Abstract Every country uses their own way of designing and allocating number plates to their country vehicles. This license number plate is then used by various government offices for their respective regular administrative task like- traffic police tracking the people who are violating the traffic rules, to identify the theft cars, in toll collection and parking allocation management etc. In India all motorized vehicle are assigned unique numbers. These numbers are assigned to the vehicles by district-level Regional Transport Office (RTO). In India the license plates must be kept in both front and back of the vehicle. These plates in general are easily readable by human due to their high level of intelligence on the contrary; it becomes an extremely difficult task for the computers to do the same. Many attributes like illumination, blur, background color, foreground color etc. will pose a problem. Index Terms: Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) system, proposed methodology, reference
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The automatic license plate recognition(alpr)eSAT Journals
Abstract Every country uses their own way of designing and allocating number plates to their country vehicles. This license number plate is then used by various government offices for their respective regular administrative task like- traffic police tracking the people who are violating the traffic rules, to identify the theft cars, in toll collection and parking allocation management etc. In India all motorized vehicle are assigned unique numbers. These numbers are assigned to the vehicles by district-level Regional Transport Office (RTO). In India the license plates must be kept in both front and back of the vehicle. These plates in general are easily readable by human due to their high level of intelligence on the contrary; it becomes an extremely difficult task for the computers to do the same. Many attributes like illumination, blur, background color, foreground color etc. will pose a problem. Index Terms: Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) system, proposed methodology, reference
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Face recognition using selected topographical features IJECEIAES
This paper represents a new features selection method to improve an existed feature type. Topographical (TGH) features provide large set of features by assigning each image pixel to the related feature depending on image gradient and Hessian matrix. Such type of features was handled by a proposed features selection method. A face recognition feature selector (FRFS) method is presented to inspect TGH features. FRFS depends in its main concept on linear discriminant analysis (LDA) technique, which is used in evaluating features efficiency. FRFS studies feature behavior over a dataset of images to determine the level of its performance. At the end, each feature is assigned to its related level of performance with different levels of performance over the whole image. Depending on a chosen threshold, the highest set of features is selected to be classified by SVM classifier.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The automatic license plate recognition(alpr)eSAT Journals
Abstract Every country uses their own way of designing and allocating number plates to their country vehicles. This license number plate is then used by various government offices for their respective regular administrative task like- traffic police tracking the people who are violating the traffic rules, to identify the theft cars, in toll collection and parking allocation management etc. In India all motorized vehicle are assigned unique numbers. These numbers are assigned to the vehicles by district-level Regional Transport Office (RTO). In India the license plates must be kept in both front and back of the vehicle. These plates in general are easily readable by human due to their high level of intelligence on the contrary; it becomes an extremely difficult task for the computers to do the same. Many attributes like illumination, blur, background color, foreground color etc. will pose a problem. Index Terms: Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) system, proposed methodology, reference
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Face recognition using selected topographical features IJECEIAES
This paper represents a new features selection method to improve an existed feature type. Topographical (TGH) features provide large set of features by assigning each image pixel to the related feature depending on image gradient and Hessian matrix. Such type of features was handled by a proposed features selection method. A face recognition feature selector (FRFS) method is presented to inspect TGH features. FRFS depends in its main concept on linear discriminant analysis (LDA) technique, which is used in evaluating features efficiency. FRFS studies feature behavior over a dataset of images to determine the level of its performance. At the end, each feature is assigned to its related level of performance with different levels of performance over the whole image. Depending on a chosen threshold, the highest set of features is selected to be classified by SVM classifier.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The review on automatic license plate recognition (alpr)eSAT Journals
Abstract
Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should
contain at least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text
alignment should be justify, should contain at least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10,
Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should contain at least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times
New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should contain at least 250 words. Abstract
explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should contain at
least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be
justify, should contain at least 250 words.
Keywords: Key word1, Key word2, Key word3, and Key word4 etc…
The active safety systems used in automotive field are largely exploiting lane detection technique for warning the vehicle drivers to correct any unintended road departure and to reach fully autonomous vehicles. Due to its ability, to be programmed, to perform complex mathematical functions and its characterization of high speed processing, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) could cope with the requirement of lane detection implementation and application. In the present work, lane detection is implemented using FPGA for day vision. This necessitates utilization of image processing techniques like filtering, edge detection and thresholding. The lane detection is performed by firstly capturing the image from a video camera and converted to gray scale. Then, a noise filtering process for gray image is performed using Gaussian and average filter. Methods from first and second order edge detection techniques have been selected for the purpose of lane edge detection. The effect of manually changing the threshold level on image enhancement has been examined. The results showed that raising threshold level would better enhance the image. The type of FPGA device used in the present work is Altera DE2. Firstly, the version DE2 Cyclone II start with (11xxxxxx-xxxx) together with Genx camera has been used. This camera supports both formats NTSC and PAL, while the above version of FPGA backups only NTSC format. The software of lane detection is designed and coded using Verilog language.
License Plate Recognition using Morphological Operation. Amitava Choudhury
This paper describes an efficient technique of locating and
extracting license plate and recognizing each segmented
character. The proposed model can be subdivided into four
parts- Digitization of image, Edge Detection, Separation of
characters and Template Matching. In this work, we propose a
method which is based on morphological operations where
different Structuring Elements (SE) are used to maximally
eliminate non-plate region and enhance plate region.
Character segmentation is done using Connected Component
Analysis. Correlation based template matching technique is
used for recognition of characters. This system is
implemented using MATLAB7.4.0. The proposed system is
mainly applicable to Indian License Plates.
Robotic navigation algorithm with machine vision IJECEIAES
In the field of robotics, it is essential to know the work area in which the agent is going to develop, for that reason, different methods of mapping and spatial location have been developed for different applications. In this article, a machine vision algorithm is proposed, which is responsible for identifying objects of interest within a work area and determining the polar coordinates to which they are related to the observer, applicable either with a fixed camera or in a mobile agent such as the one presented in this document. The developed algorithm was evaluated in two situations, determining the position of six objects in total around the mobile agent. These results were compared with the real position of each of the objects, reaching a high level of accuracy with an average error of 1.3271% in the distance and 2.8998% in the angle.
Vehicle logo recognition using histograms of oriented gradient descriptor and...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Most of vehicle have the similar structures and designs. It is extremely complicated and difficult to identify and classify vehicle brands based on their structure and shape. As we requirea quick and reliable response, so vehicle logos are an alternative method of determining the type of a vehicle. In this paper, we propose a method for vehicle logo recognition based on feature selection method in a hybrid way. Vehicle logo images are first characterized by histograms of oriented gradient descriptors and the final features vector are then applied feature selection method to reduce the irrelevant information. Moreover, we release a new benchmark dataset for vehicle logo recognition and retrieval task namely, VLR-40. The experimental results are evaluated on this database which show the efficiency of the proposed approach.
Vehicle License Plate Recognition (VLPR) is an important system for harmonious traffic. Moreover this system is helpful in many fields and places as private and public entrances, parking lots, border control and theft control. This paper presents a new framework for Sudanese VLPR system. The proposed framework uses Multi Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) and Connected Component Analysis (CCA) to extract the license plate. Horizontal and vertical projection will be used for character segmentation and the final recognition stage is based on the Artificial Immune System (AIS). A new dataset that contains samples for the current shape of Sudanese license plates will be used for training and testing the proposes framework.
Vhdl implementation for edge detection using log gabor filter for disease det...eSAT Journals
Abstract Edge detection is first and essential step in the field of image processing. Detected edges play a very important role such as image enhancement, object detection, focus area selection and many more. In medical application like tonsillitis, tumor, fracture can be detected in its early stage by detecting edges of disease. There are different and many ways for edge detection, However, the most may be grouped into three categories, first order gradient, second order and optimal edge detection.. Sobel edge detection is gradient based edge detection method used for finding edges of image. Also Sobel edge detection method provide one more advantage that it having better noise sensitivity as compared to other edge detection method. Here new concept Log-Gabor filter is used for best contrast ridges, efficient noise reduction and improved edges of an images. Most image processing tools such LabVIEW are not suited for strong real-time constraints, so to overcome this problem hardware implementation FPGA used. Proposed model for disease detection is design in LabVIEW platform with NI Vision Assistant tool 14.0 . Keywords: Edge Detection, Sobel Operator, Log-Gabor Filter, Labview 14.0.
Unimodal Multi-Feature Fusion and one-dimensional Hidden Markov Models for Lo...IJECEIAES
The objective of low-resolution face recognition is to identify faces from small size or poor quality images with varying pose, illumination, expression, etc. In this work, we propose a robust low face recognition technique based on one-dimensional Hidden Markov Models. Features of each facial image are extracted using three steps: firstly, both Gabor filters and Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) descriptor are calculated. Secondly, the size of these features is reduced using the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) method in order to remove redundant information. Finally, the reduced features are combined using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) method. Unlike existing techniques using HMMs, in which authors consider each state to represent one facial region (eyes, nose, mouth, etc), the proposed system employs 1D-HMMs without any prior knowledge about the localization of interest regions in the facial image. Performance of the proposed method will be measured using the AR database.
Traffic sign detection via graph based ranking and segmentationPREMSAI CHEEDELLA
The majority of the existing traffic sign detection system use shape information, but the methods of remain limited in regard to detecting and segmenting traffic signs from a complex background.
An Efficient Model to Identify A Vehicle by Recognizing the Alphanumeric Char...IJMTST Journal
Automatic Engine Number Recognition (AENR) is the digital image processing and an important aspect/role to identify the theft vehicles by recognizing characters, digits and special symbols. There is increase in the theft of vehicles, so to identify these theft vehicles, the proposed system is introduced. The proposed system controls the theft vehicles by recognizing a digits and characters in the number plate and chassis region and stores in the database in ASCII format to check the theft vehicles are registered or unregistered. Both system consists of 4 common phases: - Preprocessing, Character Extraction (ROI), Character Segmentation, and Character Recognition. This paper proposes a new scheme for engine number and chassis number extraction from the pre-processed image of the vehicle’s engine and chassis region using preprocess techniques, Region of Interest(ROI), Binarization, thresholding, template matching.
Automatic License Plate Recognition Using Optical Character Recognition Based...IJARIIE JOURNAL
A License plate is a rectangular plate which is alphanumeric. The license plate is fixed on the vehicle and used to
identify the vehicle along with honor of that vehicle. There is a huge number of vehicles on the road so that traffic
control and vehicle owner identification has become a major problem.
The automatic number plate reorganization (ANPR) is one of the solutions of such kind of problem. There are
different methodologies but it is challenging task as some of the factors like high speed of vehicles, languages of
number plate & mostly non-uniform letter on number plate effects a lot in recognition. The license plate recognition
system mainly has four stages: image acquisition, license plate detection, character segmentation and character
recognition. The license plate recognition (LPR) system have many applications like payment of parking fees; toll
fee on the highway; traffic monitoring system; border security system; signal system etc.
In this paper, template matching algorithm for character recognition is used. The system presented here mainly
focuses on recognition of ambiguous characters based on position of the character. It is observed that the developed
system successfully detects & recognizes the vehicle number plate on real images and the problem of recognizing
ambiguous character is solved.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The review on automatic license plate recognition (alpr)eSAT Journals
Abstract
Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should
contain at least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text
alignment should be justify, should contain at least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10,
Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should contain at least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times
New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should contain at least 250 words. Abstract
explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should contain at
least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be
justify, should contain at least 250 words.
Keywords: Key word1, Key word2, Key word3, and Key word4 etc…
The active safety systems used in automotive field are largely exploiting lane detection technique for warning the vehicle drivers to correct any unintended road departure and to reach fully autonomous vehicles. Due to its ability, to be programmed, to perform complex mathematical functions and its characterization of high speed processing, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) could cope with the requirement of lane detection implementation and application. In the present work, lane detection is implemented using FPGA for day vision. This necessitates utilization of image processing techniques like filtering, edge detection and thresholding. The lane detection is performed by firstly capturing the image from a video camera and converted to gray scale. Then, a noise filtering process for gray image is performed using Gaussian and average filter. Methods from first and second order edge detection techniques have been selected for the purpose of lane edge detection. The effect of manually changing the threshold level on image enhancement has been examined. The results showed that raising threshold level would better enhance the image. The type of FPGA device used in the present work is Altera DE2. Firstly, the version DE2 Cyclone II start with (11xxxxxx-xxxx) together with Genx camera has been used. This camera supports both formats NTSC and PAL, while the above version of FPGA backups only NTSC format. The software of lane detection is designed and coded using Verilog language.
License Plate Recognition using Morphological Operation. Amitava Choudhury
This paper describes an efficient technique of locating and
extracting license plate and recognizing each segmented
character. The proposed model can be subdivided into four
parts- Digitization of image, Edge Detection, Separation of
characters and Template Matching. In this work, we propose a
method which is based on morphological operations where
different Structuring Elements (SE) are used to maximally
eliminate non-plate region and enhance plate region.
Character segmentation is done using Connected Component
Analysis. Correlation based template matching technique is
used for recognition of characters. This system is
implemented using MATLAB7.4.0. The proposed system is
mainly applicable to Indian License Plates.
Robotic navigation algorithm with machine vision IJECEIAES
In the field of robotics, it is essential to know the work area in which the agent is going to develop, for that reason, different methods of mapping and spatial location have been developed for different applications. In this article, a machine vision algorithm is proposed, which is responsible for identifying objects of interest within a work area and determining the polar coordinates to which they are related to the observer, applicable either with a fixed camera or in a mobile agent such as the one presented in this document. The developed algorithm was evaluated in two situations, determining the position of six objects in total around the mobile agent. These results were compared with the real position of each of the objects, reaching a high level of accuracy with an average error of 1.3271% in the distance and 2.8998% in the angle.
Vehicle logo recognition using histograms of oriented gradient descriptor and...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Most of vehicle have the similar structures and designs. It is extremely complicated and difficult to identify and classify vehicle brands based on their structure and shape. As we requirea quick and reliable response, so vehicle logos are an alternative method of determining the type of a vehicle. In this paper, we propose a method for vehicle logo recognition based on feature selection method in a hybrid way. Vehicle logo images are first characterized by histograms of oriented gradient descriptors and the final features vector are then applied feature selection method to reduce the irrelevant information. Moreover, we release a new benchmark dataset for vehicle logo recognition and retrieval task namely, VLR-40. The experimental results are evaluated on this database which show the efficiency of the proposed approach.
Vehicle License Plate Recognition (VLPR) is an important system for harmonious traffic. Moreover this system is helpful in many fields and places as private and public entrances, parking lots, border control and theft control. This paper presents a new framework for Sudanese VLPR system. The proposed framework uses Multi Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) and Connected Component Analysis (CCA) to extract the license plate. Horizontal and vertical projection will be used for character segmentation and the final recognition stage is based on the Artificial Immune System (AIS). A new dataset that contains samples for the current shape of Sudanese license plates will be used for training and testing the proposes framework.
Vhdl implementation for edge detection using log gabor filter for disease det...eSAT Journals
Abstract Edge detection is first and essential step in the field of image processing. Detected edges play a very important role such as image enhancement, object detection, focus area selection and many more. In medical application like tonsillitis, tumor, fracture can be detected in its early stage by detecting edges of disease. There are different and many ways for edge detection, However, the most may be grouped into three categories, first order gradient, second order and optimal edge detection.. Sobel edge detection is gradient based edge detection method used for finding edges of image. Also Sobel edge detection method provide one more advantage that it having better noise sensitivity as compared to other edge detection method. Here new concept Log-Gabor filter is used for best contrast ridges, efficient noise reduction and improved edges of an images. Most image processing tools such LabVIEW are not suited for strong real-time constraints, so to overcome this problem hardware implementation FPGA used. Proposed model for disease detection is design in LabVIEW platform with NI Vision Assistant tool 14.0 . Keywords: Edge Detection, Sobel Operator, Log-Gabor Filter, Labview 14.0.
Unimodal Multi-Feature Fusion and one-dimensional Hidden Markov Models for Lo...IJECEIAES
The objective of low-resolution face recognition is to identify faces from small size or poor quality images with varying pose, illumination, expression, etc. In this work, we propose a robust low face recognition technique based on one-dimensional Hidden Markov Models. Features of each facial image are extracted using three steps: firstly, both Gabor filters and Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) descriptor are calculated. Secondly, the size of these features is reduced using the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) method in order to remove redundant information. Finally, the reduced features are combined using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) method. Unlike existing techniques using HMMs, in which authors consider each state to represent one facial region (eyes, nose, mouth, etc), the proposed system employs 1D-HMMs without any prior knowledge about the localization of interest regions in the facial image. Performance of the proposed method will be measured using the AR database.
Traffic sign detection via graph based ranking and segmentationPREMSAI CHEEDELLA
The majority of the existing traffic sign detection system use shape information, but the methods of remain limited in regard to detecting and segmenting traffic signs from a complex background.
An Efficient Model to Identify A Vehicle by Recognizing the Alphanumeric Char...IJMTST Journal
Automatic Engine Number Recognition (AENR) is the digital image processing and an important aspect/role to identify the theft vehicles by recognizing characters, digits and special symbols. There is increase in the theft of vehicles, so to identify these theft vehicles, the proposed system is introduced. The proposed system controls the theft vehicles by recognizing a digits and characters in the number plate and chassis region and stores in the database in ASCII format to check the theft vehicles are registered or unregistered. Both system consists of 4 common phases: - Preprocessing, Character Extraction (ROI), Character Segmentation, and Character Recognition. This paper proposes a new scheme for engine number and chassis number extraction from the pre-processed image of the vehicle’s engine and chassis region using preprocess techniques, Region of Interest(ROI), Binarization, thresholding, template matching.
Automatic License Plate Recognition Using Optical Character Recognition Based...IJARIIE JOURNAL
A License plate is a rectangular plate which is alphanumeric. The license plate is fixed on the vehicle and used to
identify the vehicle along with honor of that vehicle. There is a huge number of vehicles on the road so that traffic
control and vehicle owner identification has become a major problem.
The automatic number plate reorganization (ANPR) is one of the solutions of such kind of problem. There are
different methodologies but it is challenging task as some of the factors like high speed of vehicles, languages of
number plate & mostly non-uniform letter on number plate effects a lot in recognition. The license plate recognition
system mainly has four stages: image acquisition, license plate detection, character segmentation and character
recognition. The license plate recognition (LPR) system have many applications like payment of parking fees; toll
fee on the highway; traffic monitoring system; border security system; signal system etc.
In this paper, template matching algorithm for character recognition is used. The system presented here mainly
focuses on recognition of ambiguous characters based on position of the character. It is observed that the developed
system successfully detects & recognizes the vehicle number plate on real images and the problem of recognizing
ambiguous character is solved.
A Review Paper on Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) SystemAM Publications
Automatic Number Plate Recognition system i.e. ANPR system is an image processing technology. In which
we uses number plate of vehicle to recognize the vehicle. The objective is to design an efficient automatic vehicle
identification system by using the vehicle number plate, and to implement it for various applications such as automatic toll
tax collection, parking system, Border crossings, Traffic control, stolen cars etc. The system has color image inputs of a
vehicle and the output has the registration number of that vehicle. The system first senses the vehicle and then gets an
image of vehicle from the front or back view of the vehicle. The system has four main steps to get the required
information. These are image acquisition, plate localization, character segmentation and character recognition. This
system is implemented and simulated in Matlab 2010a.
Number Plate Recognition for Indian Vehiclesmonjuri10
This paper presents Automatic Number Plate
extraction, character segmentation and recognition for
Indian vehicles. In India, number plate models are not
followed strictly. Characters on plate are in different
Indian languages, as well as in English. Due to variations
in the representation of number plates, vehicle number
plate extraction, character segmentation and recognition
are crucial. We present the number plate extraction,
character segmentation and recognition work, with english
characters. Number plate extraction is done using Sobel
filter, morphological operations and connected component
analysis. Character segmentation is done by using
connected component and vertical projection analysis.
Character recognition is carried out using Support Vector
machine (SVM). The segmentation accuracy is 80% and
recognition rate is 79.84 %.
The review on automatic license plate recognition (alpr)eSAT Journals
Abstract
Nowadays vehicles play a very big role in transportation. Also the use of vehicles has been increasing because of population growth
and human needs in recent years. Therefore, control of vehicles is becoming a big problem and much more difficult to solve . The
presence of noise, blurring in the image, uneven illumination, dim light and foggy conditions make the task even more difficult.
Nowadays, intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) have a significant impact on people’s lives. ITSs include intelligent infrastructure
systems and intelligent vehicle systems. In the current information technology era, the use of automations and intelligent systems is
becoming more and more widespread. Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) has turned out to be an important research issue.
ALPR has many applications in traffic monitoring system, including controlling the traffic volume, ticketing vehicles without the
human control, vehicle tracking, policing, security, and so on. In this paper categorize different ALPR techniques according to the
features they used for each stage, and compare them in terms of pros, cons, recognition accuracy and processing speed.
Index Terms: Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) system, literature review, reference
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
License plate recognition for toll payment applicationeSAT Journals
Abstract Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR) is the method for the extraction of vehicle license plate information from images. It can be used on various applications such as Pay-Per -Use roads (Electronic Toll Collection), Parking lots and arterial traffic conditions monitoring. Automatic License Plate Recognition uses infrared cameras to capture images under varied lighting and weather conditions. The objective of this paper is to implement K-Means Clustering Algorithm for License plate extraction & Maximally stable extreme region for license plate segmentation , Template matching method for license plate recognition & also payment in toll plaza and parking lots automatically by detecting the number plates of vehicles which in turn reduce the traffic and consumption of time in toll stations. Keywords: Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR), Maximally Stable Extreme Region (MSER), Template matching, and Character Recognition
Smart License Plate Recognition System based on Image Processingijsrd.com
This report describes the Smart License Plate Reorganization System, which can be installed into a tollbooth for automated acceptation of vehicle license plate details using an image of a vehicle. This Smart License Plate Reorganization system could then be implemented to control the payment of fees, highways, bridges, parking areas or tunnels, etc. This report contains new algorithm for acceptation number plate using Structural operation, Thresholding operation, Edge detection, Bounding box analysis for number plate extraction, character separation using separation and character acceptation using Template method and Feature extraction.
Leader Follower Formation Control of Ground Vehicles Using Dynamic Pixel Coun...ijma
This paper deals with leader-follower formations of non-holonomic mobile robots, introducing a formation
control strategy based on pixel counts using a commercial grade electro optics camera. Localization of the
leader for motions along line of sight as well as the obliquely inclined directions are considered based on
pixel variation of the images by referencing to two arbitrarily designated positions in the image frames.
Based on an established relationship between the displacement of the camera movement along the viewing
direction and the difference in pixel counts between reference points in the images, the range and the angle
estimate between the follower camera and the leader is calculated. The Inverse Perspective Transform is
used to account for non linear relationship between the height of vehicle in a forward facing image and its
distance from the camera. The formulation is validated with experiments.
IRJET-Analysis of Face Recognition System for Different ClassifierIRJET Journal
M.Manimozhi, A. John Dhanaseely "Analysis of Face Recognition System for Different Classifier ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net .published by Fast Track Publications
Abstract
Face recognition plays vital role for authenticating system. Human Face recognition is a challenging task in computer vision and pattern recognition. Face recognition has attracted much attention due to its potential value in security and law enforcement applications and its theoretical challenges. Different methods are used for feature extraction and classification. Kernel fisher analysis is used for feature extraction. The performance analysis for Euclidean, support vector machine is evaluated. The whole process is done using MATLAB software. A set of 10 person real time images is taken for our work. The classifier recognizes the similar posture as an output.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Abstract
Field of image processing has vast applications in medical, forensic, research etc., It includes various domains like enhancement,
classification, segmentation, etc., which are widely used for these applications. Image Enhancement is the pre processing step on
which the accuracy of the result lies. Image enhancement aims to improve the visual appearance of an image, without affecting
the original attributes (i.e.,) image contrast is adjusted and noise is removed to produce better quality image. Hence image
enhancement is one of the most important tasks in image processing. Enhancement is classified into two categories spatial domain
enhancement and frequency domain enhancement. Spatial domain enhancement acts upon pixel value whereas frequency domain
enhancement acts on the Fourier transform of the image. The enhancement techniques to be used depend on modality, climatic
and visual perspective etc., In this paper, we present a survey on various existing image enhancement techniques.
Keywords: Enhancement, Spatial domain enhancement, Frequency domain enhancement, Contrast, Modality.
Use of horizontal and vertical edge processing technique to improve number pl...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) is a bulk investigation system that catches the image of vehicles and identifies their
license number. ANPR may be supported in the finding of taken vehicles. The recognition of taken vehicles may be done in an
effective means by means of the ANPR systems situated on the highways. This paper proposes a recognition technique in which
the vehicle plate image is found by the digital cameras and the image is processed to acquire the number plate data. A back image
of a vehicle is taken and administered using numerous algorithms.
Key Words: Image Processing, Histogram, Skew Correction, Segmentation
DIGITAL RESTORATION OF TORN FILMS USING FILTERING T ECHNIQUESAM Publications
The acceptance of digital imaging is motivating many photography enthusiasts to transfer their
photographic archive to digital form. Scans of negatives and positives are preferred to be scanned at high resolution
which makes small cracks and scratches very apparent. These unsightly defects have become an important issue
for consumers. Filtering techniques are used for the restoration process which is fully automatic whereas the existing
systems were semi-automatic or completely manual. The method used for the detection of tear is dilation process and
top-hat transform. Top-hat transform might misinterpret dark brush strokes as cracks. In order to avoid these
unwanted alterations to the original image, brush strokes are separated from the actual cracks using clustering
technique. Tear removal includes order statistics filtering which deals with the reconstruction of missing or
damaged image areas.
An expanded haar wavelet transform and morphological deal based approach for ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Motion compensation for hand held camera deviceseSAT Journals
Abstract
With handy camera image is not enough stable at that time stabilization method is used to recover that shaky effect. So, stabilization of image is concept to recover the scale and theta of shaky image. For that algorithm should be able to stabilize the image with maximum original information from that shaky input image. And from this image stabilization algorithm we can use this as a fundamental concept to stabilize the video. Here in this paper algorithm is applied for 2D image and measure the efficiency of that algorithm
Keywords: Motion estimation; Feature detection methods; FAST feature detection
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 07 | Jul-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 161
THE AUTOMATIC LICENSE PLATE RECOGNITION(ALPR)
Rinku Solanki1
, Rajeevkumar Rai2
, Teena Raikwar3
1
M.tech student, digital communication, NRI-IST, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India,
2
Assistant professor. Prof., Head of the department of E.C E, NIIST, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India,
3
Assistant professor, electronics & communication dept., (NRI-IST, Bhopal), Madhya Pradesh, India
rinkusolanki86@gmail.com, raj.rai1008@gmail.com, t_raikwar.2006@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
Every country uses their own way of designing and allocating number plates to their country vehicles. This license number plate is
then used by various government offices for their respective regular administrative task like- traffic police tracking the people who are
violating the traffic rules, to identify the theft cars, in toll collection and parking allocation management etc. In India all motorized
vehicle are assigned unique numbers. These numbers are assigned to the vehicles by district-level Regional Transport Office (RTO).
In India the license plates must be kept in both front and back of the vehicle. These plates in general are easily readable by human due
to their high level of intelligence on the contrary; it becomes an extremely difficult task for the computers to do the same. Many
attributes like illumination, blur, background color, foreground color etc. will pose a problem.
Index Terms: Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) system, proposed methodology, reference
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this paper is to provide researchers a systematic
survey of existing ALPR research by categorizing existing
methods according to the features they used, by analyzing the
pros/cons of these features, and by comparing them in terms of
recognition performance and processing speed, and to open
some issues for the future research.
Basic block diagram of the ALPR system is shown in fig 1.for
above steps different techniques used by different author which
are studied in literature review. An example of the number
plate extraction is given .by this figure block diagram is easily
understand, in this figure all steps of block diagram is shown
by indicating number A, B, C, D.
Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) applies image
processing and character recognition technology to identify
vehicles by automatically reading their number plates. and this
system mainly divide in three steps: all steps are better explain
in proposed methodology.
Figure (1): Basic Blockdiagram Of Alpr System
The variations of the plate types or environments cause
challenges in the detection and recognition of license plates.
They are summarized as follows:
1) Location: Plates exist in different locations of an image.
2) Quantity: An image may contain no or many plates.
3) Size: Plates may have different sizes due to the camera
distance and the zoom factor.
4) Color: Plates may have various characters and
background colors due to different plate types or capturing
devices.
5) Font: Plates of different nations may be written in
different fonts and language.
6) Occlusion: Plates may be obscured by dirt.
7) Inclination: Plates may be tilted.
8) Other: In addition to characters, a plate may contain
frames and screws.
Environment variations:
1) Illumination: Input images may have different types of
illumination, mainly due to environmental lighting and
vehicle headlights.
2) Background: The image background may contain
patterns similar to plates, such as numbers stamped on a
vehicle, bumper with vertical patterns, and textured floors.
2. PROPOSEDMETHODOLOGY
Vehicle license plate (VLP) constitutes an unambiguous
identifier of a vehicle participating in road traffic. Reading a
license plate is the first step in determining the identities of
parties involved in traffic incidents. An efficient automatic
license plate recognition process may become the core of fully
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 07 | Jul-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 162
computerized road traffic monitoring systems, electronic fee
collection solutions, surveillance devices and safety
supervision systems. It is important that the recognition
accuracy of such a process is very high. Tracking and
registering dangerous behavior in traffic may be used for
prosecuting offenders.
License-Plate Recognition System consists of three main
modules:
(1) License plate detection,
(2) Character segmentation
(3)Character Recognition (CR).
Step(1)image acquisition, in image acquisition explained that
from where images are acquire Image can be input to the
system by different methods by analog camera,or by digital
cameras, but nowadays digital technology has their advantages
so better input method is by digital cameras or by direct digital
photos.
2.1 LICENSE PLATE DETECTION
By whole capturing image we having license plate covered by
background of vehicle body,so by this step only plate are is
extracted from whole body. our task now is to identify the
region containing the license plate. In this experiment, two
features are defined and extracted in order to decide if a
candidate region contains a license plate or not , these features
are
2.1.1 Preprocessing:
Since we have assumed that the license plate has a yellow
background, the first step is to identify the regions in the image
that contain the intensity of RGB corresponding to the color
yellow. We Filter the yellow colored part from the image using
values obtained by experiments on the 10 sample images. (i) -
(a< R< b) && (p< G< q) && (x< B< y) Where R is the
intensity of the color Red , G of Green and B that of Blue.
Based on this condition we obtain a BinaryImage. We change
yellow to white and non-yellow to black.
2.1.2 MORPHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS:
These are Non-linear filters, with the function of restraining
noises, extracting features and segmenting images etc The
following morphological operations have been used
Fill (MATLAB function – imfill): fills holes in the binary
image. A hole is a set of background pixels that cannot be
reached by filling in the background from the edge of the
image.
Open (MATLAB function – imopen): performs
morphological opening on the grayscale or binary image with
the pre-defined structuring element.
Dilate (MATLAB function – imdilate): dilates the
grayscale, binary, or packed binary image returning the dilated
image (I) On Applying these morphological operations on
„im1.jpg‟ we obtain the Image.
2.1.3 HORIZONTAL SEGMENTATION
Once the Preprocessing is over, the next step is to segment the
license plate candidates from the image. We first do a
horizontal segmentation of the image using the histogram
method.
Steps:-
For this we calculate the horizontal and vertical projections of
intensity. Then we find the mean of the local minim as of
horizontal projection plot .Based on the threshold calculated
from the above local minim as, we findx locations of the
segmented regions. In order to locate the right and left edges of
license plate from candidate region, the vertical projection after
mathematical morphology deal is changed into binary image.
The arithmetic for doing this is:
TfLf TTT 1)( TfLf TTT 0)(
where fT (1,i) is the vertical projection after mathematical
morphology, T is the threshold. Then scan the function of fT
(1,i) and register the portions where values change from 0 to 1
and from 1 to 0 in stack1 and stack2 respectively. So the
candidate position of the left and right edge of the license plate
are in stack1 (1,i) and stack2(1,i) respectively, and the
candidate’s width of the license plate is calculated by: width(1,
i) stack2(1, i) - stack1(1, i) respectively. So the candidate
position of the left and right edge of the license plate are in
stack1 (1,i) and stack2(1,i) respectively, and the candidate’s
width of the license plate is calculated by: width(1, i) stack2(1,
i) - stack1(1, i) These give the x coordinates of the potentially
candidates regions
2.1.4 GETTING POTENTIAL CANDIDATES
After getting the horizontal segments of the candidate regions,
we would now want to get the vertical coordinates, in order to
extract the exact area from the image For each of the horizontal
segments, in order find the vertical location, we once again use
the vertical projections of intensity. Then converting to a
binary image using the threshold as discussed in the previous
section we get the desired vertical coordinates. Now we have
all our candidate regions. An candidate regions obtained from
our sample image „im1.jpg‟ are :
Figure (2) Candidate regions
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2.1.5 IDENTIFYING THE LICENSE PLATE:
Out of the many candidate regions that we have obtained from
the so far mentioned procedure, our task now is to identify the
region containing the license plate. In this experiment, two
features are defined and extracted in order to decide if a
candidate region contains a license plate or not , these features
are
1. Aspect ratio
2. Edge Density
Even though these features are not scale-invariant, luminance-
invariant, rotation-invariant, but they are insensitive to many
environment changes.
Aspect ratio
The aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the width to the height
of the region.
Aspect Ratio = width/height
Since the minimum enclosing rectangle (MER) of the object
region can be computed via rotating the region in previous
section, the dimension of the object’s MER can be taken as the
width and the height of the region.
Edge density
Applying the above feature to filter the segmented regions, a
lot of non license plate regions can be removed. However,
there are still many candidate regions left which take similar
rectangularity and aspect ratio features as the license plate
regions do, such as often the head lights. Considering that the
license plate regions generally take higher local variance in its
pixels‟ values due to the presence of characters, an important
feature to describe license plate region is local variance, which
is quantized using the edge density. The edge density is
measured in a region R by averaging the intensities of all edge
pixels within the region as
Rnm
D
nmE
NR
R ,
1 ),(
Where E(i,j) represents the edge magnitude at location (i,j), and
NR is the number of pixels in region R. License plate Sets used
for training to calculate aspect ratio and edge density: We used
24 license plates as training data. They are contained in the
directory named
“edge_density_and_aspect_ratio_training_images”.
After performing this experiment, we found the average values
of the above mentioned features as follow:
aspect ratio = 4.4912 edge density = 0.1359
On using the above mentioned features we are able to drop the
incorrect regions and get the final result as the extracted license
plate from the input image.
For the candidate images shown above, above tests rules out
the first candidate and gives the following output –
Figure (3) Number Plate
2.2 SEGMENTATION
This step characters on license plate are segmented and
identify. This step is the most important step in license plate
recognition because all further steps rely on it. This is the
second major part of the License Plate detection algorithm.
There are many factors that cause the character segmentation
task difficult, such as image noise, plate frame, rivet, space
mark, plate rotation and illumination variance. We here
propose the algorithm that is quite robust and gives
significantly good results on images having the above
mentioned problems. for the segmentation preprocessing is
required by conversion to gray scale and binarization. Different
algorithms are used for segmentation which are explained
further later in literature review.
In the segmentation of plate characters, license plate is
segmented into its constituent parts obtaining the characters
individually. Firstly, image is filtered for enhancing the image
and removing the noises and unwanted spots. Then dilation
operation is applied to the image for separating the characters
from each other if the characters are close to each other. After
this operation, horizontal and vertical smearing are applied for
finding the character regions. The result of this segmentation is
in Figure given below.
Figure (4) Locations of plate characters
The next step is to cut the plate characters. It is done by finding
starting and end points of characters in horizontal direction.
The individual characters cut from the plate are as follows in
Figure given below.
Figure (5) Number plate characters
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Volume: 02 Issue: 07 | Jul-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 164
2.3 CHARACTER RECOGNITISON:
Automatically locate license plates by principal visual word
(PVW), discovery and local feature matching. Observing that
characters in different license plates are duplicates of each
other, we bring in the idea of using the bag-of words (BoW)
model popularly applied in partial-duplicate image search.
Unlike the classic BoW model, for each plate character, we
automatically discover the PVW characterized with geometric
context. Given a new image, the license plates are extracted by
matching local features with PVW. Besides license plate
detection, our approach can also be extended to the detection of
logos and trademarks. Due to the invariance virtue of scale-
invariant feature transform feature, our method can adaptively
deal with various changes in the license plates, such as rotation,
scaling, illumination, etc. Promising results of the proposed
approach are demonstrated with an experimental study in
license plate detection. we formulate license plate detection as
a visual matching problem. For each character, we collect SIFT
features falling into the character region and generate PVW by
unsupervised clustering. The amount of PVW for each plate
character is determined automatically Besides SIFT
descriptors, each visual word contains some geometric
information, such as orientation, ratio of scale to character
height, and relative position in the character region. Those
geometric clues will be used to filter false feature matches and
estimate the character and plate size. In testing, every valid
match votes a support for plate location, and all supports are
unified to discover potential license plates.Due to the
invariance virtue of SIFT feature, our method can adaptively
deal with various changes of license plate, such as distortion
from observation views, scaling, and illumination. Multiple
license plates in a single image can also be automatically
detected.
In visual word matching and license plate locating, we compare
the extracted SIFT features of the test image with all
discovered PVW, and locate the license plate based on the
matching results. Let us denote the PVW set as {D, G} ={(di ,
gi ), i = 1, . . . , N}, where di denotes appearance descriptor,
and gi denotes the geometric clues, N denotes the visual word
number. Once the PVW of an object category is discovered, we
can use it for detection in a new image. Given features F = { fi
} for a test image, the probability that the test image
corresponds to a sign of interest is
)0,(
),(
)0()0,(
),0( ii
ii
ii
ii gdp
gdp
pgdp
gdp
…………………………….(1)
where p(O) is prior of plate. The likelihood p(di , gi |O) is
deduced as
j
jjiiii fpfgdpgdp )0()0,,()0,(
…………………………….(2)
where p(di , gi | f j , O) is modeled by matching feature f j to
the descriptor di of the PVW.
Figure (6) Illustration of a PVW (red arrow) in the character
“6.”
Consequently, by searching for the local maxima of the
likelihood function given by (1) for all PVW, we can find the
initial hypotheses for license plate location. Some other prior
heuristics can also be imposed to remove potential false
positives. In the following subsections, we will discuss PVW
generation and local feature matching to extract license plate in
detail.
2.3.1 PVW Generation
There are a certain number of sorted characters in license
plates, each with the same format, but maybe undergoing
illumination change or affine transformation. Since SIFT
feature is invariant to changes in scale and rotation, and robust
to illumination change and affine distortion [2], some
repeatable and distinctive SIFT features to each character exist,
called PVW. As shown in Fig., a PVW is denoted as V (des,
ori, rat, pos), where des is the 128-D SIFT descriptor, ori is the
SIFT orientation (−π ≤ ori < π), rat = H/s (s is the SIFT scale),
and pos = ( f/W, e/H) is a 2-D vector denoting the relative
position of the key point in the character region. Both des and
ori are originated from the standard SIFT features [2] des
captures the local visual appearance with a concatenation of 8-
D orientation histograms from 4 by 4 subpatches around local
interest point. ori denotes the dominant directions of local
gradients around a key point. Relative to ori and des is
represented to achieve invariance to image rotation changes .
Ideally, for a feature with high repeatability in a certain
character, rat shall be identical. Given this specific SIFT
feature with scale s, we can estimate the corresponding
character height as rat · s. Given an image patch of the
character with height, v, we can also derive the scale of the
SIFT feature as v/rat. We collect many training images, each
containing one or more license plates. License plates in the
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 07 | Jul-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 165
training images are all upright, with little affine distortion.
Each character in the license plate is annotated and all SIFT
features in each character region are extracted. Usually, many
noisy features also exist. To discover the PVW of each
character, we need to cluster the local features of each
character and discover the most representative cluster centers
as the PVW. which can be found automatically in the
clustering process. In affinity propagation, a similarity matrix
of samples shall be defined. We first give the distance metric,
which will be used to define the similarity metric. The distance
between two feature samples V j and Vk is defined in (3)
PrOdkj DDDDd ,
…..……..(3)
where α, β, γ, and δ are constant weighting factors, Dd ,Do, Dr,
and Dp are the distance of descriptor, orientation, height-scale
ratio, and position, respectively, and are defined as follows:
128
1
2
)(
1
i
k
i
j
id desdesD
………………(4)
kjkj
O orioriorioriD
2,min
1
…………….(5)
kj
r ratrat
N
D
1
(6)
2
1
2
)(
2
1
i
k
i
j
ip posposD
………………...(7)
where σ and N are normalization factors to make sure that both
Dd and Dr range from 0 to 1.
The similarity metric is a decreasing function of the distance
metric. There are many choices for it. In our implementation,
the pair wise similarity between two feature samples V j and
Vk is defined as
)0(,)( ,, ndS n
kjkj
(8)
In affinity propagation, the diagonal elements in the similarity
matrix are referred to as exemplar preference, which will
influence the number of identified clusters. Generally, without
any priori, we set it as the median of the input similarities,
After clustering, we need to discover the most representative
clusters. For each cluster, we count the number of image
patches which contain at least one feature falling into the
cluster. Then an image-number histogram is built. To select
those representative clusters, a threshold thresh shall be
specified on the histogram. Any cluster with image number
above thresh will be selected. In each selected cluster, the
PVW are defined as the average of all samples falling into that
cluster. In our experiments, we set thresh = 0.6·Num, where
Num is the total sample number of the specific character. Fig.
illustrates the feature clustering results of three characters: “0,”
“6,” and “9.” In each character, the PVW are highlighted in red
color on the patch with its geometric information: ori, rat, and
pos. The PVW of characters from “0” to “9” are shown in Fig.
while those of characters from “A” to “Z” excluding “I”
and“O” are illustrated in Fig. 5. There are no PVW of character
“I” and “O” as these two characters are not found in any
training plate.
2.3.2 Visual Word Matching
Given a test image, we will discover those characters with
features matched to the PVW. We first extract SIFT features
from the test image. Then each SIFT feature F(des, ori, scl) is
compared with the PVW of each character. A feature is
considered as a candidate match if the minimum descriptor
distance to a certain PVW of a certain character is less than
constant threshold T
Tdesdestd d
t
F
td
2
,
**
argmin,
…………………………….(9)
where desF denotes the descriptor vector of a test SIFT feature,
des d t denotes the descriptor vector of the t-th PVW in the d-th
plate character. In standard SIFT features, descriptors are all
normalized to be a constant const. In our experiments, we set T
= 0.5 · const. Each candidate match is recorded as C(x, y,
angle, height, pos), where x and y denote spatial position of the
test SIFT feature in the image plane, angle is the rotation angle
from the test feature to the matched visual word,
height = rat dt* · sclF is the estimated height of the
corresponding license plate, pos = pos d*t* denotes the relative
position in character.
Figure (7) PVW of each digit in Chinese license plate. Each
arrow denotes a PVW
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Volume: 02 Issue: 07 | Jul-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 166
Figure (8) PVW of each letter in Chinese license plate, from
“A” to “Z,” excluding “I” and “O.” Each arrow denotes a
PVW.
C. License Plate Locating
Once the character features in the test image are identified, we
can make use of the geometric context of the matched PVW to
locate the license plate. A bounding box will be estimated to
encompass license plate by determining the upper, lower, left,
and right bounding lines sequentially.
We first estimate the upper and lower bounding lines of license
plate in images. Specially, each matched feature C(x, y, angle,
height, pos) estimates a point (xup, yup) of the upper bounding
line by (10) and (11)
)sin(cos)2( hposxxuo ………(10)
)cos(sin)2( hposyyup
………(11)
where h and θ are the median of height and angle of all valid
matched features C, respectively, pos(2) = e/H. The origin is
assumed to be at the upper-left corner of the image plane.
Then, for all upper bounding points, we estimate a line with
linear regression. Similarly, we can also determine the lower
bounding points (xdown, ydown) with (12) and (13) and
estimate the lower bounding line of license plate.
)sin(cos))2(1( hposxxdown ……..(12)
)cos(sin))2(1( hposyydown .…...(13)
After that, we can also roughly estimate the left and right
bounding lines. In license plate, the ratio of plate width to
height is constant. When the plate height h is estimated, we can
obtain the plate width w. Since license plate must cover all
matched key points of SIFT feature, the interval between the
left bound and the most right key point of matched feature shall
be no less than w, so is that of the interval between the right
bounding line and the most left key point. Consequently, we
can determine the minimal bounding box containing the license
plate although some background patch is also included, they
can be removed with some other information, such as edge
map. However, this is not our focus in this paper.
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
To evaluate the proposed approach containing 410 Chinese
license plate images. Of them, 160 license plate images are
downloaded from the Internet while another 250 images are
taken by the authors. The second dataset contains 112 images
with resolution of 896 ?592, each contains a U.S. license plate
with a cluttered background, such as trees or grass. In this
dataset, the plate character height ranges from about 16 to 23.
On the first dataset, it achieves a 93.2% “true” detection rate,
On the second dataset, the “true” detection rate of our approach
is 84.8%,All the “true” detection rates of four approaches are
lower than that on the first dataset. This is because the plates in
the second dataset are of smaller size, and the background is
much more cluttered. The false positive rate of our approach is
also much lower than that of the three comparison approaches.
We investigate the time efficiency from two aspects. The first
one is feature extraction time, and the second one is detection
time after feature extraction. Our approach is based on SIFT
feature, whose extraction time cost is larger than that of edge
maps, as used in the other three comparison approaches. The
detection time cost of our approach is proportional to the SIFT
feature amount of image, while thedetection efficiency of the
three comparison approaches are determined by the complexity
extent of image texture. In open environment, there are various
observation views from cameras, which will make the edge
map-based methods difficult to accurately extract the whole
plate. However, benefiting from the invariance property of
SIFT feature, our approach can effectively address that
difficulty when the observation angle is within some tolerance
range. some results seen in figure12.
Figure (9) Sample detection results of license plates
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CONCLUSIONS
In general, an ALPR system consists of four processing stages.
In the image acquisition stage, some points have to be
considered when choosing the ALPR system camera, such as
the camera resolution and the shutter speed. In the license plate
extraction stage, the license plate is extracted based on some
features such as the color, the boundary, or the existence of the
characters. In the license plate segmentation stage, the
characters are extracted by projecting their color information,
by labeling them, or by matching their positions with template.
Finally, the characters are recognized in the character
recognition stage by template matching, or by classifiers such
as neural networks and fuzzy classifiers. Automatic license
plate recognition is quite challenging due to the different
license plate formats and the varying environmental conditions.
There are numerous ALPR techniques have been proposed in
recent years.
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BIOGRAPHIES:
Rinku K. Solanki, M.tech student (digital communication),
NRI-IST, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Rajeev Kumar Rai, Asst. Prof.(Head of the department of
E.C.), NIIST, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India,
raj.rai1008@gmail.com
Teena Raikwar, Assistant professor, electronics &
communication dept., (NRI-IST, Bhopal), Madhya Pradesh,
India, t_raikwar.2006@yahoo.co.in