This document summarizes several approaches to automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) that have been proposed in previous literature. It categorizes ALPR techniques into color-based, edge-based, and texture-based methods. Several papers are reviewed that detect license plates using features like color, edges, aspect ratio and use techniques like sobel filtering, connected component analysis, neural networks for character recognition. Accuracies of the different approaches are provided, typically in the 90-95% range. The document provides a literature review of past research on ALPR segmentation and recognition.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Approach for Benin Automatic Licence Plate RecognitionCSCJournals
In this work, we read licence plates using Optical Character Recognition. Our algorithm relies on the detection of plates on the basis of contours and text that they contain. Thank to the combinaison of these two detection mode, our algorithm remains effective even when the plate is slightly obstructed. For the separation of false positive from real images of license plates, we use filters based on text and registration plates general characteristics. This gives our algorithm a great ability to adapt to different contexts. Following our experimental test on license plates in Benin, we obtained a recall rate of 86% and an accuracy rate of 60%.
Bangla Optical Digits Recognition using Edge Detection MethodIOSR Journals
Abstract:This paper is based on Bangla Optical Digit Recognition (ODR) by the Edge detection technique. In this method, Bangla digit image converted into gray-scale which distributed by an M by N array form. Here input data are considered off-line printed digit’s image which collected from computer generated image, scanned documents or printed text. After addressing the gray-scale image against a variable in the form of an M by N array, where the value of array pointers are shown 255 for total white space, 0 (zero) for total dark space and value between 255 and 0 for mix of white and dark space of the image. At the next process, four edgestouch points as well as each touch point’s ratio use as parameters to determine each Bangla digit uniquely. Keywords-Edge, image,gray-scale, Matrix,ODR.
Indonesian license plate recognition based on area feature extractionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The main principle of license plate recognition is to recognize the characters in the license plate
which indicates the identity of the vehicle. This research will provide a system which can be implemented
to the automatic payment in highway. Indonesian license plate consists of two parts, every of which has
certain characters. These characters may become problem in the recognition process. Another problem is
on the type of the license plate since Indonesia applies different color for every type of vehicle. In this
research, different approaches are employed in the recognition of license plate; that is using character
area as the feature value, also known as feature area, and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) as classification
method. In addition, another method that has been used in our previous research is also employed to
detect the character of license plate. The result shows very significant accuracy of 99.44%. In the process
of recognition, scenario 1 gives the best accuracy at the K-1 value; that is 68.57% on the license plate and
92.72% on the characters of license plate. In the scenario 2 was obtained the license plate accuracy of
52% and license plate character accuracy of 89.36% with K-5. The system ran in a relatively short
computational time.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Approach for Benin Automatic Licence Plate RecognitionCSCJournals
In this work, we read licence plates using Optical Character Recognition. Our algorithm relies on the detection of plates on the basis of contours and text that they contain. Thank to the combinaison of these two detection mode, our algorithm remains effective even when the plate is slightly obstructed. For the separation of false positive from real images of license plates, we use filters based on text and registration plates general characteristics. This gives our algorithm a great ability to adapt to different contexts. Following our experimental test on license plates in Benin, we obtained a recall rate of 86% and an accuracy rate of 60%.
Bangla Optical Digits Recognition using Edge Detection MethodIOSR Journals
Abstract:This paper is based on Bangla Optical Digit Recognition (ODR) by the Edge detection technique. In this method, Bangla digit image converted into gray-scale which distributed by an M by N array form. Here input data are considered off-line printed digit’s image which collected from computer generated image, scanned documents or printed text. After addressing the gray-scale image against a variable in the form of an M by N array, where the value of array pointers are shown 255 for total white space, 0 (zero) for total dark space and value between 255 and 0 for mix of white and dark space of the image. At the next process, four edgestouch points as well as each touch point’s ratio use as parameters to determine each Bangla digit uniquely. Keywords-Edge, image,gray-scale, Matrix,ODR.
Indonesian license plate recognition based on area feature extractionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The main principle of license plate recognition is to recognize the characters in the license plate
which indicates the identity of the vehicle. This research will provide a system which can be implemented
to the automatic payment in highway. Indonesian license plate consists of two parts, every of which has
certain characters. These characters may become problem in the recognition process. Another problem is
on the type of the license plate since Indonesia applies different color for every type of vehicle. In this
research, different approaches are employed in the recognition of license plate; that is using character
area as the feature value, also known as feature area, and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) as classification
method. In addition, another method that has been used in our previous research is also employed to
detect the character of license plate. The result shows very significant accuracy of 99.44%. In the process
of recognition, scenario 1 gives the best accuracy at the K-1 value; that is 68.57% on the license plate and
92.72% on the characters of license plate. In the scenario 2 was obtained the license plate accuracy of
52% and license plate character accuracy of 89.36% with K-5. The system ran in a relatively short
computational time.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The automatic license plate recognition(alpr)eSAT Journals
Abstract Every country uses their own way of designing and allocating number plates to their country vehicles. This license number plate is then used by various government offices for their respective regular administrative task like- traffic police tracking the people who are violating the traffic rules, to identify the theft cars, in toll collection and parking allocation management etc. In India all motorized vehicle are assigned unique numbers. These numbers are assigned to the vehicles by district-level Regional Transport Office (RTO). In India the license plates must be kept in both front and back of the vehicle. These plates in general are easily readable by human due to their high level of intelligence on the contrary; it becomes an extremely difficult task for the computers to do the same. Many attributes like illumination, blur, background color, foreground color etc. will pose a problem. Index Terms: Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) system, proposed methodology, reference
MULTI DIMENSIONAL STERLING CONCEPTION FOR SYSTEM SECURITYijiert bestjournal
Apart from being liable to social engineering atta cks,text primarily based secrets are either weak-a nd-memorable or secure-but-difficult-to-remember If the password is machine generated it's mostly sophisticated for us er to stay in mind. User each secret victimization cued click poi nts graphical secret theme includes memorability,u sability and security evaluations. By victimization graphical se cret theme shoulder aquatics attack,masquerading a nd eavesdropping will be reduced. For authentication p urpose the graphical based mostly technique is empl oyed. The aim of this paper is increasing the protection area and avoiding the weakness of typical secret. . The re are phases in making a powerful graphical secret theme from last two decades,with the promise that the graphical se crets would supply improved password memo ability and usefulnes s. The three techniques that we have a tendency to use here is PCCP (PERSUASIVE CUED CLICK POINTS),Grid-Based Aut hentication,color Based Authentication. After successfully verification of these three techniques user can able to access the Secure Application. So new scheme will provide the strong security using 3D i.e. secr ete user name,graphical password,color password. These techniques will be used for any online/offline syst em.
OCR optimization for vehicle number plate Identification based on Template ma...IJEEE
Optical character recognition (OCR) is an approach to extract the characters from an image. Vehicle number plate identification is already a challenging task in OCR. In this paper a method for vehicle license plate identification is implemented and analyzed, on the basis of novel adaptive image segmentation and filtering technique conjunction with optical character recognition has been proposed. In this paper a novel method for license plate number localization based on ratio and position of characters is performed. The localized characters have been correlated to the predefined templates of characters. Based on appropriate threshold of character authentication, the correlation value decides the valid character for localized region of interest. This paper is divided into five segments: first part consists of introduction and literature survey, second part deals with image conversion (from RGB to black and white), removal of unwanted noisy region and classification of connected components, third part explains filtering based on ratio of height to width for validation of true character using height filter and position filter, fourth part explains how to extract the likelihood region of character using median centroid approach for number plate. This approach enables the localization of number plates in widely varying illumination conditions with relevance to the number plate having English alphanumeric fonts. Fifth part of this paper explains the correlation with each templates for validate the character based on maximum correlation value.
Nowadays character recognition has gained lot of attention in the field of pattern recognition due to its application in various fields. It is one of the most successful applications of automatic pattern recognition. Research in OCR is popular for its application potential in banks, post offices, office automation etc. HCR is useful in cheque processing in banks; almost all kind of form processing systems, handwritten postal address resolution and many more. This paper presents a simple and efficient approach for the implementation of OCR and translation of scanned images of printed text into machine-encoded text. It makes use of different image analysis phases followed by image detection via pre-processing and post-processing. This paper also describes scanning the entire document (same as the segmentation in our case) and recognizing individual characters from image irrespective of their position, size and various font styles and it deals with recognition of the symbols from English language, which is internationally accepted.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Heuristic Extraction Algorithms for Freeman Chain Code of Handwritten Cha...Waqas Tariq
Handwriting character recognition (HCR) is the ability of a computer to receive and interpret handwritten input. In HCR, there are many representation schemes and one of them is Freeman chain code (FCC). Chain code is a sequence of code direction of a characters and connection to a starting point which is often used in image processing. The main problem in representing character using FCC that it is depends on the starting points. Unfortunately, the study about FCC extraction using one continuous route and to minimizing the length of chain code to FCC from a thinned binary image (TBI) have not been widely explored. To solve this problem, heuristic algorithms are proposed to extract the FCC that is correctly representing the characters. This paper proposes two heuristics algorithm that are based on randomized and enumeration-based algorithms to solve the problems. As problem solving techniques, the randomized algorithm makes the random choices while enumeration-based algorithm enumerates all possible candidates for solution. The performance measures of the algorithms are the route length and computation time. The experiment on the algorithms are performed based on the chain code representation derived from established previous works of Center of Excellence for Document Analysis and Recognition (CEDAR) dataset which consists of 126 upper-case letter characters. The experimental result shows that route length of both algorithms are similar but the computation time of enumeration-based algorithm is higher than randomized algorithm. This is because enumeration-based algorithm considers all branches in route walk.
A design of license plate recognition system using convolutional neural networkIJECEIAES
This paper proposes an improved Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm approach for license plate recognition system. The main contribution of this work is on the methodology to determine the best model for four-layered CNN architecture that has been used as the recognition method. This is achieved by validating the best parameters of the enhanced Stochastic Diagonal Levenberg Marquardt (SDLM) learning algorithm and network size of CNN. Several preprocessing algorithms such as Sobel operator edge detection, morphological operation and connected component analysis have been used to localize the license plate, isolate and segment the characters respectively before feeding the input to CNN. It is found that the proposed model is superior when subjected to multi-scaling and variations of input patterns. As a result, the license plate preprocessing stage achieved 74.7% accuracy and CNN recognition stage achieved 94.6% accuracy.
BLOB DETECTION TECHNIQUE USING IMAGE PROCESSING FOR IDENTIFICATION OF MACHINE...ijiert bestjournal
Optical character recognition systems have been effectively developed for the recognition of p rinted characters. Optical character recognition is an awesome computer vision technique with various applications ranging from saving real time scripts digitally and deriving context based intelligence using natural language processing from the texts. One such application is the recognition of machine printed characters. This paper illustrates the technique to identify machine printed characters using Blob detection method and Image processing. In many cases of such machine printed characters there is simi larity between character colour and background colour. There is mix up of reflected light and scattered light. Colour is not consistent across character area or background area. Paper explains how Blob detection technique is used for recognition of these m achines printed characters.
An Application of Eight Connectivity based Two-pass Connected-Component Label...CSCJournals
The intrinsic noise present in the image during the acquisition phase marks the recognition of Braille dots a challenging task in Optical Braille Recognition (OBR). Further, while the Braille document is being embossed on either side in the case of Inter-Point Braille, this problem of Braille dot recognition is aggravated and it makes the differentiation between recto (convex) dots and verso (concave) dots more complex. Also, the recognition of Braille dots should be carried out by reading information recorded on both sides of paper by scanning only one side. This work proposes a novelty to circumvent this issue for distinguishing convex points from concave points even if they are adjacent to each other by using only the shadow patterns of the dots and by employing the connected component labelling using two-pass algorithm and the eight connectivity property of a pixel. Enthused by the fact that, during the acquisition phase, the reflection of light through the verso dots results in a high pixel count for them when compared to the recto dots, this technique works perfectly well with good quality Braille. Furthermore, due to the natural problems like ageing and frequent usage of the document the Braille dots tend to deteriorate resulting in the down fall of the performance of the algorithm for the Braille image. Besides to this for the recognition of the Braille cell in a Braille document with some special cases an adaptive grid construction technique has also been proposed. The results extracted reveal that the enactment of the proposed technique is much consistent and dependable and that the accuracy is very much comparable to the modern state of the art techniques.
Optical character recognition (OCR) is process of classification of optical patterns contained in a digital image. The process of OCR Recognition involves several steps including pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, classification. Pre-processing is for done the basic operation on input image like noise reduction which remove the noisy signal from image. Segmentation stage for segment the given image into line by line and segment each character from segmented line. Future extraction calculates the characteristics of character. A Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) is used to classification contains the database and does the comparison.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Structural evaluation of low volume road pavements using pavement dynamic con...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The automatic license plate recognition(alpr)eSAT Journals
Abstract Every country uses their own way of designing and allocating number plates to their country vehicles. This license number plate is then used by various government offices for their respective regular administrative task like- traffic police tracking the people who are violating the traffic rules, to identify the theft cars, in toll collection and parking allocation management etc. In India all motorized vehicle are assigned unique numbers. These numbers are assigned to the vehicles by district-level Regional Transport Office (RTO). In India the license plates must be kept in both front and back of the vehicle. These plates in general are easily readable by human due to their high level of intelligence on the contrary; it becomes an extremely difficult task for the computers to do the same. Many attributes like illumination, blur, background color, foreground color etc. will pose a problem. Index Terms: Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) system, proposed methodology, reference
MULTI DIMENSIONAL STERLING CONCEPTION FOR SYSTEM SECURITYijiert bestjournal
Apart from being liable to social engineering atta cks,text primarily based secrets are either weak-a nd-memorable or secure-but-difficult-to-remember If the password is machine generated it's mostly sophisticated for us er to stay in mind. User each secret victimization cued click poi nts graphical secret theme includes memorability,u sability and security evaluations. By victimization graphical se cret theme shoulder aquatics attack,masquerading a nd eavesdropping will be reduced. For authentication p urpose the graphical based mostly technique is empl oyed. The aim of this paper is increasing the protection area and avoiding the weakness of typical secret. . The re are phases in making a powerful graphical secret theme from last two decades,with the promise that the graphical se crets would supply improved password memo ability and usefulnes s. The three techniques that we have a tendency to use here is PCCP (PERSUASIVE CUED CLICK POINTS),Grid-Based Aut hentication,color Based Authentication. After successfully verification of these three techniques user can able to access the Secure Application. So new scheme will provide the strong security using 3D i.e. secr ete user name,graphical password,color password. These techniques will be used for any online/offline syst em.
OCR optimization for vehicle number plate Identification based on Template ma...IJEEE
Optical character recognition (OCR) is an approach to extract the characters from an image. Vehicle number plate identification is already a challenging task in OCR. In this paper a method for vehicle license plate identification is implemented and analyzed, on the basis of novel adaptive image segmentation and filtering technique conjunction with optical character recognition has been proposed. In this paper a novel method for license plate number localization based on ratio and position of characters is performed. The localized characters have been correlated to the predefined templates of characters. Based on appropriate threshold of character authentication, the correlation value decides the valid character for localized region of interest. This paper is divided into five segments: first part consists of introduction and literature survey, second part deals with image conversion (from RGB to black and white), removal of unwanted noisy region and classification of connected components, third part explains filtering based on ratio of height to width for validation of true character using height filter and position filter, fourth part explains how to extract the likelihood region of character using median centroid approach for number plate. This approach enables the localization of number plates in widely varying illumination conditions with relevance to the number plate having English alphanumeric fonts. Fifth part of this paper explains the correlation with each templates for validate the character based on maximum correlation value.
Nowadays character recognition has gained lot of attention in the field of pattern recognition due to its application in various fields. It is one of the most successful applications of automatic pattern recognition. Research in OCR is popular for its application potential in banks, post offices, office automation etc. HCR is useful in cheque processing in banks; almost all kind of form processing systems, handwritten postal address resolution and many more. This paper presents a simple and efficient approach for the implementation of OCR and translation of scanned images of printed text into machine-encoded text. It makes use of different image analysis phases followed by image detection via pre-processing and post-processing. This paper also describes scanning the entire document (same as the segmentation in our case) and recognizing individual characters from image irrespective of their position, size and various font styles and it deals with recognition of the symbols from English language, which is internationally accepted.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Heuristic Extraction Algorithms for Freeman Chain Code of Handwritten Cha...Waqas Tariq
Handwriting character recognition (HCR) is the ability of a computer to receive and interpret handwritten input. In HCR, there are many representation schemes and one of them is Freeman chain code (FCC). Chain code is a sequence of code direction of a characters and connection to a starting point which is often used in image processing. The main problem in representing character using FCC that it is depends on the starting points. Unfortunately, the study about FCC extraction using one continuous route and to minimizing the length of chain code to FCC from a thinned binary image (TBI) have not been widely explored. To solve this problem, heuristic algorithms are proposed to extract the FCC that is correctly representing the characters. This paper proposes two heuristics algorithm that are based on randomized and enumeration-based algorithms to solve the problems. As problem solving techniques, the randomized algorithm makes the random choices while enumeration-based algorithm enumerates all possible candidates for solution. The performance measures of the algorithms are the route length and computation time. The experiment on the algorithms are performed based on the chain code representation derived from established previous works of Center of Excellence for Document Analysis and Recognition (CEDAR) dataset which consists of 126 upper-case letter characters. The experimental result shows that route length of both algorithms are similar but the computation time of enumeration-based algorithm is higher than randomized algorithm. This is because enumeration-based algorithm considers all branches in route walk.
A design of license plate recognition system using convolutional neural networkIJECEIAES
This paper proposes an improved Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm approach for license plate recognition system. The main contribution of this work is on the methodology to determine the best model for four-layered CNN architecture that has been used as the recognition method. This is achieved by validating the best parameters of the enhanced Stochastic Diagonal Levenberg Marquardt (SDLM) learning algorithm and network size of CNN. Several preprocessing algorithms such as Sobel operator edge detection, morphological operation and connected component analysis have been used to localize the license plate, isolate and segment the characters respectively before feeding the input to CNN. It is found that the proposed model is superior when subjected to multi-scaling and variations of input patterns. As a result, the license plate preprocessing stage achieved 74.7% accuracy and CNN recognition stage achieved 94.6% accuracy.
BLOB DETECTION TECHNIQUE USING IMAGE PROCESSING FOR IDENTIFICATION OF MACHINE...ijiert bestjournal
Optical character recognition systems have been effectively developed for the recognition of p rinted characters. Optical character recognition is an awesome computer vision technique with various applications ranging from saving real time scripts digitally and deriving context based intelligence using natural language processing from the texts. One such application is the recognition of machine printed characters. This paper illustrates the technique to identify machine printed characters using Blob detection method and Image processing. In many cases of such machine printed characters there is simi larity between character colour and background colour. There is mix up of reflected light and scattered light. Colour is not consistent across character area or background area. Paper explains how Blob detection technique is used for recognition of these m achines printed characters.
An Application of Eight Connectivity based Two-pass Connected-Component Label...CSCJournals
The intrinsic noise present in the image during the acquisition phase marks the recognition of Braille dots a challenging task in Optical Braille Recognition (OBR). Further, while the Braille document is being embossed on either side in the case of Inter-Point Braille, this problem of Braille dot recognition is aggravated and it makes the differentiation between recto (convex) dots and verso (concave) dots more complex. Also, the recognition of Braille dots should be carried out by reading information recorded on both sides of paper by scanning only one side. This work proposes a novelty to circumvent this issue for distinguishing convex points from concave points even if they are adjacent to each other by using only the shadow patterns of the dots and by employing the connected component labelling using two-pass algorithm and the eight connectivity property of a pixel. Enthused by the fact that, during the acquisition phase, the reflection of light through the verso dots results in a high pixel count for them when compared to the recto dots, this technique works perfectly well with good quality Braille. Furthermore, due to the natural problems like ageing and frequent usage of the document the Braille dots tend to deteriorate resulting in the down fall of the performance of the algorithm for the Braille image. Besides to this for the recognition of the Braille cell in a Braille document with some special cases an adaptive grid construction technique has also been proposed. The results extracted reveal that the enactment of the proposed technique is much consistent and dependable and that the accuracy is very much comparable to the modern state of the art techniques.
Optical character recognition (OCR) is process of classification of optical patterns contained in a digital image. The process of OCR Recognition involves several steps including pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, classification. Pre-processing is for done the basic operation on input image like noise reduction which remove the noisy signal from image. Segmentation stage for segment the given image into line by line and segment each character from segmented line. Future extraction calculates the characteristics of character. A Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) is used to classification contains the database and does the comparison.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Structural evaluation of low volume road pavements using pavement dynamic con...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The compensatation of unbalanced 3 phase currents in transmission systems on ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An experimental study of square footing resting on geo grid reinforced sandeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study on soundness of reinforced concrete structures by ndt approacheSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Testing the flexural fatigue behavior of e glass epoxy laminateseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Securing the cloud computing systems with matrix vector and multi-key using l...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A review on managed aquifer recharge by check dams a case study near chennai,...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Phytotoxicity analysis of various plants using industrial sludgeeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The review on automatic license plate recognition (alpr)eSAT Journals
Abstract
Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should
contain at least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text
alignment should be justify, should contain at least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10,
Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should contain at least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times
New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should contain at least 250 words. Abstract
explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should contain at
least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be
justify, should contain at least 250 words.
Keywords: Key word1, Key word2, Key word3, and Key word4 etc…
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Automatic License Plate Recognition Using Optical Character Recognition Based...IJARIIE JOURNAL
A License plate is a rectangular plate which is alphanumeric. The license plate is fixed on the vehicle and used to
identify the vehicle along with honor of that vehicle. There is a huge number of vehicles on the road so that traffic
control and vehicle owner identification has become a major problem.
The automatic number plate reorganization (ANPR) is one of the solutions of such kind of problem. There are
different methodologies but it is challenging task as some of the factors like high speed of vehicles, languages of
number plate & mostly non-uniform letter on number plate effects a lot in recognition. The license plate recognition
system mainly has four stages: image acquisition, license plate detection, character segmentation and character
recognition. The license plate recognition (LPR) system have many applications like payment of parking fees; toll
fee on the highway; traffic monitoring system; border security system; signal system etc.
In this paper, template matching algorithm for character recognition is used. The system presented here mainly
focuses on recognition of ambiguous characters based on position of the character. It is observed that the developed
system successfully detects & recognizes the vehicle number plate on real images and the problem of recognizing
ambiguous character is solved.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
License plate recognition for toll payment applicationeSAT Journals
Abstract Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR) is the method for the extraction of vehicle license plate information from images. It can be used on various applications such as Pay-Per -Use roads (Electronic Toll Collection), Parking lots and arterial traffic conditions monitoring. Automatic License Plate Recognition uses infrared cameras to capture images under varied lighting and weather conditions. The objective of this paper is to implement K-Means Clustering Algorithm for License plate extraction & Maximally stable extreme region for license plate segmentation , Template matching method for license plate recognition & also payment in toll plaza and parking lots automatically by detecting the number plates of vehicles which in turn reduce the traffic and consumption of time in toll stations. Keywords: Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR), Maximally Stable Extreme Region (MSER), Template matching, and Character Recognition
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The automatic license plate recognition(alpr)eSAT Journals
Abstract Every country uses their own way of designing and allocating number plates to their country vehicles. This license number plate is then used by various government offices for their respective regular administrative task like- traffic police tracking the people who are violating the traffic rules, to identify the theft cars, in toll collection and parking allocation management etc. In India all motorized vehicle are assigned unique numbers. These numbers are assigned to the vehicles by district-level Regional Transport Office (RTO). In India the license plates must be kept in both front and back of the vehicle. These plates in general are easily readable by human due to their high level of intelligence on the contrary; it becomes an extremely difficult task for the computers to do the same. Many attributes like illumination, blur, background color, foreground color etc. will pose a problem. Index Terms: Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) system, proposed methodology, reference
Automatic license plate recognition system for indian vehicle identification ...Kuntal Bhowmick
Automatic License Plate Recognition (ANPR) is a practical application of image processing which uses number (license) plate is used to identify the vehicle. The aim is to design an efficient automatic vehicle identification system by using the
vehicle license plate. The system is implemented on the entrance for security control of a highly restricted area like
military zones or area around top government offices e.g.Parliament, Supreme Court etc.
It is worth mentioning that there is a scarcity in researches that introduce an automatic number plate recognition for indian vechicles.In this paper, a new algorithm is presented for Indian vehicle’s number plate recognition system. The proposed algorithm consists of two major parts: plate region extraction and plate recognition.Vehicle number plate region is extracted using the image segmentation in a vechicle image.Optical character recognition technique is used for the character recognition. And finally the resulting data is used to compare with the records on a database so as to come up with the specific information like the vehicle’s owner, registration state, address, etc.
The performance of the proposed algorithm has been tested on real license plate images of indian vechicles. Based on the experimental results, we noted that our algorithm shows superior performance special in number plate recognition phase.
Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR), Character Segmentation,Edge detection, Extraction plate region, Image Segmentation, Number plate recognition, Number Plate, Optical Character Recognition.
Tracking number plate from vehicle usingijfcstjournal
In Traffic surveillance, Tracking of the number plate from the vehicle is an important task, which demands
intelligent solution. In this document, extraction and Recognization of number plate from vehicles image
has been done using Matlab. It is assumed that images of the vehicle have been captured from Digital
Camera. Alphanumeric Characters on plate has been Extracted and recognized using template images of
alphanumeric characters.
This paper presents a new algorithm in MATLAB which has been used to extract the number plate from the
vehicle in various luminance conditions. Extracted image of the number plate can be seen in a text file for
verification purpose. Number plate identification is helpful in finding stolen cars, car parking management
system and identification of vehicle in traffic.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
License Plate Recognition using Morphological Operation. Amitava Choudhury
This paper describes an efficient technique of locating and
extracting license plate and recognizing each segmented
character. The proposed model can be subdivided into four
parts- Digitization of image, Edge Detection, Separation of
characters and Template Matching. In this work, we propose a
method which is based on morphological operations where
different Structuring Elements (SE) are used to maximally
eliminate non-plate region and enhance plate region.
Character segmentation is done using Connected Component
Analysis. Correlation based template matching technique is
used for recognition of characters. This system is
implemented using MATLAB7.4.0. The proposed system is
mainly applicable to Indian License Plates.
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The review on automatic license plate recognition
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | Feb-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 178
THE REVIEW ON AUTOMATIC LICENSE PLATE RECOGNITION
Rinku solanki1
, Naitik kapadia2
, Viral patel3
1
Post graduate student, M.Tech (digital communication), N.R.I. College, Bhopal, India
2
Post graduate student, M.Tech (digital communication), R.K.D.F. College, Bhopal, India
3
lecturer, Elect & comm., Parul polytechnic institute, Gujarat, India,
rinkusolanki86@gmail.com, naitikkapadia@gmail.com, viralrare@gmail.com
Abstract
Nowadays vehicles play a very big role in transportation. Also the use of vehicles has been increasing because of population growth
and human needs in recent years. Therefore, control of vehicles is becoming a big problem and much more difficult to solve . The
presence of noise, blurring in the image, uneven illumination, dim light and foggy conditions make the task even more difficult.
Nowadays, intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) have a significant impact on people’s lives. ITSs include intelligent infrastructure
systems and intelligent vehicle systems. In the current information technology era, the use of automations and intelligent systems is
becoming more and more widespread. Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) has turned out to be an important research issue.
ALPR has many applications in traffic monitoring system, including controlling the traffic volume, ticketing vehicles without the
human control, vehicle tracking, policing, security, and so on. In this paper categorize different ALPR techniques according to the
features they used for each stage, and compare them in terms of pros, cons, recognition accuracy and processing speed.
Index Terms: Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) system, literature review, reference
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this paper is to provide researchers a
systematic survey of existing ALPR research by categorizing
existing methods according to the features they used, by
analyzing the pros/cons of these features, and by comparing
them in terms of recognition performance and processing
speed, and to open some issues for the future research.
Basic block diagram of the ALPR system is shown in fig 2.for
above steps different techniques used by different author
which are studied in literature review. An example of the
number plate extraction is given by figure (1).by this figure
block diagram is easily understand, in this figure all steps
of block diagram is shown by indicating number A,B,C,D,E.
figure(1): an example of extraction of number plate
Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) applies image
processing and character recognition technology to identify
vehicles by automatically reading their number plates. and this
system mainly divide in three steps:
figure(2):basic block diagram of alpr system
Step(1) acquiring an image, in image acquisition explained
that from where images are acquire Image can be input to the
system by different methods by analog camera, or by digital
cameras, but nowadays digital technology has their advantages
so better input method is by digital cameras or by direct
digital photos.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | Feb-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 179
figure(a): captured image
Step(2) license plate extraction by whole capturing image we
having license plate covered by background of vehicle body,so
by this step only plate are is extracted from whole body. our
task now is to identify the region containing the license plate.
In this experiment, two features are defined and extracted in
order to decide if a candidate region contains a license plate or
not , these features are
1. Aspect ratio: The aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the
width to the height of the region.
Aspect Ratio = width/height
Since the minimum enclosing rectangle(MER) of the object
region can be computed via rotating the region in previous
section, the dimension of the objects MER can be taken as the
width and the height of the region
2. Edge Density:
Applying the above feature to filter the segmented regions, a
lot of no license plate regions can be removed. However, there
are still many candidate regions left which take similar
rectangularity and aspect ratio features as the license plate
regions do, such as often the head lights. Considering that the
license plate regions generally take higher local variance in its
pixels‟ values due to the presence of characters, an important
feature to describe license plate region is local variance, which
is quantized using the edge density. so extracted plate region
example shown in figure(b).
figure(b): license plate extraction
Step(3) character isolation: by this step characters on license
plate are segmented and identify. This step is the most
important step in license plate recognition because all further
steps rely on it. This is the second major part of the License
Plate detection algorithm. There are many factors that cause
the character segmentation task difficult, such as image noise,
plate frame, rivet, space mark, plate rotation and illumination
variance. We here propose the algorithm that is quite robust
and gives significantly good results on images having the
above mentioned problems. for the segmentation pre-
processing is required by conversion to gray scale and
binarization. Different algorithms are used for segmentation
which are explained further later in literature review.
segmented license plate example is given in figure(c).
figure(c): character isolation
Step(4) character identification: by this step final result is
founded. Consider figure(d) as an final extracted license
plates
figure(d): character identification
The variations of the plate types or environments cause
challenges in the detection and recognition of license plates.
They are summarized as follows:
1) Location: Plates exist in different locations of an image.
2) Quantity: An image may contain no or many plates.
3) Size: Plates may have different sizes due to the camera
distance and the zoom factor.
4) Colour: Plates may have various characters and background
colours due to different plate types or capturing devices.
5) Font: Plates of different nations may be written in different
fonts and language.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | Feb-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 180
6) Occlusion: Plates may be obscured by dirt.
7) Inclination: Plates may be tilted.
8) Other: In addition to characters, a plate may contain frames
and screws.
Environment variations:
1) Illumination: Input images may have different types of
illumination, mainly due to environmental lighting and vehicle
headlights.
2) Background: The image background may contain patterns
similar to plates, such as numbers stamped on a vehicle,
bumper with vertical patterns, and textured floors.
Figure(e): Example images in the different condition:(a)
Complex scenes. (b) Various environments. (c) Different
illuminations. (d). Damaged license plates.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
In the literature, many license plate detection algorithms have
been proposed. Although license plate detection has been
studied for many years, it is still a challenging task to detect
license plates from different angles, partial occlusion, or
multiple instances. License plate detection investigates an
input image to identify some local patches containing license
plates. Since a plate can exist anywhere in an image with
various sizes, it is infeasible to check every pixel to locate it.
Generally, it is preferable to extract some features from
images and focus only on those pixels characterized by the
license plate. Based on the involved features, traditional
license plate detection methods can be classified into three
categories: colour-based, edge-based, and texture-based. In
what follows, we will review the related work in each category
Colour-based approaches are based on the observation that
some countries have specific colours in their license plates. It
is intuitive to extract license plates by locating their colours in
the images the collocation of license plate colour and character
colour is used to generate an edge image. Then, it checks
neighbours of pixels with a value within the license plate
colour range to find candidate license plate regions Edge-
based approaches are the most popular, with reliable
performance in license plate detection. Generally, as a prior,
license plate is characterized by a rectangular shape with a
specific aspect ratio, and can be extracted by checking all
possible rectangles in the image kinds of traditional locating
methods, some other approaches based on local features have
been proposed recently. A brief description of some of
previous works is demonstrated in section of literature
introduction.
In [1] ,license plate recognition methods are:(1)Image
Acquisition: By digital camera (2) License Plate Extraction:
*vertical edge detection by sobel algorithm *filtering by seed
filling algorithm *vertical edge matching (3) Segmentation:
(4) Character Recognition: * Normalization * Template
matching using hamming distance approach. and by this
paper referenced getting the result like: License Plate
Extraction: 587/610, 96.22% License Plate Segmentation:
574/610, 94.04% License Plate Recognition :581/610,
95.24%,and over all system efficiency: 95%.this approach
having some problem in extracting the plate, diplomatic cars
and military vehicles, are not addressed since they are rarely
seen. Detection only for white, black, red, and green colour
plate or numbers.
By[2], (1)Extraction of plate region: edge detection algorithms
and smearing algorithms (2)segmentation of Characters:
smearing algorithms, filtering and some morphological
algorithms (3)recognition of plate characters : template
matching. Final output it is proved to be %97.6 for the
extraction of plate region, %96 for the segmentation of the
characters and %98.8 for the recognition unit accurate, giving
the overall system performance %92.57 recognition rate .it
having some limitation like it recognition of car license plate
only, and This system is designed for the identification of
Turkish license plates.
In[3], recognition steps are as follow:(1)Image Enhancement:
by histogram equalization method (2)Structuring Elements :
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | Feb-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 181
by thickening, (3) Hat transformations: which is use for
contrast, enhancement(top has & bottom has)setting (4)
Morphological Operations like dilation and erosion (5) Plate
region confirmation (6) Character Segmentation and
Recognition by neuron implementation model .by this
reference 250 colour images were used for testing the
technique, These results report a high accuracy rate of above
95%.Although the technique is quite efficient enough to work
very well in the real time environment but currently the
technique proposed lays more emphasis on the accuracy of the
overall system, while the some more work is to be done to
make the technique more efficient.
In[4],recognition by(1) Target recognition: by using feature-
salience theory, features of license plates( include shape,
symmetry , height-to-width ratio , colour, texture, and spatial
frequency, Character features include lines, blobs , aspect ratio
of characters, distribution of intervals between characters ,and
alignment of characters) (2license plate locating by Hough
transform (HT). (3) recognizing license characters by different
steps like binarization, noise removal, and orientation
adjustment, Optical Character Recognition. in this paper , the
success rate for the identification with the set of 1144 license
plates is 95.7%. Combining this rate with the location success
(97.3%), the overall rate of success for our LPR algorithm is
93.1%.As pointed out in the preceding sections, although this
system is intended for the recognition of Chinese license
plates only
By[5], mainly focused on Edge Detection(Sobel Edge
Detection)technique and then filtering of noise by Median
Filter, Smoothing, Connector, Masking, ,and then Colour
Conversation is done. we can see that the detection is not that
clear and proper, which we find , is due to improper light
segment or varying illumination effects. and all over system
result is not mention in this paper.
In the reference[6], The proposed algorithm consists of three
major parts: Extraction of plate region, segmentation of
characters and recognition of plate characters. For
(1)extracting the Plate region, edge detection algorithm and
vertical projection method are used.(2) in segmentation part
filtering, thinning and vertical and horizontal projection are
used. And finally, (3)chain code concept with different
parameter is used for recognition of the characters. The
performance of the proposed algorithm has been tested on real
images. Total Vehicles Images 150(tested under sunny,
cloudy, daytime, nigh time, rainy days...etc atmosphere),
Extracted license plates147 Unsuccessful Extraction 3 .and
final system Efficiency : 98%. The proposed method is mainly
designed for real-time Malaysian license plate, and can be
readily extended to cope with license plates of other countries,
especially those using Latin characters.
By[7],involve three approaches: (1)in plate localization Noise
alleviation, Changing color space, Intensity dynamic range
modification, Edge detection ,Separating objects from
background, Finding connected component ,Candidate
selection, all above process are used (2) in segmentation part
multistage model are used.(Improvement, Rotation,
Binarization, Segmentation, Preparation,) (3) for the
recognition artificial l 1Feed forward neural network is used.
The method achieved accuracy over 91% for localizing plates.
The recognition system implemented by neural networks after
segmentation of characters in image plate identify alphabets
and numbers separately and achieve an accuracy over 97%
and 94% respectively for each. Advantage of this approach is
The image database includes images of various vehicles with
different background and slop under varying illumination
condition and the disadvantage is detection only for English
and Parisian number plate.
In[8] For the Number plate recognition first image conversion
in binary and apply to neural network, and apply mpl
algorithm, then detection individual symbol, by matrix
mapping, and Training by this approach obtained 96.53%
average recognition rate using double hidden layer and 94%
using single hidden layer. The captured image 2-3 meters
taken away from the cameras.
By[9] (1)Pre-processing of Image by histogram
equalization(2)Extraction of plate region by edge detection
algorithm( canny operator) and Plate Area Detection by
various morphological operations (3)Segmentation of
characters by *connected component *bounding box method ,
*Median filter, all above methods. and observed final result as
Extraction :71/78 which gives 91.02% efficiency
,Segmentation 69/78 which gives 88.46%efficiency. overall
accuracy of our system is 89.74%.proposed method is
sensitive to the angle of view, physical appearance and
environment conditions.
By[10] Given All 3 process by 2D Haar after the discrete
wavelet Transform technique : (1)locate and extract the
license-plate (2)train of the license-plate (3)real time scan
recognize of the license-plate .by this paper result shown are
as given, Vehicle recognition number:100,Recognition
number of successful:93 ,Recognition number failed :7
,Recognition rates (%) :93.0%.advantage of this approach is
Haar Discrete Wavelet Transform are that it each time
transform only needs 1/4 of the original image. Hence, this
method can fast execution speed. and the Disadvantage is that
in this paper only specified cameras used like Using the
CASIO EXILIM, 10.1 MEGA PIXELS DIGITAL CAMERA
EX-S10, adjusting the resolution 480 x 640 for photography
vehicle license plates.
In[11] detection steps are :(1)Image acquisition by capturing
an image of a vehicle from video (2)License plate detection
extraction, by Spectral Analysis Approach and Connected
Component Analysis (3)extract the region of license plate
process use spectral analysis (4)Character segmentation use
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | Feb-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 182
Connected component analysis approach and SVM feature
extraction techniques. the advantage of this approach is
success full recognition of a moving vehicle.
By[12] (1)PVW approach is used in this orientation, ratio of
scale to character height, and relative position in the character
region are done by clustering (2)visual word matching by
comparing the extracted SIFT features and histogram
approach is used (3) for license plate location A bounding box
will be estimated to encompass license plate by determining
the upper, lower, left, and right bounding lines sequentially.
This technique achieves a 93.2% “true” detection rate. This
approach can also be extended to the detection of logos and
trademarks .The weakness of this approach is that it may fail
when the license plate resolution is too low, or when the
distortion from the observation angle is too severe.
Approach explained in[13] that, (1) detect a license plate
region by vertical or a horizontal edge based method (2) pre-
processing: is also needed in this approach .so first converted
in to binary image then eliminate noise using morphological
operation (3) character segmentation by thresholding method
(4) feature extraction and character recognition by Euler
number formation .Advantage of this approach that skew ness
is not present in the detected vehicle number plate compare to
other methods and Disadvantage is it limits the efficiency of
the total system.
By[14] (1)plate extraction by Mathematical Morphology
approach and then ,Dilation and Erosion is apply to
image,(2)segmentation by Structuring Elements approach,
Meredian Filter technique and Edge Detection Methods are
use,(3)character extraction by Preprocessing, Text/non-text
classification approach .result derived by this paper is as
given, Real Time Data:100,Images correctly
Detected:93,Results Accuracy 93%.and it says that Very much
damaged plate cannot be recognize.
YEAR/MONTH % EFFICIENCY
2003 95
2005NOV 92.57
2008JUNE 95
2009SEPT 93.1
2010 98
2011JULY 94
2011JULY 95
2011DEC 89.74
2012APRL 93
2012EPT 93.2
2012OCT 93
Figure(3): table of %efficiency/month or year
figure(4): over all system % efficiency/year
As per literature study all over system efficiency per
month/year as given by chart figure(4) which is vary
according to methods for different steps for reconditioning of
license plate.by the given plot we can observe percentage
efficiency of system as per given data.As per given data in
studied references making of table which shows %efficiency
per month/year ,so consider the table for plot.
CONCLUSIONS
In general, an ALPR system consists of four processing stages.
In the image acquisition stage, some points have to be
considered when choosing the ALPR system camera, such as
the camera resolution and the shutter speed. In the license
plate extraction stage, the license plate is extracted based on
some features such as the colour, the boundary, or the
existence of the characters. In the license plate segmentation
stage, the characters are extracted by projecting their colour
information, by labelling them, or by matching their positions
with template. Finally, the characters are recognized in the
character recognition stage by template matching, or by
classifiers such as neural networks and fuzzy classifiers.
Automatic license plate recognition is quite challenging due to
the different license plate formats and the varying
environmental conditions. There are numerous ALPR
techniques have been proposed in recent years.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Mr. N.D. Kapadia who is lecturer in
our college they give us proper and perfect guidance in this
literature paper .another person who give me a direction is Mr.
Rajesh nema sir ,He is H.O.D. of our collge.by the strict way
they take work regularly from us and that’s why I lots of
thankful to them.we can say that because of strict nature of
nema sir we can complete our work properly.
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | Feb-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 183
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BIOGRAPHIES:
Rinku Solanki
Post graduate student
M.tech (Digital communication)
NRI, Bhopal, India
Naitik kapadia
Post graduate student
M.tech (Digital communication),
RKDF , Bhopal, India