IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Identification of dynamic rigidity for high speed spindles supported on ball ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The widespread use of high-speed machining in recent decades has led to a significant area of research on issues that limit its productivity. Regenerative chatter is a well‐known machining problem that results in unstable cutting process, leads to the poor surface quality, reduced material removal rate and damage on the machine tool itself. The main requirement for the stability of system dynamics is the information of tool tip frequency response functions (FRF’s).The present work considered a coupled model of spindle-bearing system by using the angular contact ball bearing forces on stability of machining. Using Timoshenko beam element formulation, the spindle unit is analyzed by including the gyroscopic and centrifugal terms and the bearing contact forces are arrived from Hertzian contact theory. Then, the model is used for studying the effects of viscous damping to obtain the tool point FRF for the dynamic spindle. Index Terms: Spindle dynamics, Stability, High speed effects, Bearing contact forces, Hertzian contact theory, Finite element modeling.
Analysis of Rack and Pinion under dynamic conditionsnagaraju kondrasi
Based on physical and thermal properties graphite cast iron has got more strength than sand cast Mg alloy and it is clear from the results that the load carrying capacity of former is larger than the later. Hence Graphite cast iron is preferred for the manufacture of rack and pinion.
In static structural analysis the total deformation and von - mises stresses are more in sand cast Mg alloy than graphite cast iron. Hence graphite cast iron has better strength than Sand cast Mg alloy.
In modal analysis the number mode shapes are higher for graphite cast iron than sand cast Mg alloy.
Under transient conditions the total deformation of Graphite CI is less than that of Sand cast mg alloy. Hence former is preferred under Transient conditions.
Under fatigue loads the damage is more in sand cast Mg alloy. Hence graphite CI is preferred for manufacturing of Rack and pinion.
Hence Keeping all the analysis in view the graphite cast iron is preferred over sand cast Mg alloy.
A review on design and development of eccentric shaft for cottonLaukik Raut
This document provides a review and discussion of eccentric shafts, which are important components used in cotton ginning machines to provide oscillatory motion. Eccentric shafts are circular or cam-shaped disks attached off-center to a rotating axle. They are widely used in industries like cotton ginning where their small eccentric distance results in low friction loss and high efficiency. The document discusses the design, operation, and factors that affect the life of eccentric shafts, such as load, geometry, materials, and wear. It also reviews various studies on topics like eccentric mechanisms, eccentricity-related faults, vibration control of eccentric rotors, and designs of eccentric shafts in applications like pumps and robots. The goal of the document is
Fatigue or Durability Analysis of Steering Knuckleijsrd.com
This document discusses fatigue or durability analysis of steering knuckles. It explains that structural components like steering knuckles need to withstand constant fluctuating loads over time. Fatigue analysis evaluates failure based on repeated loading rather than just material strength. Steering knuckles experience multiaxial loads from multiple directions from components like the strut mount, lower ball joint, and steering rod. Accurately analyzing fatigue damage requires identifying these multiaxial stresses. The document aims to analyze the random loads acting on a vehicle's steering knuckle under unstable road conditions.
Static & Dynamic Analysis of Spur Gear using Different MaterialsIRJET Journal
The document describes a study analyzing the static and dynamic behavior of a spur gear made from different materials using finite element analysis. A spur gear model is created in Solidworks and imported into ANSYS for static structural and modal analysis. The static analysis determines deformation and stresses under torque loading, while modal analysis determines natural frequencies and mode shapes. Analysis is performed for structural steel, gray cast iron, aluminum alloy, and epoxy glass composite materials. Results show the composite material has the lowest deformation and weight but higher stresses compared to the metal materials. The natural frequencies are also reported for different materials.
Stress analysis on steering knuckle of the automobile steering systemeSAT Publishing House
The document summarizes stress analysis performed on an automobile steering knuckle. It first describes the modeling of the steering knuckle using CAD software and applying loads equivalent to real-world conditions. A finite element analysis is then carried out to determine stress distributions and areas of high stress. The results show maximum stress concentrations that need to be considered in the steering knuckle design to avoid frequent failures and improve reliability.
IRJET-Analysis of Load Factors and Modes of Failure on Spur GearIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the load factors and modes of failure in spur gears. A finite element analysis is conducted to determine the load distribution factor in AGMA formulas for spur gears with different shaft misalignments. The 3D gear model is imported into ANSYS to calculate maximum bending and contact stresses using FEA. The results are then compared to analytical calculations to estimate the load distribution factor. Key factors influencing bending stress on gear teeth are also considered, including load distribution, stress concentration, and external factors.
Modeling, simulation and optimization analysis of steering knuckle component ...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that modeled, simulated, and optimized the design of a steering knuckle component for a race car. Five initial CAD models of the steering knuckle were created and analyzed using finite element analysis to determine stresses, displacements, and weights. The best design was then optimized using shape optimization software to reduce weight while maintaining strength. The optimized design achieved a 45.8% reduction in mass while still meeting strength requirements.
Identification of dynamic rigidity for high speed spindles supported on ball ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The widespread use of high-speed machining in recent decades has led to a significant area of research on issues that limit its productivity. Regenerative chatter is a well‐known machining problem that results in unstable cutting process, leads to the poor surface quality, reduced material removal rate and damage on the machine tool itself. The main requirement for the stability of system dynamics is the information of tool tip frequency response functions (FRF’s).The present work considered a coupled model of spindle-bearing system by using the angular contact ball bearing forces on stability of machining. Using Timoshenko beam element formulation, the spindle unit is analyzed by including the gyroscopic and centrifugal terms and the bearing contact forces are arrived from Hertzian contact theory. Then, the model is used for studying the effects of viscous damping to obtain the tool point FRF for the dynamic spindle. Index Terms: Spindle dynamics, Stability, High speed effects, Bearing contact forces, Hertzian contact theory, Finite element modeling.
Analysis of Rack and Pinion under dynamic conditionsnagaraju kondrasi
Based on physical and thermal properties graphite cast iron has got more strength than sand cast Mg alloy and it is clear from the results that the load carrying capacity of former is larger than the later. Hence Graphite cast iron is preferred for the manufacture of rack and pinion.
In static structural analysis the total deformation and von - mises stresses are more in sand cast Mg alloy than graphite cast iron. Hence graphite cast iron has better strength than Sand cast Mg alloy.
In modal analysis the number mode shapes are higher for graphite cast iron than sand cast Mg alloy.
Under transient conditions the total deformation of Graphite CI is less than that of Sand cast mg alloy. Hence former is preferred under Transient conditions.
Under fatigue loads the damage is more in sand cast Mg alloy. Hence graphite CI is preferred for manufacturing of Rack and pinion.
Hence Keeping all the analysis in view the graphite cast iron is preferred over sand cast Mg alloy.
A review on design and development of eccentric shaft for cottonLaukik Raut
This document provides a review and discussion of eccentric shafts, which are important components used in cotton ginning machines to provide oscillatory motion. Eccentric shafts are circular or cam-shaped disks attached off-center to a rotating axle. They are widely used in industries like cotton ginning where their small eccentric distance results in low friction loss and high efficiency. The document discusses the design, operation, and factors that affect the life of eccentric shafts, such as load, geometry, materials, and wear. It also reviews various studies on topics like eccentric mechanisms, eccentricity-related faults, vibration control of eccentric rotors, and designs of eccentric shafts in applications like pumps and robots. The goal of the document is
Fatigue or Durability Analysis of Steering Knuckleijsrd.com
This document discusses fatigue or durability analysis of steering knuckles. It explains that structural components like steering knuckles need to withstand constant fluctuating loads over time. Fatigue analysis evaluates failure based on repeated loading rather than just material strength. Steering knuckles experience multiaxial loads from multiple directions from components like the strut mount, lower ball joint, and steering rod. Accurately analyzing fatigue damage requires identifying these multiaxial stresses. The document aims to analyze the random loads acting on a vehicle's steering knuckle under unstable road conditions.
Static & Dynamic Analysis of Spur Gear using Different MaterialsIRJET Journal
The document describes a study analyzing the static and dynamic behavior of a spur gear made from different materials using finite element analysis. A spur gear model is created in Solidworks and imported into ANSYS for static structural and modal analysis. The static analysis determines deformation and stresses under torque loading, while modal analysis determines natural frequencies and mode shapes. Analysis is performed for structural steel, gray cast iron, aluminum alloy, and epoxy glass composite materials. Results show the composite material has the lowest deformation and weight but higher stresses compared to the metal materials. The natural frequencies are also reported for different materials.
Stress analysis on steering knuckle of the automobile steering systemeSAT Publishing House
The document summarizes stress analysis performed on an automobile steering knuckle. It first describes the modeling of the steering knuckle using CAD software and applying loads equivalent to real-world conditions. A finite element analysis is then carried out to determine stress distributions and areas of high stress. The results show maximum stress concentrations that need to be considered in the steering knuckle design to avoid frequent failures and improve reliability.
IRJET-Analysis of Load Factors and Modes of Failure on Spur GearIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the load factors and modes of failure in spur gears. A finite element analysis is conducted to determine the load distribution factor in AGMA formulas for spur gears with different shaft misalignments. The 3D gear model is imported into ANSYS to calculate maximum bending and contact stresses using FEA. The results are then compared to analytical calculations to estimate the load distribution factor. Key factors influencing bending stress on gear teeth are also considered, including load distribution, stress concentration, and external factors.
Modeling, simulation and optimization analysis of steering knuckle component ...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that modeled, simulated, and optimized the design of a steering knuckle component for a race car. Five initial CAD models of the steering knuckle were created and analyzed using finite element analysis to determine stresses, displacements, and weights. The best design was then optimized using shape optimization software to reduce weight while maintaining strength. The optimized design achieved a 45.8% reduction in mass while still meeting strength requirements.
This is a Major Project Report successfully done at DVRCET under the guidance of Mechanical Engineering Department & the Managing Director of NIRAJA TECHNOLOGIES located at Uppal (Hyderabad).
1) The document describes a finite element analysis of a connecting rod from a diesel engine to optimize its design.
2) A CAD model of the connecting rod was created in Pro/E and then analyzed under quasi-dynamic loading conditions using ANSYS.
3) The analysis found that von Mises stresses were highest in the shank area between the big and small ends, but also identified regions of low stress where material could potentially be removed to reduce weight without compromising safety.
Impact of Misalignments on Root Stresses of Hypoid Gear Setsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IRJET- Analysis for Optimum Design of Automotive FlywheelIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the design of automotive flywheels through finite element analysis to determine the optimum design. It discusses flywheel design considerations like geometry, rotational velocity, and material strength. Four different flywheel designs are modeled and analyzed using ANSYS software to calculate stresses, strains, and deformations from applied forces and rotational velocities. Both static structural and modal analyses are performed. The goal is to determine which flywheel design optimizes strength and energy storage capabilities while minimizing vibrations and loads on the shaft.
STRESS ANALYSIS OF SPUR GEAR BY USING ANSYS WORKBENCHSumit Nagar
The document discusses analyzing the stress on a spur gear using ANSYS Workbench. It begins by providing background on different types of gears and power transmission systems. It then describes spur gears in particular, including their structure, functions, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. The document outlines the objectives of performing finite element analysis on a spur gear model to minimize stresses at critical locations, validate results with experimental data, and compare to theoretical analyses. The goal is to optimize the gear shape to reduce stresses.
This document is a thesis submitted by Pravardhan S. Shenoy to the University of Toledo in partial fulfillment of a Master of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering. The thesis, advised by Dr. Ali Fatemi, involves dynamic load analysis and optimization of a connecting rod. The study performs load analysis on the connecting rod to determine dynamic loads over time. Finite element analysis is conducted under quasi-dynamic and static loads. The connecting rod is then optimized for weight and cost subject to constraints like fatigue life.
Stress analysis on steering knuckle of the automobile steering systemeSAT Journals
Abstract Steering Knuckle plays major role in many direction control of the vehicle it is also linked with other linkages and supports the vertical weight of the car. Therefore, it requires high precision, quality, and durability. The main objective of this work is to explore performance opportunities, in the design and production of a steering knuckle. This can be achieved by performing a detailed load analysis. Therefore, this study has been dealt with two steps. First part of the study involves modeling of the steering knuckle with the design parameters using the latest modeling software, and also it includes the determination of loads acting on the steering knuckle as a function of time. This is done for finding out the minimum stress area. Then the stress analysis was performed using analysis software. The steering knuckle can be modeled, and analyzed under the actual load conditions. This may also improve the depth knowledge of its function and performance in terms of durability and quality. Keywords: Steering knuckle, stress analysis and Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
IRJET- Design, Static, and Modal Analysis of High Speed Motorized Milling Spi...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, static analysis, and modal analysis of a high-speed motorized milling spindle. It aims to optimize parameters that influence the spindle, which runs at 14,000 rpm with 15 kW power rating. Static deflection analysis is performed to check spindle stiffness. Modal analysis using ANSYS characterizes the spindle's dynamic behavior under different vibration modes to analyze system behavior and obtain natural frequencies and mode shapes. The document discusses the components of the spindle assembly, including the housing, shaft, bearings, and motor materials. It outlines the objectives to design and analyze the spindle using theoretical calculations, FEA, and comparing results to select the optimal design.
Theoretical and experimental studies on vibrations produced by defects in dou...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Finite Element Analysis and Topography Optimization of Lower Arm of Double Wi...IJERA Editor
The suspension system is one of the most important components of vehicle, which directly affects the safety, performance, noise level and style of it. The vehicle suspension system is responsible for driving comfort and safety as the suspension carries the vehicle-body and transmits all forces between body and road. Structure optimization techniques under static load conditions have been widely used in automotive industry for lightweight and performance improvement of modern cars. However, these static load conditions could not represent all the severe situations of automobile parts which subjected to complex loads varying with time, especially for lower control arm of front suspension. This paper deals with Finite Element Analysis of the Lower arm suspension of double wishbone suspension which consist the stress optimization under static loadings. Lower arm suspension has been modeled using Unigraphics .In first stage of analysis area of maximum stress was identified. These analysis were carried using Altair Hyperworks and solver used is Abacus. In order to reduce stresses and to improve structural strength Topography optimization approach is carried out in Hyperworks in which a design region for a given part is defined and a pattern of shape variable-based reinforcements within that region is generated to increase Stiffness.
The effect of rotor disc clearance on the lift performance of contra rotating...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Failure analysis and redesign of shaft of overhead craneLaukik Raut
The document describes the failure analysis and redesign of the shaft in the gearbox of an overhead crane with a 25-tonne capacity. The original shaft failed due to high shear stresses. An analysis found the shear stress exceeded allowable values. The shaft was then redesigned with a larger diameter and different materials. Finite element analysis showed SAE 6150 steel would experience the lowest shear stresses, below allowable limits, making it the best material to prevent future failures.
An investigation of structural integrity of chassis mounted platform subjectedIAEME Publication
This document investigates the structural integrity of a chassis-mounted platform subjected to concentrated loads during braking. It presents the mathematical analysis of braking forces, including shear force and bending moment diagrams. A total load of 12 tonnes was distributed at six ISO corner locations on the platform. Accounting for a 50% braking efficiency, horizontal forces half of the vertical loads were applied at each corner. Shear force and bending moment diagrams were generated and the maximum resultant bending moment was calculated to be 80.45470776 KN-m. Stress analysis of the longitudinal members was performed using this bending moment value to evaluate the structural strength of the platform during braking conditions.
Modeling and Analysis of Two Wheeler Connecting Rod by Using AnsysIOSR Journals
Connecting rod is a major link inside of a internal combustion engine. It is the intermediate member
between the piston and the crankshaft. Its primary function is to transmit the push and pull from the piston pin
to the crank pin thus converting the reciprocating motion of piston in to rotary motion of the crank. In this paper
a static analysis is conducted on a connecting rod of a single cylinder 4-stroke petrol engine. The model is
developed using Solid modeling software i.e. PRO/E (creo-parametric). Further finite element analysis is done
to determine the von-misses stresses shear stress and strains for the given loading conditions.
IRJET- Design Optimization and Analysis of a One Piece Composite Drive Shaft ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design optimization and analysis of a composite drive shaft for the rear wheel of a vehicle. Finite element analysis was conducted on a one-piece composite drive shaft modelled in ANSYS to analyze stresses, deformations, natural frequencies and fatigue life. Static analysis showed that a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) drive shaft had lower weight, stresses and deformation compared to steel and aluminum alternatives. Modal analysis determined the first six natural frequencies. Fatigue life estimation using the Goodman diagram predicted a life of over 1 million cycles for the CFRP drive shaft. The conclusion is that CFRRP is the best material among the alternatives due to its lower weight and improved performance, though it has a higher cost.
The document summarizes a finite element analysis (FEA) conducted to optimize the design of a steering knuckle component for a 1200 kg sedan. The initial design was modeled and analyzed in ANSYS to evaluate stresses and deformation. The thickness of arms connecting to the steering shaft and suspension were identified as design variables to reduce weight while meeting stress and deformation constraints. After iterative optimizations, the final design reduced weight by 15% while improving stress distribution and lowering maximum deformation to satisfy project objectives.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses the design of a rack and pinion gear system for a railway crossing gate. It outlines the objectives, need, and basic mechanism of a rack and pinion gear. The design methodology is explained, including design considerations, calculations, and material selection. Equations for determining forces on gear teeth, surface speed, strength, and wear are provided. Finally, the document summarizes the preliminary design of the pinion gear and next steps to design the rack.
The document discusses modal analysis of a high-speed milling spindle. A finite element model of the spindle is created in ANSYS based on its specifications. Modal analysis of the model yields natural frequencies including 422 Hz. Experimental modal analysis using an FFT analyzer on a manufactured spindle specimen yields frequencies up to 401 Hz. Comparing the finite element and experimental results, 422 Hz is identified as the natural resonance frequency of the spindle, which is above the designed operating speed of 16,000 rpm. The modal analysis shows no resonance will occur during operation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This is a Major Project Report successfully done at DVRCET under the guidance of Mechanical Engineering Department & the Managing Director of NIRAJA TECHNOLOGIES located at Uppal (Hyderabad).
1) The document describes a finite element analysis of a connecting rod from a diesel engine to optimize its design.
2) A CAD model of the connecting rod was created in Pro/E and then analyzed under quasi-dynamic loading conditions using ANSYS.
3) The analysis found that von Mises stresses were highest in the shank area between the big and small ends, but also identified regions of low stress where material could potentially be removed to reduce weight without compromising safety.
Impact of Misalignments on Root Stresses of Hypoid Gear Setsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IRJET- Analysis for Optimum Design of Automotive FlywheelIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the design of automotive flywheels through finite element analysis to determine the optimum design. It discusses flywheel design considerations like geometry, rotational velocity, and material strength. Four different flywheel designs are modeled and analyzed using ANSYS software to calculate stresses, strains, and deformations from applied forces and rotational velocities. Both static structural and modal analyses are performed. The goal is to determine which flywheel design optimizes strength and energy storage capabilities while minimizing vibrations and loads on the shaft.
STRESS ANALYSIS OF SPUR GEAR BY USING ANSYS WORKBENCHSumit Nagar
The document discusses analyzing the stress on a spur gear using ANSYS Workbench. It begins by providing background on different types of gears and power transmission systems. It then describes spur gears in particular, including their structure, functions, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. The document outlines the objectives of performing finite element analysis on a spur gear model to minimize stresses at critical locations, validate results with experimental data, and compare to theoretical analyses. The goal is to optimize the gear shape to reduce stresses.
This document is a thesis submitted by Pravardhan S. Shenoy to the University of Toledo in partial fulfillment of a Master of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering. The thesis, advised by Dr. Ali Fatemi, involves dynamic load analysis and optimization of a connecting rod. The study performs load analysis on the connecting rod to determine dynamic loads over time. Finite element analysis is conducted under quasi-dynamic and static loads. The connecting rod is then optimized for weight and cost subject to constraints like fatigue life.
Stress analysis on steering knuckle of the automobile steering systemeSAT Journals
Abstract Steering Knuckle plays major role in many direction control of the vehicle it is also linked with other linkages and supports the vertical weight of the car. Therefore, it requires high precision, quality, and durability. The main objective of this work is to explore performance opportunities, in the design and production of a steering knuckle. This can be achieved by performing a detailed load analysis. Therefore, this study has been dealt with two steps. First part of the study involves modeling of the steering knuckle with the design parameters using the latest modeling software, and also it includes the determination of loads acting on the steering knuckle as a function of time. This is done for finding out the minimum stress area. Then the stress analysis was performed using analysis software. The steering knuckle can be modeled, and analyzed under the actual load conditions. This may also improve the depth knowledge of its function and performance in terms of durability and quality. Keywords: Steering knuckle, stress analysis and Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
IRJET- Design, Static, and Modal Analysis of High Speed Motorized Milling Spi...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, static analysis, and modal analysis of a high-speed motorized milling spindle. It aims to optimize parameters that influence the spindle, which runs at 14,000 rpm with 15 kW power rating. Static deflection analysis is performed to check spindle stiffness. Modal analysis using ANSYS characterizes the spindle's dynamic behavior under different vibration modes to analyze system behavior and obtain natural frequencies and mode shapes. The document discusses the components of the spindle assembly, including the housing, shaft, bearings, and motor materials. It outlines the objectives to design and analyze the spindle using theoretical calculations, FEA, and comparing results to select the optimal design.
Theoretical and experimental studies on vibrations produced by defects in dou...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Finite Element Analysis and Topography Optimization of Lower Arm of Double Wi...IJERA Editor
The suspension system is one of the most important components of vehicle, which directly affects the safety, performance, noise level and style of it. The vehicle suspension system is responsible for driving comfort and safety as the suspension carries the vehicle-body and transmits all forces between body and road. Structure optimization techniques under static load conditions have been widely used in automotive industry for lightweight and performance improvement of modern cars. However, these static load conditions could not represent all the severe situations of automobile parts which subjected to complex loads varying with time, especially for lower control arm of front suspension. This paper deals with Finite Element Analysis of the Lower arm suspension of double wishbone suspension which consist the stress optimization under static loadings. Lower arm suspension has been modeled using Unigraphics .In first stage of analysis area of maximum stress was identified. These analysis were carried using Altair Hyperworks and solver used is Abacus. In order to reduce stresses and to improve structural strength Topography optimization approach is carried out in Hyperworks in which a design region for a given part is defined and a pattern of shape variable-based reinforcements within that region is generated to increase Stiffness.
The effect of rotor disc clearance on the lift performance of contra rotating...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Failure analysis and redesign of shaft of overhead craneLaukik Raut
The document describes the failure analysis and redesign of the shaft in the gearbox of an overhead crane with a 25-tonne capacity. The original shaft failed due to high shear stresses. An analysis found the shear stress exceeded allowable values. The shaft was then redesigned with a larger diameter and different materials. Finite element analysis showed SAE 6150 steel would experience the lowest shear stresses, below allowable limits, making it the best material to prevent future failures.
An investigation of structural integrity of chassis mounted platform subjectedIAEME Publication
This document investigates the structural integrity of a chassis-mounted platform subjected to concentrated loads during braking. It presents the mathematical analysis of braking forces, including shear force and bending moment diagrams. A total load of 12 tonnes was distributed at six ISO corner locations on the platform. Accounting for a 50% braking efficiency, horizontal forces half of the vertical loads were applied at each corner. Shear force and bending moment diagrams were generated and the maximum resultant bending moment was calculated to be 80.45470776 KN-m. Stress analysis of the longitudinal members was performed using this bending moment value to evaluate the structural strength of the platform during braking conditions.
Modeling and Analysis of Two Wheeler Connecting Rod by Using AnsysIOSR Journals
Connecting rod is a major link inside of a internal combustion engine. It is the intermediate member
between the piston and the crankshaft. Its primary function is to transmit the push and pull from the piston pin
to the crank pin thus converting the reciprocating motion of piston in to rotary motion of the crank. In this paper
a static analysis is conducted on a connecting rod of a single cylinder 4-stroke petrol engine. The model is
developed using Solid modeling software i.e. PRO/E (creo-parametric). Further finite element analysis is done
to determine the von-misses stresses shear stress and strains for the given loading conditions.
IRJET- Design Optimization and Analysis of a One Piece Composite Drive Shaft ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design optimization and analysis of a composite drive shaft for the rear wheel of a vehicle. Finite element analysis was conducted on a one-piece composite drive shaft modelled in ANSYS to analyze stresses, deformations, natural frequencies and fatigue life. Static analysis showed that a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) drive shaft had lower weight, stresses and deformation compared to steel and aluminum alternatives. Modal analysis determined the first six natural frequencies. Fatigue life estimation using the Goodman diagram predicted a life of over 1 million cycles for the CFRP drive shaft. The conclusion is that CFRRP is the best material among the alternatives due to its lower weight and improved performance, though it has a higher cost.
The document summarizes a finite element analysis (FEA) conducted to optimize the design of a steering knuckle component for a 1200 kg sedan. The initial design was modeled and analyzed in ANSYS to evaluate stresses and deformation. The thickness of arms connecting to the steering shaft and suspension were identified as design variables to reduce weight while meeting stress and deformation constraints. After iterative optimizations, the final design reduced weight by 15% while improving stress distribution and lowering maximum deformation to satisfy project objectives.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses the design of a rack and pinion gear system for a railway crossing gate. It outlines the objectives, need, and basic mechanism of a rack and pinion gear. The design methodology is explained, including design considerations, calculations, and material selection. Equations for determining forces on gear teeth, surface speed, strength, and wear are provided. Finally, the document summarizes the preliminary design of the pinion gear and next steps to design the rack.
The document discusses modal analysis of a high-speed milling spindle. A finite element model of the spindle is created in ANSYS based on its specifications. Modal analysis of the model yields natural frequencies including 422 Hz. Experimental modal analysis using an FFT analyzer on a manufactured spindle specimen yields frequencies up to 401 Hz. Comparing the finite element and experimental results, 422 Hz is identified as the natural resonance frequency of the spindle, which is above the designed operating speed of 16,000 rpm. The modal analysis shows no resonance will occur during operation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Production and characterization of nano copper powder using electric explosio...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on producing nano copper powder using an electric explosion process in liquid media. Key points:
- Nanoparticles were produced by exploding copper wires submerged in distilled water using a high voltage capacitor charged to 30-40kV.
- Particle size could be controlled by varying the injected power. Size was analyzed using SEM and TEM, with most particles between 200-500nm.
- A centrifugal separator was used to classify particles by size. Smaller particles precipitated at higher rpm settings.
- The process successfully produced copper nanoparticles, though some submicron particles also formed from non-vaporized liquid droplets.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A review on managed aquifer recharge by check dams a case study near chennai,...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Securing the cloud computing systems with matrix vector and multi-key using l...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
No sql databases new millennium database for big data, big users, cloud compu...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses NoSQL databases as a new type of database designed for big data, big users, and cloud computing. It describes how the growth of data volumes, increased numbers of global users, and cloud architectures are driving organizations to adopt NoSQL databases over traditional relational databases. The document provides an overview of the characteristics of NoSQL databases, including how they are classified based on the CAP theorem and how their scale-out architecture provides improved performance and scalability over relational databases. Security challenges of NoSQL databases are also mentioned.
This document compares two methods for parallel matrix multiplication using PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine): the row per slave method and the rows set per slave method. It finds that the row per slave method provides optimal computation time. The row per slave method assigns each slave a single row from the first matrix to compute, while the rows set per slave method assigns each slave a set of rows. Experimental results on matrices of varying sizes show the row per slave method takes less time, with an average 50% reduction in computation time compared to the rows set per slave method.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A simulation study of wi max based communication system using deliberately cl...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses the impact of misalignments on root stresses of hypoid gear sets through finite element analysis. It begins with introductions to gears, hypoid gears, and finite element analysis. It then describes the modeling of a hypoid gear set with both perfect alignment and misalignment in ProEngineer. Structural analysis was performed in Solidworks to analyze stresses, displacement, and strain. Results showed stresses doubled with misalignment. Aluminum alloy materials had lower stresses than steel. Misalignments increase stresses and can lead to early fatigue failure. Perfectly aligned hypoid gears perform more efficiently with less mechanical losses and longer lifetimes.
Deflection of Dual Rotor Wind Turbine Pinion Tooth by Numerical MethodIRJET Journal
The document discusses a numerical analysis of deflection in the pinion tooth of a dual rotor wind turbine. It begins with an introduction to gears and gearboxes, explaining their importance in mechanical power transmission systems. It then reviews previous literature on gear stress analysis methods. The methodology section describes how CAD software was used to model the pinion gear geometry, which was then imported into finite element analysis software for mesh generation and stress analysis. Results of the finite element analysis are presented, including analytical calculations of the maximum slope and deflection at the free end of the pinion tooth under a tangential force.
STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HIGH SPEED MOTORIZED SPINDLEIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the static and dynamic behavior of a high-speed motorized spindle used in computer numerical control (CNC) machining centers. A spindle model is created in ANSYS software and analyzed under static rotational loading and dynamic cutting forces. Modal analysis identifies the spindle's natural frequencies and mode shapes. Harmonic response analysis examines deflection under simulated cutting forces from 0-1400Hz. Testing is done for spindle materials EN24 and H13 under aluminum machining parameters. Results show maximum deflections of 0.016mm and 0.005mm under rotational and cutting loads for EN24. Natural frequencies up to 2754Hz are identified. The study provides data on spindle stiffness and vibrational behavior to improve machining
A Review on Dynamic Analysis of Machine StructureIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of dynamic analysis techniques for machine structures. It discusses how dynamic analysis is used to determine vibration characteristics and model the behavior of structures under forced vibrations. The review covers several papers that analyze machine components like crankshafts, connecting rods, and foundations using finite element modeling and modal analysis. The goal of dynamic analysis is to understand vibration response, optimize designs, and prevent structural failures from resonance.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Dynamic Analysis of Single Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing with Surface Defects ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on research into analyzing vibrations generated by defects in single row deep groove ball bearings using finite element analysis. Several studies are summarized that use FE packages like ANSYS, LS-DYNA and ABAQUS to model bearings and simulate defects on the inner or outer race. The research aims to understand how vibration responses differ based on defect location and size. The literature review concludes that finite element analysis provides a way to understand vibration characteristics from small bearing impacts and defects on the outer race generate higher vibrations than inner race or ball defects.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Determination of Fatigue Life of Sintered Inner Ring used in Multi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses replacing the conventional forging process and structural steel material for manufacturing reaction cones in multi-cone synchromesh transmissions with sintering and sintered steel to reduce costs. Finite element analysis found the sintered steel reaction cone acceptable for static loading. Transmission rig testing also validated the sintered reaction cone functionally. Preliminary calculations indicate the sintered steel reaction cone can reduce costs by 30% compared to the conventional forged steel design.
Comparison of Bending Stresses in Involute and Cycloidal Profile Spur Gear ToothIRJET Journal
The document compares the bending stresses in involute and cycloidal profile spur gears using finite element analysis. Gear models with different modules are created in Creo Parametric software and analyzed in ANSYS. The results show that bending stress decreases with increasing module and is lower for involute gears compared to cycloidal gears of the same module. Involute gear teeth experience less bending stress and are stronger than cycloidal gear teeth. The finite element analysis results are slightly different but comparable to values obtained from Lewis equation.
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the critical speed of a generator rotor while considering external loads. It introduces the importance of evaluating critical speed while accounting for external loads. It describes the methodology used, which automates the critical speed analysis in ANSYS using a script. The script allows inputs like rotor dimensions and loads to be variables. Results from the script are compared to analytical calculations and show good agreement. The research demonstrates a method to automatically evaluate critical speeds for any rotor configuration while considering important external loads.
Effect of gear design variables on the dynamic stress of multistage gearsAlexander Decker
The document describes a numerical model developed to simulate and optimize the dynamic stress of multistage spur gears. The model considers three design variables: module, pressure angle, and contact ratio. Simulation results showed that increasing module and decreasing pressure angle and contact ratio can increase dynamic stress levels. A module of 2.5 and contact ratio of 2.0 were found to yield the lowest dynamic stresses for the given multistage gear train design. The model can be used as a tool to determine optimal gear design parameters for minimizing dynamic stresses.
11.effect of gear design variables on the dynamic stress of multistage gearsAlexander Decker
This document presents a numerical model to simulate and optimize the dynamic stress of multistage spur gears. The model considers time-varying mesh stiffness and frictional torque. It was used to study the effects of three gear design variables - module, pressure angle, and contact ratio - on dynamic stress. Increasing the module increased stress levels, while a pressure angle of 25 degrees and contact ratio of 2.0 reduced stresses the most for the gear train studied. The model can be used as a tool to obtain optimal design parameters for a given multistage gear train.
IRJET- Review Paper on Analytical and Finite Element Analysis of Spur GearsIRJET Journal
This document reviews analytical and finite element analysis methods for studying stresses in spur gears. It begins with an abstract that describes investigating contact stresses, bending stresses, and transmission errors in gear systems using finite element models. The document then provides a literature review of several past studies analyzing gear stresses through analytical methods, finite element analysis, and experimental testing. It concludes that the most accurate approach involves using fundamental equations, finite element simulations, and physical testing to validate numerical results.
IRJET- Review Paper on Design and Stress Analysis of Helical Gear and Man...IRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review and analysis of helical gear design and stresses. It discusses how helical gears are commonly used to transmit power between non-parallel shafts. The review examines previous research on modeling helical gears in ANSYS to analyze contact stresses under varying design parameters like pressure angle, helix angle, and face width. It also explores equations to calculate tooth loads, stresses, and strength. The conclusion is that optimizing factors like contact ratio, gear ratio, helix angle, and face width can enhance gear performance by increasing effectiveness and transmitted power while reducing stresses.
IRJET- Modification of Root Fillet Profile for Optimum Gear LifeIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the modification of root fillet profiles in spur gears to optimize gear life and reduce failure from pitting.
2. Finite element analysis is conducted in ANSYS on spur gear models with varying root fillet radii. Maximum contact stresses and deformations are compared for different fillet profiles.
3. Experimental analysis is also carried out using the photoelastic method to validate the finite element results. Optimizing the root fillet profile can help improve the strength of gears and increase gear life.
IRJET- Impact of Ground Water on Forest Productivity in Haliyal Taluka using ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, static, and modal analysis of a high-speed motorized milling spindle. It discusses the objectives of optimizing parameters that influence the spindle running at 14,000 rpm with 15 kW power rating. Static deflection analysis is performed to check spindle stiffness. Modal analysis using ANSYS characterizes the spindle's dynamic behavior under different vibration modes to analyze natural frequencies and mode shapes. Three bearing arrangements are considered with varying span lengths and analyzed theoretically and using ANSYS to determine the optimal design.
IRJET- Explicit Dynamic Analysis of Gear Tooth of a Synchromesh Manual Transm...IRJET Journal
This document presents an explicit dynamic analysis of the gear tooth of a manual transmission gearbox. The analysis used finite element modeling and simulation software. Key steps included:
1. Creating a 3D CAD model of the gearbox components in SolidEdge.
2. Importing the model into ABAQUS for meshing and simulation. A dynamic analysis was performed under different loading conditions to determine stress levels.
3. The results showed the displacement of the gears increased over time up to 6mm as the load increased. Stages of the displacement and developing stress were visualized at different time intervals. The maximum contact stress between gear surfaces was also determined.
General stiffness model for five-axis CNC machiningIJRES Journal
Five-axis CNC machining has become an important method for processing thin-walled parts. However, compared with the traditional three-axis machine system, the tool path planning becomes more difficult especially in high-speed and accuracy machining process. In this paper, taking into consideration the rigidity establishes a general stiffness model in order to increase the surface quality, restrain the chatter of the machine and provide a reference for tool path planning. The model considerate the comprehensive impact of the tool posture, tool overhang length, transmission axis of the machine and the parts, in which the finite element method and the principal of virtual-work are applied.
Vibrational Analysis of Pinion Shaft for the Diagnose of Cracks in Heavy Load...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes vibrational stresses in the pinion shaft of heavy loaded vehicles to diagnose cracks. It discusses how vibrations can cause cracks in the pinion shaft due to torsional vibration and instability. The authors used 3D modeling and finite element analysis in ANSYS to analyze bending stresses, shear stresses, and natural frequencies in the stepped pinion shaft under different loading conditions. The results showed that higher natural frequencies and mass participation in mating parts can induce high stresses and increase the likelihood of crack initiation. Proper vibrational analysis of the shaft is important to maximize power transfer and maintain proper gear meshing and interference.
Design and Analysis of Helical Spring in Two Wheeler Suspension System using ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the design and finite element analysis of helical springs used in the suspension systems of two-wheel vehicles. It discusses modeling a helical spring for a motorcycle in Creo Parametric and analyzing it in ANSYS for stress and deformation. Three spring profiles - circular, square, and square fillet - are analyzed statically and their stresses and displacements are compared. The results show that the square fillet profile experiences lower stresses and deformations compared to the other profiles, indicating it provides better performance for the suspension system. The study aims to optimize helical spring design through analyzing different profiles using finite element analysis.
Similar to Identification of dynamic rigidity for high speed (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
Wind damage to trees in the gitam university campus at visakhapatnam by cyclo...eSAT Publishing House
1) A cyclone with wind speeds of 175-200 kph caused massive damage to the green cover of Gitam University campus in Visakhapatnam, India. Thousands of trees were uprooted or damaged.
2) A study assessed different types of damage to trees from the cyclone, including defoliation, salt spray damage, damage to stems/branches, and uprooting. Certain tree species were more vulnerable than others.
3) The results of the study can help in selecting more wind-resistant tree species for future planting and reducing damage from future storms.
Wind damage to buildings, infrastrucuture and landscape elements along the be...eSAT Publishing House
1) A visual study was conducted to assess wind damage from Cyclone Hudhud along the 27km Visakha-Bheemli Beach road in Visakhapatnam, India.
2) Residential and commercial buildings suffered extensive roof damage, while glass facades on hotels and restaurants were shattered. Infrastructure like electricity poles and bus shelters were destroyed.
3) Landscape elements faced damage, including collapsed trees that damaged pavements, and debris in parks. The cyclone wiped out over half the city's green cover and caused beach erosion around protected areas.
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
Role of voluntary teams of professional engineers in dissater management – ex...eSAT Publishing House
1) A team of 17 professional engineers from various disciplines called the "Griha Seva" team volunteered after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake to provide technical assistance.
2) The team conducted site visits, assessments, testing and recommended retrofitting strategies for damaged structures in Bhuj and Ahmedabad. They were able to fully assess and retrofit 20 buildings in Ahmedabad.
3) Factors observed that exacerbated the earthquake's impacts included unplanned construction, non-engineered buildings, improper prior retrofitting, and defective materials and workmanship. The professional engineers' technical expertise was crucial for effective post-disaster management.
This document discusses risk analysis and environmental hazard management. It begins by defining risk, hazard, and toxicity. It then outlines the steps involved in hazard identification, including HAZID, HAZOP, and HAZAN. The document presents a case study of a hypothetical gas collecting station, identifying potential accidents and hazards. It discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches to risk analysis, including calculating a fire and explosion index. The document concludes by discussing hazard management strategies like preventative measures, control measures, fire protection, relief operations, and the importance of training personnel on safety.
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
Monitoring and assessment of air quality with reference to dust particles (pm...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on monitoring and assessing air quality with respect to dust particles (PM10 and PM2.5) in the urban environment of Visakhapatnam, India. Sampling was conducted in residential, commercial, and industrial areas from October 2013 to August 2014. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were within limits in residential areas but moderate to high in commercial and industrial areas. Exceedance factor levels indicated moderate pollution for residential areas and moderate to high pollution for commercial and industrial areas. There is a need for management measures like improved public transport and green spaces to combat particulate air pollution in the study areas.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
Coastal zones – seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an analysis of seismic vulnerability along the east coast of India. It discusses the geotectonic setting of the region as a passive continental margin and reports some moderate seismic activity from offshore in recent decades. While seismic stability cannot be assumed given events like the 2004 tsunami, no major earthquakes have been recorded along this coast historically. The document calls for further study of active faults, neotectonics, and implementation of improved seismic building codes to mitigate vulnerability.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
This document discusses the assessment of seismic susceptibility of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and the importance of vulnerability assessment in mitigating earthquake risks and losses. It then describes modeling the nonlinear behavior of RC building elements and performing pushover analysis to evaluate building performance. The document outlines modeling RC frames and developing moment-curvature relationships. It also summarizes the results of pushover analyses on sample 2D and 3D RC frames with and without shear walls. The conclusions emphasize that pushover analysis effectively assesses building properties but has limitations, and that capacity spectrum method provides appropriate results for evaluating building response and retrofitting impact.
A geophysical insight of earthquake occurred on 21 st may 2014 off paradip, b...eSAT Publishing House
1) A 6.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Paradip, Odisha in the Bay of Bengal on May 21, 2014 at a depth of around 40 km.
2) Analysis of magnetic and bathymetric data from the area revealed the presence of major lineaments in NW-SE and NE-SW directions that may be responsible for seismic activity through stress release.
3) Movements along growth faults at the margins of large Bengal channels, due to large sediment loads, could also contribute to seismic events by triggering movements along the faults.
Effect of hudhud cyclone on the development of visakhapatnam as smart and gre...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the effects of Cyclone Hudhud on the development of Visakhapatnam as a smart and green city through a case study and preliminary surveys. The surveys found that 31% of participants had experienced cyclones, 9% floods, and 59% landslides previously in Visakhapatnam. Awareness of disaster alarming systems increased from 14% before the 2004 tsunami to 85% during Cyclone Hudhud, while awareness of disaster management systems increased from 50% before the tsunami to 94% during Hudhud. The surveys indicate that initiatives after the tsunami improved awareness and preparedness. Developing Visakhapatnam as a smart, green city should consider governance
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
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1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 07 | Jul-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 146
IDENTIFICATION OF DYNAMIC RIGIDITY FOR HIGH SPEED
SPINDLES SUPPORTED ON BALL BEARINGS
Jakeer Hussain Shaik1
, Srinivas J 2
1
Research Scholar, 2
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Rourkela, Odisha, India, jakeershaik786@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
The widespread use of high-speed machining in recent decades has led to a significant area of research on issues that limit its
productivity. Regenerative chatter is a well‐known machining problem that results in unstable cutting process, leads to the poor
surface quality, reduced material removal rate and damage on the machine tool itself. The main requirement for the stability of system
dynamics is the information of tool tip frequency response functions (FRF’s).The present work considered a coupled model of spindle-
bearing system by using the angular contact ball bearing forces on stability of machining. Using Timoshenko beam element
formulation, the spindle unit is analyzed by including the gyroscopic and centrifugal terms and the bearing contact forces are arrived
from Hertzian contact theory. Then, the model is used for studying the effects of viscous damping to obtain the tool point FRF for the
dynamic spindle.
Index Terms: Spindle dynamics, Stability, High speed effects, Bearing contact forces, Hertzian contact theory, Finite
element modeling.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years there has been keen interest by manufacturers
to increase Productivity and Surface quality of part by using
High speed milling machines. This has direct impact on cost
of machining and Quality. Dymamic rigidity is one of the
most critical characteristics of machine tools, especially for
high precision and high performance machining applications.
This technology is mainly limited by the performance of the
spindle which has a significant influence on the machining
accuracy. Self-excited vibrations of the tool result in unstable
cutting process which leads to the chatter on the work surface
and it reduces the productivity. At large rates of material
removal, tool chatter creates the unavoidable flexibility
between the cutting tool and the work piece; if it is
uncontrolled the chatter causes a rough surface finish and
dimensional inaccuracy of the work piece along with
unacceptable loud noise levels and accelerated tool wear. The
chatter stability of the tool is dependent on the dynamic
behavior of the spindle system, which is often expressed as the
frequency response function (FRF) at the tool tip. In other
words, tool-tip FRF is a key variable in determination of
stability limit [1]. The objective of the design engineer is to
predict the cutting performances of the spindle during the
design stage by relying on engineering model of the process
and system dynamics. Early spindle research has focused
mainly on static analysis, where as current research is
extended to the dynamics for optimal design.
Over the last two decades, numerous approaches have been
addressed to elaborate the tool-tip FRF through modeling and
experiments. With introduction of receptance coupling
substructure analysis by Schmitz in early 2000, several authors
[2-7] have illustrated the approach to predict the tool point
FRFs. Erturk et al.[8] presented analytical models to obtain the
tool-tip FRF. Faassen et al. [9] predicted chatter stability lobes
of high speed milling on the basis of experimental FRFs at
different spindle speeds. Abele and Fiedler [10] introduced a
sub-space-state-space-identification method to measure and
calculate the dynamic behavior of spindle-tool systems during
high speed machining, consequently, stability lobe diagrams
were determined based on the identified FRFs. Zaghbani and
Songmene [11] used operational modal analysis to estimate
the machine tool dynamic parameters during high machining
operations, and the dynamic stability lobes were calculated
using the extracted modal parameters. The experimental
method is used to identify speed-varying dynamics of spindles
in the above works, which is direct and feasible. However, it is
time-consuming to repeat the modal tests for every spindle
speed and prone to errors. With known details of the spindle
geometry, drawbar force, bearing parameters and preload, etc.,
an alternative method to obtain the dynamic behavior of
spindle system is the finite element (FE) method. With the
accurate spindle model, the FRFs at the tool tip are simulated
and then chatter stability lobes can be predicted. Chen and
Wang [12] modeled the integrated spindle-bearing system and
they also found that significant errors occurred in predicting
stability lobes if the load and speed effects on the
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 07 | Jul-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 147
shaft/bearing dynamics were neglected. Tian and Hutton [13]
considered the gyroscopic effects of the rotating spindle and
proposed a chatter model in milling systems. They found that
gyroscopic effects reduced the critical axial depth of cut.
Similarly, Movahhedy and Mosaddegh [14] predicted the
chatter in high speed milling including gyroscopic effects on
the basis of FE spindle model. Gagnol et al. [15] developed a
dynamic model of a high-speed spindle system and then
proposed a dynamic stability lobe diagram by integrating the
speed-dependent FRFs of spindles into analytical approach of
Altintas and Budak [16]. Angular contact ball bearings are
commonly used in high-speed spindles due to their low-
friction properties and ability to withstand external loads in
both radial and axial directions. Although the ball bearings
appear to be a simple mechanism, their internal geometry is
quite complex and often display very complicated nonlinear
dynamic behavior. It is obvious that the spindle machining
system supported by ball bearings present interesting stability
characteristics and nonlinear responses. Several recent studies
[17-21] illustrated the dynamics of high speed spindles under
different preload mechanisms and operating speeds.
Present paper describes a coupled model of spindle-bearing
system by considering the effects of ball bearing Hertz contact
forces on the spindle dynamics. The governing differential
equations of motion of spindle system are employed and
numerical simulations are carried-out using Timoshenko beam
element model.
2. MODELING OF SPINDLE-BEARING SYSTEM
The spindle system generally consists of spindle housing
carrying spindle shaft over the front and rear bearings, a tool
holder and tool as shown in Fig.1.
Fig-1: Schematic of end-mill spindle unit
The dynamic behavior of the spindle-tool unit can be well
established through the modeling of the restricted spindle
rotating system as shown in Fig.2. The spindle has six
elements, seven nodes and total 28 degrees of freedom. Both
the fifth and seventh nodes of the shaft are supported by two
angular contact bearings. The x and y directional cutting
forces act on the tool tip. Tool is assumed to be rigidly
connected to the tool holder which is fixed to the spindle shaft.
Fig-2: Equivalent analysis model
The equations of motion for the spindle shaft due to rotation
are given by [22-23]:
x
2
zs2
2
FAv
x
v
P
x
v
AGk
xdt
vd
A =ρΩ−
∂
∂
−
θ−
∂
∂
∂
∂
−ρ
(1)
y
2
ys2
2
FAw
x
w
P
x
w
AGk
xdt
wd
A =ρΩ−
∂
∂
−
θ+
∂
∂
∂
∂
−ρ
(2) (2)
xys2
y
2
z
2
y
2
M
x
w
AGk
x
EI
dt
d
J
dt
d
I =
θ+
∂
∂
+
∂
θ∂
−
θ
ρΩ+
θ
ρ
(3)
yzs2
z
2
y
2
z
2
M
x
v
AGk
x
EI
dt
d
J
dt
d
I =
θ−
∂
∂
−
∂
θ∂
−
θ
ρΩ−
θ
ρ
(4)
Here, v and w are the bending deformation in two
perpendicular directions of the spindle unit. ρA is mass per
unit length of spindle shaft, ks is shear deformation factor, EI
is flexural rigidity, AG is shear rigidity of the shaft material ,
ρJ is polar modulus , Fx and Fy are the components of
external forces, Mx and My are the components of transverse
moments and Ω is the speed of rotation of spindle shaft.
A rotating shaft with eight degrees of freedom per node finite
beam element with gyroscopic terms based on Timoshenko
beam theory formulated by Nelson [24] is employed to model
the rotating spindle. The element translational and rotational
mass matrices, the stiffness matrix and gyroscopic matrix are
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Front bearings
Rear bearings
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 07 | Jul-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 148
obtained by applying Hamilton’s principle. The governing
equation in matrix form obtained using FE method is:
( ) F}q{]M[]K[}q]{C[}q]{M[ c
2
=Ω−++ &&&
(5)
Where the system element matrices are given by [18]:
[M] = [MT] + [MR] (6)
[MT] = [M0] + φ[M1] +φ2[M2] (7)
[MR]= [N0] + φ[N1] +φ2[N2] (8)
[K]= [K0] + φ[K1] (9)
[C] =-Ω[G] + α[M] + β[K] (10)
φ=
2
12
s
EI
k AGl (11)
The front and rear positions of the spindle shaft are supported
by the similar angular contact ball bearings. Without
considering the axial forces and moment loadings of the
spindle system, the angular contact ball bearings can be
assumed as deep-groove ball bearings and the dynamic
problem of the angular contact ball bearing is made as one of
the two degrees of freedom. The local Hertz contact forces and
deflection relationships for a ball with the inner and outer
races may be written as a following set of restoring forces:
Fx1=
∑ ϕδ−ϕ+ϕ−−
=
bN
1i
i
5.1
i1bi1b1b1b1b cos)sinycosx(kxc &
(12)
Fy1=
∑ ϕδ−ϕ+ϕ−−
=
bN
1i
i
5.1
i1bi1b1b1b1b sin)sinycosx(kyc &
(13)
Fx2=
∑ ϕδ−ϕ+ϕ−−
=
bN
1i
i
5.1
i2bi2b2b2b2b cos)sinycosx(kxc &
(14)
Fy2=
∑ ϕδ−ϕ+ϕ−−
=
bN
1i
i
5.1
i2bi2b2b2b2b sin)sinycosx(kyc &
(15)
Here δ refers to the initial clearance of the bearings, Nb is
number of balls, xb1 and yb1, xb2 and yb2 are the
displacements of mass elements distributed at the front and
rear bearing nodes along x and y directions respectively, kb1
and cb1, kb2 and cb2 are the stiffness and damping of front
and rear bearings respectively, and the
angle
2
( 1)
( )
i
b
r
t i
R r N
π
φ
Ω
= + − + (where i=1,2,…Nb)
is the angular location of the ith ball. Here the term: xbcosφi+
ybsinφi-δ is accounted only when it is positive, otherwise it is
taken as zero and the bearing races are at loss of contact with
bearing balls. An idealized condition is considered in present
work with δ=-0.05 µm (considering practical conditions, the
interference fit generally adopted to chatter problems where
negative clearance is justified) and negligible value of bearing
damping, inner radius r=40 mm, outer radius R=60mm,
number of ball Nb=8, kb1=kb2=13.34×109 N/m3/2. The
spindle FRF consisting of real and imaginary parts can be
given expressed as:
[H(jω)]=[Re(ω)]+j[Im(ω)]=[-[M]ω2 +jω[C]+([K]-Ω2[Mc])]-1
(16)
Here, Re and Im are, respectively, the real and imaginary part
of the transfer function of the spindle tool tip.
3. RESULTS
The parameters of the finite element model of the spindle are
illustrated in Table 1. Except the element-1 (Silicon carbide
tool) and all other elements are taken as steel. Densities and
shear modulus are considered for the problem is obtained from
tables.
Table -1: Parameters for finite element model of the spindle
[18].
Parameter Elements of the spindle
1 2 3 4 5 6
Length(mm) 45 40 50 20 200 20
Outer
dia.(mm)
19 74.5 40 60 60 60
Inner
dia.(mm)
0 0 0 0 40 40
E (GPa) 450 210 210 210 210 210
Parameter 45 40 50 20 200 20
Computer program is developed in MATLAB to analyze the
spindle system. The assembly matrices and static condensation
approach to eliminate the rotational degrees of freedom are
included in the program. Initially, by assuming the bearings to
be perfectly rigid, Campbell diagram is obtained as shown in
Fig.3. Using undamped natural frequencies, the coefficients of
Rayleigh’s damping α and β are obtained as 17.32 and 3.87e-6
respectively for 1% damping ratio.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 07 | Jul-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 149
500
1500
2500
3500
4500
5500
6500
7500
8500
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
naturalfrequency(Hz)
rotational speed (rpm)
CAMPBELL DIAGRAM
BW1
FW 1
BW 2
FW 2
BW 3
FW 3
Fig-3: First three natural frequencies of spindle rotor
Here the viscous damping forces and centrifugal stiffening are
not accounted. The forward and backward whirl modes are
obvious due to the gyroscopic effect at three first natural
frequencies 1098.8 Hz, 4079.1 Hz and 7590.57 Hz
respectively. In order illustrate the centrifugal stiffening effect
and bearing dynamics, direct frequency response function at
the tool tip hxx(jω) is illustrated at different spindle speeds
(Ω). Fig.4. depicts the FRF without considering Rayleigh’s
damping for the spindle mounted on rigid bearings at two
different speeds. The effect of centrifugal stiffening is
observed at higher speeds only as seen in Fig.5.
Fig-4: Frequency response at 7000 rpm
Fig-5: Frequency response at 15000 rpm
Unlike direct FRF, the cross FRF is a smooth curve without
showing backward (BW) and forward (FW) whirl modes as
seen from the Fig.6. obtained at 15000 rpm.
Fig-6: Cross frequency response at 15000 rpm
The effect of Rayleigh’s (viscous) damping on the tool tip
FRF is shown at 12000 rpm as shown in Fig.7. It is seen that
damping affects considerably the whirl modes.
Fig-7: Effect of viscous damping at a speed 12000 rpm
For studying the bearing effect, the solution is obtained as a
transient analysis problem first in time domain and then the
frequency spectrum is obtained from fast Fourier
transformation (FFT) algorithm. The reduced coupled
differential equations (14 in number) were solved by explicit
Runge Kutta solver time integration schmes. Fig.8. and Fig.9.
shows the time histories and FFT diagram at the tool-tip node.
Fig-8: Time histories
Fig-9: Frequency responses
Backward
Forward
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 07 | Jul-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 150
It is has been observed clearly from the frequency responses
that the natural frequencies of the spindle have been affected
by the bearing contact forces.
CONCLUSIONS
In this work a coupled model of spindle bearing system is
considered for illustration and it was analyzed using finite
element analysis by considering the effect of shear
deformation and rotary inertia of spindle shaft. It was
observed that the Centrifugal and gyroscopic forces on the
spindle rotor affect respectively the stiffness and damping of
the system. The viscous damping was also accounted and the
bearings were treated first as a rigid supports. Bearing forces
expressed as functions of corresponding nodal displacements
using Hertz contact theory have also been included in the final
model in order to investigate effect of the angular contact
bearings. The resulting FRF obtained by the spindle bearing
model can be used in the existing analytical and numerical
models for constructing the accurate stability lobe diagrams
for the high speed machining process.
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