learners progress through stages from early approximations of the target language to later intermediate and final stages. Fossilization occurs when errors become impossible to correct despite ability and motivation.
This document discusses creoles and pidgins from linguistic and social perspectives. It defines creoles as pidgins that have acquired native speakers, arising through extended contact between language groups where one dominates. Creoles provide insights into the origins and identities of their speaker communities. The document also discusses decreolization as the process where a creole converges over time with a dominant standard language. Key terms related to decreolization include basilect, acrolect, mesolect and post-creole continuum. The process of creolization whereby a pidgin develops into a creole through generations acquiring it as a first language is also examined.
This document discusses language maintenance and shift. It defines language maintenance as the continuing use of a minority language in the face of a dominant language, while language shift refers to one language displacing another in a community's linguistic repertoire. The document then examines factors that can contribute to language shift, including the prestige of the dominant language, economic pressures, and institutional domains like schools. It analyzes language shift patterns among migrant minorities, non-migrant minorities, and migrant majorities. Finally, it discusses factors that accelerate language shift and ways that minority languages can be maintained, such as through community ties, contact with homelands, institutional support, and positive language attitudes.
This document defines sociolinguistics and discusses various aspects of language variation. Sociolinguistics is defined as the study of the relationship between language and society. It examines how people vary their language use across different social contexts and how language conveys social meanings. The document also discusses standard and non-standard language varieties, language variation in terms of both users and uses, and other types of language variation including dialect, register, accent, bilingualism/multilingualism, lingua franca, pidgin/creole, and code switching/mixing.
Diglossia refers to a stable language situation where two varieties of the same language are used by a language community. The high variety (H) has prestige and is used for formal, written communication while the low variety (L) lacks prestige and is used for informal, spoken communication. Some key aspects of diglossia include the high variety having prestige, a literary heritage, acquisition through formal education, standardization, a simpler grammar in the low variety, differing lexicons between the varieties, and the high variety having a divergent sound system from the low variety.
Difference Between American English And British EnglishDr. Cupid Lucid
The document discusses the key differences between American English and British English, including differences in grammar, vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation, and other areas. It provides examples of grammatical differences like usage of the present perfect tense and collective nouns. Vocabulary differences highlighted include words for clothes, transportation, buildings, and other categories. The importance of understanding these differences for language teachers is also noted.
This document discusses language and culture from a linguistic perspective. It explains that culture refers to the ideas and assumptions we learn as members of social groups, including our particular language. Our language provides a system for categorizing the world that is acquired without conscious awareness. Some key linguistic categories discussed are kinship terms, time concepts, and grammatical markers. Social categories refer to how we are connected to others, demonstrated through pronouns. Gender is discussed as the distinction between male and female that is reflected linguistically in areas like grammatical gender, gendered words, interaction, and speech.
1. South Asian Englishes refers to the varieties of English spoken in South Asia, which developed due to British colonialism and the continued use of English in government, education, and business in the region.
2. English has taken on new roles and meanings in South Asia, with locals claiming ownership over how they speak the language. While English teaching aims for standard British pronunciation and grammar, the languages inevitably interact, producing new vocabulary, pronunciations, and grammatical features.
3. South Asian English varieties are characterized by features like code-switching, question tags with "isn't" and "isn't it", dropping initial consonant clusters, and borrowing or calquing words from local languages.
This document discusses English as a lingua franca. It begins by defining lingua franca as a common language used for communication between speakers of different native languages. It then discusses how English has become the main global lingua franca due to factors like globalization and the internet. The document covers attitudes towards English as a lingua franca, how it is taught, and issues related to its use replacing native languages in some countries like difficulties becoming literate in either the native language or English. It concludes that the use of English as a lingua franca will likely continue increasing as a tool for global communication.
This document discusses dialects and their development. It defines dialects as mutually intelligible forms of a language that differ systematically. Dialects are not inferior versions of a language, as a language consists of many dialects. Regional dialects develop differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar based on geographic location. Accents reveal information about a speaker's background, while social dialects are influenced by factors like age, gender, and social situation. Standard languages aim to prevent differentiation, but many dialects like Cajun English have been banned despite being legitimate forms of communication.
The role of universal grammar in first and second language acquisitionSajjad Zehri
Universal Grammar (UG) refers to the innate linguistic principles that are shared across all human languages. While UG plays a significant role in first language acquisition, its role in second language acquisition is more limited according to several theories. Native language has a major influence on second language acquisition, and there are fundamental differences between how children and adults acquire language as outlined in Bley-Vorman's Fundamental Difference Hypothesis. UG may influence second language acquisition indirectly through the influence of native language grammar rather than acting directly on the learning process.
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of dialect, register, and style. It defines register as varieties of language defined by their social use, such as the registers of scientific or religious language. Dialect refers to varieties according to the user. The document explores the relationships and overlaps between these concepts. It examines factors that influence register, such as formality, topic, and social roles. Models of analyzing registers along dimensions like field, mode, and tenor are discussed. The principles of stylistic variation and how style relates to formality are also summarized.
This document discusses pidgin and creole languages. It defines pidgin as a simplified language that develops for communication between groups that speak different languages. Pidgins have no native speakers and basic grammar. Creoles evolve from pidgins and become the native language of a community, with more complex grammar and phonology. Examples provided are Tok Pisin, Hawai'i Creole English, and Jamaican Creole. Pidgins are used for trade and practical communication while creoles take on properties of full languages.
Syntax is the study of sentence structure and the rules for constructing sentences, while grammar refers more broadly to the rules of a language, including syntax and morphology. Syntax examines what words go where in a sentence and the relationships between them. Grammar sets the standard for correct usage of a language through rules governing areas like agreement between words. Traditional grammar describes syntactic structures through categories like nouns and verbs, while generative grammar aims to provide rules for predicting grammatical sentences in a language.
What is Universal Grammar Theory and its Criticism Farhad Mohammad
This document discusses Noam Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar and its application to language acquisition and learning. It begins by introducing Chomsky's work in the 1960s questioning how children can produce novel sentences if language is learned through conditioning alone. It then defines Universal Grammar as the innate, universal principles and parameters that are part of the human language faculty. The document outlines some key aspects of Universal Grammar, including principles that are shared across all languages and parameters that allow for variation. It discusses arguments for and against Universal Grammar, hypotheses about how UG is accessed in first and second language acquisition, and debates around issues like whether parameters can be reset in a second language. Overall, the document provides an overview of Chomsky's influential theory of Universal Grammar
The document discusses the concept of social class and how class is related to language and dialect. It examines studies that have found correlations between social class and features of speech like pronunciation. Specifically, it outlines Labov's study in New York City department stores that found salespeople in higher-end stores pronounced postvocalic R sounds more than those in middle and lower-class stores, supporting the link between social class and linguistic variables.
Standard English refers to the accepted form of the English language used for official purposes in Anglophone countries. It encompasses grammar, vocabulary, and spelling. In Britain, Standard English is associated with Received Pronunciation and UK Standard English, while in the US it is associated with General American.
There are some differences between British and American English, primarily in pronunciation but also in vocabulary, grammar, and spelling. The differences are not huge, as the languages have remained relatively similar compared to other languages that diverged more after colonial periods.
World Englishes refers to localized varieties of English that have developed in former British colonies and areas influenced by the US. Over time, English varieties have emerged and adapted to local contexts
On The Origin And Nature Of Standard Englishguest5737aa
The document discusses the origins and nature of Standard English. It traces the term "Standard English" back to 1138 when it referred to military standards or flags. By the 18th century, it was applied to language and literature. Standard English emerged from the East Midland dialect becoming dominant due to various political, communication, and industrial factors. Linguists disagree on the definition of Standard English and whether it refers to grammar, orthography, or a particular accent. The document concludes that while there is debate around Standard English, English language teachers should be aware of variations but focus on exposing students to authentic materials to familiarize them with English broadly.
The document discusses language standardization, including how and why languages become standardized. It notes that standardization is a prescriptive process that develops a standard variety of a language. Languages typically become standardized through resources like dictionaries, grammars, pronunciation guides from linguistic institutions, constitutional status as an official language, use in public domains like courts and schools, literary works, and popularity/acceptance in the community. Establishing a standard variety aims to promote national cohesion. The standard variety often reflects the language of higher socioeconomic groups. Examples are given of standardization processes and debates in countries like Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde. Related scientific papers and books on topics like the politics of standardization and its
The document discusses Standard English, defining it as the variety of English normally used in writing and associated with education. It is not a language, accent, style, or register in itself. Standard English is a social dialect distinguished from other dialects by its grammatical forms. The document also discusses linguistic differences between standard and non-standard dialects, as well as how Standard English is taught in the UK National Curriculum.
The standardization of the English language occurred over centuries through a natural consensus due to various social factors. The document then outlines the history and evolution of the English language from Old English origins in 500AD, through the Middle English period beginning in 1066AD with the Norman conquest of England, the Early Modern English period starting in 1500 with the introduction of classical words, and finally the Late Modern English period from 1800 characterized by a large expansion of vocabulary due to the industrial revolution and British Empire.
Applied dialectology concerns the study and use of dialects in educational settings and issues related to language and society. There is an ongoing debate about what constitutes American English in different communities and how standard English can be effectively taught in schools. Approaches to teaching standard English include replacing vernacular dialects, balancing standard English and dialects depending on the situation, and promoting dialect rights by addressing ethnocentrism and prejudice. Successful teaching of standard English depends on factors like clear goals, understanding dialect diversity, and knowledge of how a second dialect is acquired.
This document discusses language variation and varieties. It defines key terms such as language, dialect, and varieties. Some main points:
- No two speakers speak exactly the same way and an individual's speech varies across situations.
- Language varieties refer to different forms of language influenced by social factors like region, social class, individual, and situation.
- A dialect is a language variety spoken by a community that has distinguishing phonological, lexical, and grammatical features.
- Varieties refer to sets of linguistic items associated with external social factors like a geographical area and social group.
- Dialects are influenced by various social factors and everyone speaks at least one dialect. Standard dialects have more prestige than others due
English originated from Germanic tribes invading Britain in the 5th century AD and bringing their Anglo-Saxon language. Over centuries, English absorbed words from Latin during the Roman occupation, Old Norse from Viking invaders, and French following the Norman conquest in 1066. English became the dominant language of Britain and spread worldwide through the British Empire in the 18th-19th centuries, incorporating words from other languages. Today, English has over 1 billion speakers globally and continues to serve as a prominent international language despite having many regional varieties.
English originated from Germanic tribes invading Britain in the 5th century CE and bringing their Anglo-Saxon language, which was influenced later by Vikings, French following the Norman conquest, and other languages through colonization and globalization. It has evolved from Old English to Middle English to Modern English, gaining vocabulary from Latin, Greek, French, and other languages it encountered. Modern English is now spoken by over 750 million people globally and is an official language in multiple countries due to the expansion of the British Empire and influence of the United States.
This presentation is about the importance of exposing learners to different varieties of English. It also suggests activities one can implement in order to raise awareness about those varieties.
How Drilling Helps The Students On Semester 2 Elesp Sanata Dharma University ...UCsanatadharma
Drilling helps students acquire Received Pronunciation in their pronunciation classes. The document discusses how drilling is an audio-lingual method that uses repetition to form mechanical habits for pronouncing words correctly. It also reviews literature stating Received Pronunciation is the accent of educated English society and involves 24 consonants and 12 vowels. The methodology section notes interviews were conducted with 5 English education students in their 2nd semester on their pronunciation class, which emphasizes drilling to help students overcome difficulties and properly learn aspects of Received Pronunciation.
The aim of this paper is to present the findings of our report on the nature of the translation and interpreting services that facilitate communication between immigrants and public authority workers in Catalonia. In that respect, the paper includes:
- a typology of organisational and service provision models, based on the fields in which such services operate;
- information on the profile of service employees;
- details of specialised training carried out
The English language originated and has evolved through a combination of external influences and internal changes over thousands of years. It began as a Germanic dialect spoken in Britain and has been influenced by Latin, Celtic, Scandinavian, French and other languages through language contact between speakers. English can be divided into Old English, which used numerous grammatical endings, and Modern English, which relies more on grammatical words like prepositions. Both external events like invasions and internal phonetic changes have contributed to the development of English into a global language spoken today.
The document discusses a presentation made about an article on improving slow internet connections. It lists 5 key words from the article: bandwidth of phone lines, new technology solution, R2-D2, handshake protocol, and software handshake. It then provides 3 important sentences for understanding the concept. The first sentence discusses how dial-up connection speed is limited by phone line bandwidth but content file sizes are increasing. The second sentence describes a customer signing up for high-speed internet. The third sentence explains the two-part handshake process for initializing an internet connection and authenticating the user.
The document discusses functions and their properties. It defines a function as a procedure that assigns each input exactly one output. It provides examples of different ways to define functions, such as with formulas, tables, or graphs. It also discusses the domain and range of functions, and how to evaluate specific functions by replacing the input variable.
This document provides an overview of the course "Varieties of English" which will examine the origins and development of English and its variations around the world. It will cover topics like the different kinds of English speakers, the origins of English from Old English, and how dialects, accents, and registers have developed based on geographical location, time period, race, social class, and context. The course will analyze how these variations have implications for teaching English as a global language.
The document compares English and Creole languages. It provides background information on a 15-year-old student from Haiti who lives in the US with her father. She speaks Creole at home and understands some English and Spanish from media and her mother. At school, she struggled at first due to limited English but enjoyed ESL courses. Common errors in her English writing include incorrect verb forms and tenses from transferring rules from her first language of Creole. The document also outlines some key similarities and differences between English and Creole grammar and cites sources on Creole languages.
The document discusses varieties of standard English. It states that standard English refers to grammar and vocabulary, not accent, and provides an example to illustrate this. It also discusses British and American English as standard varieties taught worldwide. The document notes that universities are becoming more flexible in the standard varieties of English taught.
The document discusses varieties of standard English. It states that standard English refers to grammar and vocabulary, not accent, and provides an example to illustrate this. It also discusses British and American English as standard varieties taught worldwide. The document goes on to discuss the history and spread of the English language through colonization. It provides details on Received Pronunciation (RP), including its advantages and disadvantages as well as its phonological rules for vowels and diphthongs. Near-RP is also briefly discussed.
The document discusses varieties of standard English. It states that standard English refers to grammar and vocabulary, not accent, and provides an example to illustrate this. It also discusses British and American English as standard varieties taught worldwide. The document notes that universities are becoming more flexible in the standard varieties of English taught.
The document discusses varieties of standard English. It states that standard English refers to grammar and vocabulary, not accent, and provides an example to illustrate this. It also discusses British and American English as standard varieties taught worldwide. The document notes that universities are becoming more flexible in the standard varieties of English taught.
The document discusses varieties of standard English. It states that standard English refers to grammar and vocabulary, not accent, and provides an example to illustrate this. It also discusses British and American English as standard varieties taught worldwide. The document notes that universities are becoming more flexible in the standard varieties of English taught.
The document discusses varieties of standard English. It states that standard English refers to grammar and vocabulary, not accent, and provides an example to illustrate this. It also discusses British and American English as standard varieties taught worldwide. The document notes that universities are becoming more flexible in the standard varieties of English taught.
CH 11_The World of English Language Teaching.pdfVATHVARY
This chapter provides an overview of English language and its variation. It also touches on an ESL and/or EFL context, which affects the roles of English language learning and teaching.
this topic discuss many sides of the English language and difficulties that face foreign students in learning the language by the means of technologies tools.
The document provides an overview of different models for categorizing speakers of English based on whether it is their native, second, or foreign language. It discusses Kachru's three circles model of inner circle (traditional bases), outer circle (former colonies), and expanding circle (other countries). It notes difficulties with these models and proposes some alternatives, including based on competence rather than geography. Sound samples from different English speakers are then provided to test whether the listener can identify a native versus non-native speaker.
The document discusses English skills and their assessment. It introduces English as a West Germanic language originating in England. It then covers the four main English skills - listening, speaking, reading and writing. For each skill, it outlines strategies and considerations for developing proficiency. The document also examines major international English assessment systems like IELTS, TOEFL and Cambridge exams, detailing their levels and abbreviations.
This document discusses English as a global language and the opportunities and challenges it presents. It notes that over 1.5 billion people speak English worldwide as either a native, second, or foreign language. The spread of English is linked to colonization from the 16th to 19th centuries and more recently to American economic and cultural influence. It argues that the goal in learning English should not be native-like competence but rather effective multilingual communication. Learners need awareness of how their first language and culture affects their English use as well as exposure to English from various backgrounds. The document poses questions about issues like who owns English and whether it threatens minority languages. It reflects on teaching English as a global lingua franca rather than mim
This document discusses whether English is the most widely spoken language in the world. It notes that while Chinese and Spanish have more native speakers, English has over 1.7 billion total speakers and is used extensively internationally as a lingua franca. English became an important global language due to the economic success and influence of English-speaking countries. There is no definitive count of words in the English language, but the Oxford English Dictionary contains over 600,000 words, suggesting it has the largest vocabulary of European languages. Not all words in dictionaries are in active use today.
This document discusses English as a global lingua franca and issues related to teaching English. It begins by defining a lingua franca as a language used for communication between speakers of different first languages. English has become the dominant global lingua franca due to Britain's former colonial power. While a global language provides advantages of wider communication, it can also perpetuate power imbalances. The document then discusses debates around which variety of English to teach, noting arguments for both teaching standardized English as well as recognizing World Englishes. It also considers teaching English as a lingua franca without focusing on native-speaker norms. Finally, the document examines debates around defining native English speakers and their role as teachers.
This document discusses the complexity of how English functions globally and how concepts like native/non-native speakers and varieties are often oversimplified. It notes that languages are social constructs linked to how people use them, not entities with independent existence. While classifications like Kachru's circles aimed to recognize this complexity, terms often slip back into inaccurate shortcuts. There is variation within countries, and English is used by native and non-native speakers in many places. Standard English exists more as a written norm influenced by consensus rather than rules, so no one is fully knowledgeable about standards in all places.
Journal Response: Sung
Key course concepts: Intelligibility, Identity
Investigating the topic:
1. Read just the “Introduction” section. What are the two different opinions about sounding like a “native English speaker?”
2. Sung often talks about “intelligibility” with accents. For example, he says that “Although native-speaker accents were thought to be the ‘ideal’ pronunciation model in their minds, these students did not find these accents intelligible in reality” (Sung 18).
· What does Sung mean when he talks about a speaker’s “intelligibility”?
Take a position:
1. Is there an English model/accent that you find ideal? What is it? (If possible, include a link to a video of it so that I can hear!) Explain why you think that this accent is ideal for you.
2. In 1-2 paragraphs, take a position on this topic: Should EAL (English as an Additional Language) students try to sound like “native speakers” of English? Support your position using experiences from your real life.
Focus on Language:
As you were reading Sung’s article, you probably noticed that some words and phrases were highlighted in blue. These are transition words and phrases that help the author develop an argument over time and across multiple sentences. Each transition word or phrase indicates to the reader how new information is related to previous information.
Below are 4 categories of transition words/phrases. Find 2 highlighted words/phrases from Sung’s article that fit into each category (copy and paste them in the table below and include the page number).
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
New information is different from the previous information
Instead (p. 17)
New information is a result of or based on previous information
therefore (p. 18)
New information is similar to previous information
In a similar vein (p. 19)
New information is an example used to support previous information
In particular (p. 20)
English 106
University of Arizona
English Today
http://journals.cambridge.org/ENG
Additional services for English Today:
Email alerts: Click here
Subscriptions: Click here
Commercial reprints: Click here
Terms of use : Click here
‘I would like to sound like Heidi Klum’: What do non-native speakers say about
who they want to sound like?
Chit Cheung Matthew Sung
English Today / Volume 29 / Issue 02 / June 2013, pp 17 - 21
DOI: 10.1017/S0266078413000102, Published online: 08 May 2013
Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0266078413000102
How to cite this article:
Chit Cheung Matthew Sung (2013). ‘I would like to sound like Heidi Klum’: What do non-native
speakers say about who they want to sound like?. English Today, 29, pp 17-21 doi:10.1017/
S0266078413000102
Request Permissions : Click here
Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/ENG, IP address: 128.196.223.107 on 25 Feb 2016
‘I would like to sound like Heidi
Klum’: What do non-native
speakers say about who they
want to sound like?
CHIT CHEUNG MATTHEW SUNG
An ...
The document discusses different topics related to World Englishes and global communication, including:
- Kachru's model of three concentric circles (Inner Circle, Outer Circle, Expanding Circle) to illustrate how English is distributed globally.
- Characteristics of native and non-native English varieties, including differences in vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar between American English, British English, and other varieties.
- Concepts like linguistic prejudice, cultural conventions, schemas, and how they vary across English varieties.
- Models like ENL (English as Native Language), ESL (English as Second Language), EFL (English as Foreign Language) that classify speakers based on their language acquisition.
English has spread globally through colonialism and become an international lingua franca. There are standard forms of English in Britain and America but many variations have developed in former colonies based on local socio-political conditions. Major differences exist between English varieties in vocabulary, pronunciation, spelling, and grammar depending on the history and languages of influence in each country or region. Varieties include Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian English, and more, each with their own distinguishing characteristics compared to other forms of English.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION