Abstract Every country uses their own way of designing and allocating number plates to their country vehicles. This license number plate is then used by various government offices for their respective regular administrative task like- traffic police tracking the people who are violating the traffic rules, to identify the theft cars, in toll collection and parking allocation management etc. In India all motorized vehicle are assigned unique numbers. These numbers are assigned to the vehicles by district-level Regional Transport Office (RTO). In India the license plates must be kept in both front and back of the vehicle. These plates in general are easily readable by human due to their high level of intelligence on the contrary; it becomes an extremely difficult task for the computers to do the same. Many attributes like illumination, blur, background color, foreground color etc. will pose a problem. Index Terms: Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) system, proposed methodology, reference
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The automatic license plate recognition(alpr)eSAT Journals
Abstract Every country uses their own way of designing and allocating number plates to their country vehicles. This license number plate is then used by various government offices for their respective regular administrative task like- traffic police tracking the people who are violating the traffic rules, to identify the theft cars, in toll collection and parking allocation management etc. In India all motorized vehicle are assigned unique numbers. These numbers are assigned to the vehicles by district-level Regional Transport Office (RTO). In India the license plates must be kept in both front and back of the vehicle. These plates in general are easily readable by human due to their high level of intelligence on the contrary; it becomes an extremely difficult task for the computers to do the same. Many attributes like illumination, blur, background color, foreground color etc. will pose a problem. Index Terms: Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) system, proposed methodology, reference
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Face recognition using selected topographical features IJECEIAES
This paper represents a new features selection method to improve an existed feature type. Topographical (TGH) features provide large set of features by assigning each image pixel to the related feature depending on image gradient and Hessian matrix. Such type of features was handled by a proposed features selection method. A face recognition feature selector (FRFS) method is presented to inspect TGH features. FRFS depends in its main concept on linear discriminant analysis (LDA) technique, which is used in evaluating features efficiency. FRFS studies feature behavior over a dataset of images to determine the level of its performance. At the end, each feature is assigned to its related level of performance with different levels of performance over the whole image. Depending on a chosen threshold, the highest set of features is selected to be classified by SVM classifier.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The automatic license plate recognition(alpr)eSAT Journals
Abstract Every country uses their own way of designing and allocating number plates to their country vehicles. This license number plate is then used by various government offices for their respective regular administrative task like- traffic police tracking the people who are violating the traffic rules, to identify the theft cars, in toll collection and parking allocation management etc. In India all motorized vehicle are assigned unique numbers. These numbers are assigned to the vehicles by district-level Regional Transport Office (RTO). In India the license plates must be kept in both front and back of the vehicle. These plates in general are easily readable by human due to their high level of intelligence on the contrary; it becomes an extremely difficult task for the computers to do the same. Many attributes like illumination, blur, background color, foreground color etc. will pose a problem. Index Terms: Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) system, proposed methodology, reference
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Face recognition using selected topographical features IJECEIAES
This paper represents a new features selection method to improve an existed feature type. Topographical (TGH) features provide large set of features by assigning each image pixel to the related feature depending on image gradient and Hessian matrix. Such type of features was handled by a proposed features selection method. A face recognition feature selector (FRFS) method is presented to inspect TGH features. FRFS depends in its main concept on linear discriminant analysis (LDA) technique, which is used in evaluating features efficiency. FRFS studies feature behavior over a dataset of images to determine the level of its performance. At the end, each feature is assigned to its related level of performance with different levels of performance over the whole image. Depending on a chosen threshold, the highest set of features is selected to be classified by SVM classifier.
Vehicle logo recognition using histograms of oriented gradient descriptor and...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Most of vehicle have the similar structures and designs. It is extremely complicated and difficult to identify and classify vehicle brands based on their structure and shape. As we requirea quick and reliable response, so vehicle logos are an alternative method of determining the type of a vehicle. In this paper, we propose a method for vehicle logo recognition based on feature selection method in a hybrid way. Vehicle logo images are first characterized by histograms of oriented gradient descriptors and the final features vector are then applied feature selection method to reduce the irrelevant information. Moreover, we release a new benchmark dataset for vehicle logo recognition and retrieval task namely, VLR-40. The experimental results are evaluated on this database which show the efficiency of the proposed approach.
License Plate Recognition using Morphological Operation. Amitava Choudhury
This paper describes an efficient technique of locating and
extracting license plate and recognizing each segmented
character. The proposed model can be subdivided into four
parts- Digitization of image, Edge Detection, Separation of
characters and Template Matching. In this work, we propose a
method which is based on morphological operations where
different Structuring Elements (SE) are used to maximally
eliminate non-plate region and enhance plate region.
Character segmentation is done using Connected Component
Analysis. Correlation based template matching technique is
used for recognition of characters. This system is
implemented using MATLAB7.4.0. The proposed system is
mainly applicable to Indian License Plates.
Vehicle License Plate Recognition (VLPR) is an important system for harmonious traffic. Moreover this system is helpful in many fields and places as private and public entrances, parking lots, border control and theft control. This paper presents a new framework for Sudanese VLPR system. The proposed framework uses Multi Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) and Connected Component Analysis (CCA) to extract the license plate. Horizontal and vertical projection will be used for character segmentation and the final recognition stage is based on the Artificial Immune System (AIS). A new dataset that contains samples for the current shape of Sudanese license plates will be used for training and testing the proposes framework.
Bangla Optical Digits Recognition using Edge Detection MethodIOSR Journals
Abstract:This paper is based on Bangla Optical Digit Recognition (ODR) by the Edge detection technique. In this method, Bangla digit image converted into gray-scale which distributed by an M by N array form. Here input data are considered off-line printed digit’s image which collected from computer generated image, scanned documents or printed text. After addressing the gray-scale image against a variable in the form of an M by N array, where the value of array pointers are shown 255 for total white space, 0 (zero) for total dark space and value between 255 and 0 for mix of white and dark space of the image. At the next process, four edgestouch points as well as each touch point’s ratio use as parameters to determine each Bangla digit uniquely. Keywords-Edge, image,gray-scale, Matrix,ODR.
Robotic navigation algorithm with machine vision IJECEIAES
In the field of robotics, it is essential to know the work area in which the agent is going to develop, for that reason, different methods of mapping and spatial location have been developed for different applications. In this article, a machine vision algorithm is proposed, which is responsible for identifying objects of interest within a work area and determining the polar coordinates to which they are related to the observer, applicable either with a fixed camera or in a mobile agent such as the one presented in this document. The developed algorithm was evaluated in two situations, determining the position of six objects in total around the mobile agent. These results were compared with the real position of each of the objects, reaching a high level of accuracy with an average error of 1.3271% in the distance and 2.8998% in the angle.
The Framework of Image Recognition based on Modified Freeman Chain CodeCSCJournals
Image recognition of line drawing involves feature extraction and feature comparison. Works on the extraction required the representation of the image to be compared. Combining these two requirements, a framework that develops a new extraction algorithm of a chain code representation is presented. In addition, new corner detection is presented as pre-processing to the line drawing input in order to derive the chain code. This paper presents a new framework that consist of five steps namely pre-processing and image processing, new corner detection algorithm, chain code generator, feature extraction algorithm, and recognition process. Heuristic approach that is applied in the corner detection algorithm accepts input of thinned binary image and produce a modified thinned binary image consisted of J character to represent corners in the image. Using the modified thinned binary image, a new chain code scheme that is based on Freeman chain code is proposed and an algorithm is developed to generate a single chain code series that is representing the line drawing input. The feature extraction algorithm is then extracting the three pre-defined features of the chain code for recognition purpose. The features are corner properties, distance between corners, and angle from a corner to the connected corner. The explanation of steps in the framework is supported with two line drawings. The results show that the framework successfully recognizes line drawing into five categories namely not similar line drawing, and four other categories that are similar but with attributes of rotation angle and scaling ratio.
An Efficient Model to Identify A Vehicle by Recognizing the Alphanumeric Char...IJMTST Journal
Automatic Engine Number Recognition (AENR) is the digital image processing and an important aspect/role to identify the theft vehicles by recognizing characters, digits and special symbols. There is increase in the theft of vehicles, so to identify these theft vehicles, the proposed system is introduced. The proposed system controls the theft vehicles by recognizing a digits and characters in the number plate and chassis region and stores in the database in ASCII format to check the theft vehicles are registered or unregistered. Both system consists of 4 common phases: - Preprocessing, Character Extraction (ROI), Character Segmentation, and Character Recognition. This paper proposes a new scheme for engine number and chassis number extraction from the pre-processed image of the vehicle’s engine and chassis region using preprocess techniques, Region of Interest(ROI), Binarization, thresholding, template matching.
Traffic sign detection via graph based ranking and segmentationPREMSAI CHEEDELLA
The majority of the existing traffic sign detection system use shape information, but the methods of remain limited in regard to detecting and segmenting traffic signs from a complex background.
Facial Expression Recognition Using SVM Classifierijeei-iaes
Facial feature tracking and facial actions recognition from image sequence attracted great attention in computer vision field. Computational facial expression analysis is a challenging research topic in computer vision. It is required by many applications such as human-computer interaction, computer graphic animation and automatic facial expression recognition. In recent years, plenty of computer vision techniques have been developed to track or recognize the facial activities in three levels. First, in the bottom level, facial feature tracking, which usually detects and tracks prominent landmarks surrounding facial components (i.e., mouth, eyebrow, etc), captures the detailed face shape information; Second, facial actions recognition, i.e., recognize facial action units (AUs) defined in FACS, try to recognize some meaningful facial activities (i.e., lid tightener, eyebrow raiser, etc); In the top level, facial expression analysis attempts to recognize some meaningful facial activities (i.e., lid tightener, eyebrow raiser, etc); In the top level, facial expression analysis attempts to recognize facial expressions that represent the human emotion states. In this proposed algorithm initially detecting eye and mouth, features of eye and mouth are extracted using Gabor filter, (Local Binary Pattern) LBP and PCA is used to reduce the dimensions of the features. Finally SVM is used to classification of expression and facial action units.
Grading and quality testing of food grains using neural networkeSAT Journals
Abstract The quality of food grains is referred to the every aspect of the profit of supply and marketing. The varietals purity is one of the factors whose inspection is more difficult and more complicated than that of other factors. In the present grain-handling system, grain type and quality are rapidly assessed by visual inspection. This evaluation process is, however, tedious and time consuming. The decision-making capabilities of a grain inspector can be seriously affected by his/her physical condition such as fatigue and eyesight, mental state caused by biases and work pressure, and working conditions such as improper lighting, climate, etc. The farmers are affected by this manual activity. Hence, these tasks require automation and develop imaging systems that can be helpful to identify quality of grain images. A model of quality grade testing and identification is built which is based on appearance features such as the morphological and colour with technology of computer image processing and neural network. The morphological and colour features are presented to the neural network for training purposes. The trained network is then used to identify the unknown grain types, impurities and its quality. Keywords: Grain quality, image processing, neural network
Experimental study on geopolymer concrete by using ggbseSAT Journals
Abstract
The demand of concrete is increasing day by day and Cement is used for satisfying the need of development of infrastructure facilities, 1 tone cement production generates 1 tone CO2, which adversely affect the environment . In order to reduce the use of OPC and CO2 generation, the new generation concrete has been developed such as GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. It uses Fly ash and Alkaline Solution as their Binding Materials. Geopolymer requires Oven Curing in the varying range of 60C to 100C for a period of 24 to 96 hours. The objective of the present work is to study the effect of GGBS in fly ash based Geopolymer concrete and to study the Effect of Oven Curing and Ambient room temperature curing on them. And By replacing fly ash from 0 to 100% with GGBS and inspecting the Fresh Properties and Hardened Concrete properties at 7 days. The casted cube will be cured at normal room temperature and at 700C Oven heat provision for 24 hours and to ascertain the behavior of concrete mixed with GGBS, thereby examining the changes of properties like Strength and Durability. Keywords: Fly ash, GGBS, Alkaline Solution, strength, durability, utilization
Vehicle logo recognition using histograms of oriented gradient descriptor and...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Most of vehicle have the similar structures and designs. It is extremely complicated and difficult to identify and classify vehicle brands based on their structure and shape. As we requirea quick and reliable response, so vehicle logos are an alternative method of determining the type of a vehicle. In this paper, we propose a method for vehicle logo recognition based on feature selection method in a hybrid way. Vehicle logo images are first characterized by histograms of oriented gradient descriptors and the final features vector are then applied feature selection method to reduce the irrelevant information. Moreover, we release a new benchmark dataset for vehicle logo recognition and retrieval task namely, VLR-40. The experimental results are evaluated on this database which show the efficiency of the proposed approach.
License Plate Recognition using Morphological Operation. Amitava Choudhury
This paper describes an efficient technique of locating and
extracting license plate and recognizing each segmented
character. The proposed model can be subdivided into four
parts- Digitization of image, Edge Detection, Separation of
characters and Template Matching. In this work, we propose a
method which is based on morphological operations where
different Structuring Elements (SE) are used to maximally
eliminate non-plate region and enhance plate region.
Character segmentation is done using Connected Component
Analysis. Correlation based template matching technique is
used for recognition of characters. This system is
implemented using MATLAB7.4.0. The proposed system is
mainly applicable to Indian License Plates.
Vehicle License Plate Recognition (VLPR) is an important system for harmonious traffic. Moreover this system is helpful in many fields and places as private and public entrances, parking lots, border control and theft control. This paper presents a new framework for Sudanese VLPR system. The proposed framework uses Multi Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) and Connected Component Analysis (CCA) to extract the license plate. Horizontal and vertical projection will be used for character segmentation and the final recognition stage is based on the Artificial Immune System (AIS). A new dataset that contains samples for the current shape of Sudanese license plates will be used for training and testing the proposes framework.
Bangla Optical Digits Recognition using Edge Detection MethodIOSR Journals
Abstract:This paper is based on Bangla Optical Digit Recognition (ODR) by the Edge detection technique. In this method, Bangla digit image converted into gray-scale which distributed by an M by N array form. Here input data are considered off-line printed digit’s image which collected from computer generated image, scanned documents or printed text. After addressing the gray-scale image against a variable in the form of an M by N array, where the value of array pointers are shown 255 for total white space, 0 (zero) for total dark space and value between 255 and 0 for mix of white and dark space of the image. At the next process, four edgestouch points as well as each touch point’s ratio use as parameters to determine each Bangla digit uniquely. Keywords-Edge, image,gray-scale, Matrix,ODR.
Robotic navigation algorithm with machine vision IJECEIAES
In the field of robotics, it is essential to know the work area in which the agent is going to develop, for that reason, different methods of mapping and spatial location have been developed for different applications. In this article, a machine vision algorithm is proposed, which is responsible for identifying objects of interest within a work area and determining the polar coordinates to which they are related to the observer, applicable either with a fixed camera or in a mobile agent such as the one presented in this document. The developed algorithm was evaluated in two situations, determining the position of six objects in total around the mobile agent. These results were compared with the real position of each of the objects, reaching a high level of accuracy with an average error of 1.3271% in the distance and 2.8998% in the angle.
The Framework of Image Recognition based on Modified Freeman Chain CodeCSCJournals
Image recognition of line drawing involves feature extraction and feature comparison. Works on the extraction required the representation of the image to be compared. Combining these two requirements, a framework that develops a new extraction algorithm of a chain code representation is presented. In addition, new corner detection is presented as pre-processing to the line drawing input in order to derive the chain code. This paper presents a new framework that consist of five steps namely pre-processing and image processing, new corner detection algorithm, chain code generator, feature extraction algorithm, and recognition process. Heuristic approach that is applied in the corner detection algorithm accepts input of thinned binary image and produce a modified thinned binary image consisted of J character to represent corners in the image. Using the modified thinned binary image, a new chain code scheme that is based on Freeman chain code is proposed and an algorithm is developed to generate a single chain code series that is representing the line drawing input. The feature extraction algorithm is then extracting the three pre-defined features of the chain code for recognition purpose. The features are corner properties, distance between corners, and angle from a corner to the connected corner. The explanation of steps in the framework is supported with two line drawings. The results show that the framework successfully recognizes line drawing into five categories namely not similar line drawing, and four other categories that are similar but with attributes of rotation angle and scaling ratio.
An Efficient Model to Identify A Vehicle by Recognizing the Alphanumeric Char...IJMTST Journal
Automatic Engine Number Recognition (AENR) is the digital image processing and an important aspect/role to identify the theft vehicles by recognizing characters, digits and special symbols. There is increase in the theft of vehicles, so to identify these theft vehicles, the proposed system is introduced. The proposed system controls the theft vehicles by recognizing a digits and characters in the number plate and chassis region and stores in the database in ASCII format to check the theft vehicles are registered or unregistered. Both system consists of 4 common phases: - Preprocessing, Character Extraction (ROI), Character Segmentation, and Character Recognition. This paper proposes a new scheme for engine number and chassis number extraction from the pre-processed image of the vehicle’s engine and chassis region using preprocess techniques, Region of Interest(ROI), Binarization, thresholding, template matching.
Traffic sign detection via graph based ranking and segmentationPREMSAI CHEEDELLA
The majority of the existing traffic sign detection system use shape information, but the methods of remain limited in regard to detecting and segmenting traffic signs from a complex background.
Facial Expression Recognition Using SVM Classifierijeei-iaes
Facial feature tracking and facial actions recognition from image sequence attracted great attention in computer vision field. Computational facial expression analysis is a challenging research topic in computer vision. It is required by many applications such as human-computer interaction, computer graphic animation and automatic facial expression recognition. In recent years, plenty of computer vision techniques have been developed to track or recognize the facial activities in three levels. First, in the bottom level, facial feature tracking, which usually detects and tracks prominent landmarks surrounding facial components (i.e., mouth, eyebrow, etc), captures the detailed face shape information; Second, facial actions recognition, i.e., recognize facial action units (AUs) defined in FACS, try to recognize some meaningful facial activities (i.e., lid tightener, eyebrow raiser, etc); In the top level, facial expression analysis attempts to recognize some meaningful facial activities (i.e., lid tightener, eyebrow raiser, etc); In the top level, facial expression analysis attempts to recognize facial expressions that represent the human emotion states. In this proposed algorithm initially detecting eye and mouth, features of eye and mouth are extracted using Gabor filter, (Local Binary Pattern) LBP and PCA is used to reduce the dimensions of the features. Finally SVM is used to classification of expression and facial action units.
Grading and quality testing of food grains using neural networkeSAT Journals
Abstract The quality of food grains is referred to the every aspect of the profit of supply and marketing. The varietals purity is one of the factors whose inspection is more difficult and more complicated than that of other factors. In the present grain-handling system, grain type and quality are rapidly assessed by visual inspection. This evaluation process is, however, tedious and time consuming. The decision-making capabilities of a grain inspector can be seriously affected by his/her physical condition such as fatigue and eyesight, mental state caused by biases and work pressure, and working conditions such as improper lighting, climate, etc. The farmers are affected by this manual activity. Hence, these tasks require automation and develop imaging systems that can be helpful to identify quality of grain images. A model of quality grade testing and identification is built which is based on appearance features such as the morphological and colour with technology of computer image processing and neural network. The morphological and colour features are presented to the neural network for training purposes. The trained network is then used to identify the unknown grain types, impurities and its quality. Keywords: Grain quality, image processing, neural network
Experimental study on geopolymer concrete by using ggbseSAT Journals
Abstract
The demand of concrete is increasing day by day and Cement is used for satisfying the need of development of infrastructure facilities, 1 tone cement production generates 1 tone CO2, which adversely affect the environment . In order to reduce the use of OPC and CO2 generation, the new generation concrete has been developed such as GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. It uses Fly ash and Alkaline Solution as their Binding Materials. Geopolymer requires Oven Curing in the varying range of 60C to 100C for a period of 24 to 96 hours. The objective of the present work is to study the effect of GGBS in fly ash based Geopolymer concrete and to study the Effect of Oven Curing and Ambient room temperature curing on them. And By replacing fly ash from 0 to 100% with GGBS and inspecting the Fresh Properties and Hardened Concrete properties at 7 days. The casted cube will be cured at normal room temperature and at 700C Oven heat provision for 24 hours and to ascertain the behavior of concrete mixed with GGBS, thereby examining the changes of properties like Strength and Durability. Keywords: Fly ash, GGBS, Alkaline Solution, strength, durability, utilization
Seismic performance of a rc frame with soft storey criteriaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Soft first storey is a typical feature in the modern multi-storey constructions in urban India. Social and functional need to provide parking space at ground level leads seismic vulnerability of such a building. The computer software usage in civil engineering has greatly reduced the complexities of different aspects in the analysis and design of projects. In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the seismic behaviour of a multi-storey building with soft first storey. When subjected to seismic loads, it was observed that soft storey frames are less resistant when compared to infill frames.
Keywords: Masonry Infill (MI), Soft storey, relative stiffness, Diagonal strut, Base shear, response spectrum analysis, Time history analysis.
Traffic census and analysis (a case study)eSAT Journals
Abstract Traffic Census is the baseline of Transportation Engineering. All management as well as engineering operations are done on the
basis of this only. There is a considerable variations in flow, so for the purpose of designing averaging of these counts is done into
single volume count. There are four main methods of Traffic Census namely Manual Method, Automatic Method, Combination of
Manual and Automatic Method and Photographic Methods. All these have their pros and cons. These have different preferences
with respect to Accuracy, ease of Documentation, Versatility and economics. Three main methods of Traffic Analysis IRC, U.K
method and U.S.A practices have been discussed along with IOWA Department of Transport guidelines for measurement of
Congestion. For better management of Traffic, duration of Survey as per IRC has to be increased as urban areas are moving from
Developed to developing. Sanat Nagar/Rawalpora Intersection is the most important that is encountered in 17.8km stretch of
NH1A Bypass which is expected to be the jugular Vein of the Greater Srinagar City. It can be considered as a place where whole
of Kashmir meets. A case study of Traffic Census and Analysis of the said intersection is presented.
Keywords: Traffic Census, Traffic Analysis, Transport
Fuel wastage and emission due to idling of vehicles at road traffic signalseSAT Journals
Abstract Among the different city of Madhya Pradesh, Indore is one of the biggest one. It has very heavy traffic during day time. Since numbers of vehicles are increasing day by day, which ultimately increase the length of stopping period of vehicles at most of the signals. Situation becomes worst in peak traffic hours. Resulting excess fuel consumption and pollution load to the atmosphere. For quantifying the excess fuel consumption and pollution load to the environment by motor vehicles studies was carried out at different traffic signal squares of Indore. The selected traffic signal crossings were Palasia Main, Palasia-1st signal crossing, Gurudwara signal crossing, Bangali signal crossing, Bhowarkua signal crossing, regal signal crossing, and Mhownaka signal crossing. Study reveals that about 5.9 x 105 litre per year petrol & diesel (3.6 x105 litre petrol and 2.3 x 105 litre diesels) and 1.7x105 kg per year of CNG are being wastage by Indore itself. This is resulting addition of 20.2 x 105 kg CO2 in the atmosphere. Extrapolating of these data at Madhya Pradesh state level conclude wastage of 5.6 x 106 litre per year petrol plus diesel(3.4 x 106 litre from petrol and 2.2 x 106 litre from diesel) and 1.6 x 106 kg/year CNG. This is resulting addition of about 18.7 106 kg CO2/year. This excess pollution load to the atmosphere and wastage of fuel could be minimising by rescheduling of office/ school timing. Keywords: Fuel Wastage, CO2 Emission, Traffic Signal, Vehicular Pollution.
Investigations on the surface roughness produced in turning of al6061 (as cas...eSAT Journals
Abstract: Surface roughness produced on the machined component is one of the key attribute of machining process. In this work the effect of various turning process parameters on surface roughness produced on Al6061 (as cast condition) is investigated. Also the effect of using coolant on surface roughness while turning is also determined. It is observed increase in cutting speed by 39.29% resulted in decrease of surface roughness by 31.44%. Increase in feed rate and depth of cut leads to increase in surface roughness. Quantitative analysis of surface roughness obtained in machining with coolant and without coolant is also presented. Keywords: Al6061, Surface Roughness, Turning Process, Spindle Speed, Depth of Cut, ANOVA
Applications of layered theory for the analysis of flexible pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
Unbound granular materials used in untreated base/sub-base layers, exhibit nonlinear behavior under repeated wheel loads. The
properties of the granular materials play a significant role in the performance of these pavements. Therefore, accurate modelling of
the granular layers is essential in the evaluation of critical pavement responses under the application of loads, these materials exhibit
stress dependent characteristics. Thus, consideration of non-linearity in these layers is necessary for accurate estimation of the
pavement responses of a flexible pavement structure. The pavement responses are computed using Kenlayer computer program
developed by Huang. Using the Kenlayer program, this paper examines the effect of nonlinearity in granular on critical pavement
responses by conducting parametric analysis. The results indicate that the consideration of nonlinearity yields 23.13% reduction in
tensile strains at the bottom of bituminous layers and 0.76% increase in compressive strains on the top of the sub grade layers and
same surface deflections compared to the value obtained using linear elastic analysis. This indicates that nonlinear analysis is more
realistic and accurate.
Keywords: Granular layers, Kenlayer, Nonlinearity, Pavement responses.
Multiple imputation for hydrological missing data by using a regression metho...eSAT Journals
Abstract Rainfall amounts and water surface elevation are considered as one of the most important climatic parameters. Because these two parameters will have a direct impact on water resources management decisions such as meet the water needs and prevent flooding. But in some cases, for some reason all time series data are not fully recorded. To fill the gaps in the data, several interpolation methods currently used. One of these methods is regression analysis as a statistical method. By using regression, we can determine the mathematical relationship coefficients between inputs and outputs. By achieving the equation, we can obtain the unknown quantities. In this research, the daily data between 2005 to 2015 for 5 Rain-gauge stations and 3 elevation measurement of water surface stations in the Klang River Basin were used. The main goal was to find the missing value of the water level in the mentioned three stations by rainfall and water level data. To evaluate the obtained results, Multiple R, R2, and Standard Error were used. The results indicate that the standard error in normalized data was less than the regular data. Multiple r values for the Klang at Taman Sri Muda1, Klang at Jam, Sulaiman, WP and Klang at Emp Genting Klang, WP are 0.35, 0.42 and 0.28, respectively. Keywords: Filling gaps, Interpolation, Data mining, Statistical method, Rainfall, Water level
Probabilstic seismic risk evaluation of rc buildings eSAT Journals
Abstract As more and more emphasis is being laid on non-linear analysis of RC framed structures subjected to earthquake excitation, the research and development on both non-linear static (pushover) analysis as well as nonlinear dynamic (time history)analysis is in the forefront. Due to prohibitive computational time and efforts required to perform a complete nonlinear dynamic analysis, researchers and designers all over the world are showing keen interest in non-linear static pushover analysis. The paper considers two statistical random variables namely characteristic strength of concrete (fck) and yield strength of steel (fy) as uncertainties in strength. Using Monte Carlo simulation 100 samples of each of random variable were generated to quantify effect of uncertainties on prediction of capacity of structure. Based on these generated samples different models were created and static pushover analysis was performed on RC (Reinforced Concrete) Building using SAP2000. Lastly, the main objective of this article is to propose a simplified methodology to assess the expected seismic damage in reinforced concrete buildings from a probabilistic point of view by using Monte Carlo simulation and probability of various damage states were evaluated. Index Terms: Seismic Vulnerability, Probabilistic Seismic Risk Evaluation, Fragility Analysis and Pushover Analysis
Failure prediction of propeller shaft prototype using finite element analysiseSAT Journals
Abstract
A premature failure that occurs before the expected load cycle during the torsional fatigue test of a propeller shaft assembly prototype is studied. In these test crack mainly originated repetitively from one of the components, namely Flange yoke at same region. To determine the root reason of the failure a detail CAD model of Flange yoke was developed and analyzed by Finite Element Method. Fatigue crack initiation and location were determined and compared with test data. We found good correlation between FEM results with testing failure results. Design improvements solutions are proposed to increase the fatigue life. Mechanical properties of the Flange yoke were determined by the tensile strength test. Using these input datas stress and strain analysis was performed in ANSYS software.
Keywords: Finite Element Analysis, Stress Concentration, Structural Analysis
Vhdl implementation for edge detection using log gabor filter for disease det...eSAT Journals
Abstract Edge detection is first and essential step in the field of image processing. Detected edges play a very important role such as image enhancement, object detection, focus area selection and many more. In medical application like tonsillitis, tumor, fracture can be detected in its early stage by detecting edges of disease. There are different and many ways for edge detection, However, the most may be grouped into three categories, first order gradient, second order and optimal edge detection.. Sobel edge detection is gradient based edge detection method used for finding edges of image. Also Sobel edge detection method provide one more advantage that it having better noise sensitivity as compared to other edge detection method. Here new concept Log-Gabor filter is used for best contrast ridges, efficient noise reduction and improved edges of an images. Most image processing tools such LabVIEW are not suited for strong real-time constraints, so to overcome this problem hardware implementation FPGA used. Proposed model for disease detection is design in LabVIEW platform with NI Vision Assistant tool 14.0 . Keywords: Edge Detection, Sobel Operator, Log-Gabor Filter, Labview 14.0.
Verification of amba axi bus protocol implementing incr and wrap burst using ...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes the development of verification environment for AMBA AXI (Advanced Extensible Interface) protocol using
System Verilog. AXI supports high performance, high-frequency system designs. It is an On-Chip communication protocol. It is
suitable for high-bandwidth and high frequency designs with minimal delays. It provides flexibility in the implementation of
interconnect architectures and avoid use of complex bridges. It is backward-compatible with existing AHB and APB interfaces.
The key features of the AXI protocol are that it consists of separate address, control and data phases. It support unaligned data
transfers using byte strobes. It requires only start address to be issued in a burst-based transaction. It has separate read and write
data channels that provide low-cost Direct Memory Access (DMA). This paper is aimed at the verification of various burst type
transaction (INCR and WRAP) of the AXI bus protocol and the Verification Environment is built using System Verilog coding[1].
Keywords: AMBA AXI, INCR, Wrap Burst, System Verilog
Behavior of r.c.c. beam with circular opening strengthened by cfrp and gfrp s...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper explores the behavior of R.C.C. beam with circular opening strengthened by GFRP and CFRP sheets. In this experimental
work ten beams were casted, one beam without opening (i.e. solid beam) and one with circular post opening and considered as
control beams. The remaining eight beams were externally strengthened by Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and Glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets with different strengthening schemes i.e. around the opening, inside the opening, inside and around the
opening and double layer around the opening. These beams were simply supported and tested less than two points loading in the loading
frame. The behaviors of such beams were studied in terms of load carrying capacity, load-deflection behavior and cracking patterns. From
the test results it is concluded that the ultimate load carrying capacity of the R.C.C. beam strengthened with GFRP sheets of different
schemes were increased in the range of 8.13% to 45.56% and beams strengthened with CFRP sheets increased in the range of 13.01% to
55.32%. Among all the strengthening schemes, the strengthening with CFRP around and inside the opening was found very effective in
improving the ultimate load carrying capacity of beam.
Keywords: Reinforced concrete beams, Beams with circular opening, CFRP, GFRP, Strengthening schemes, Ultimate
load carrying capacity.
Establishing control on consumables inventory in a pressure vessel manufactur...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper is based on a case study in an air compressor manufacturing facility. This case study was conducted at the pressure vessel division. The pressure vessel division manufactures air receivers and air-oil separators for storing the compressed air. The facility neither had a proper model of inventory nor a replenishment policy with respect to the consumables inventory. Also there was no proper system in place to track the on-hand inventory. All the consumables were treated alike and there was not any discrimination between them. A proper model of inventory has been suggested after classifying the consumables suitably. Also a simple method to track the inventory has been proposed using an excel spreadsheet. Keywords—consumables inventory; inventory classification; inventory models; inventory replenishment; controlling consumables inventory; microsoft excel;
Fpga implementation of image segmentation by using edge detection based on so...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, we present the method of “FPGA implementation of image segmentation by using edge detection based on the sobel edge operator” .due to advancement in computer vision it can be implemented in fpga based architecture. image segmentation separates an image into component regions and object. Segmentation needs to segment the object from the background to read image properly and identify the image carefully. Edge detection is fundamental tool for image segmentation. Sobel edge operator, which is very popular edge detection algorithms, is considered in this work. Sobel method uses the derivative approximation to find edge and perform 2-D spatial gradient measurement for images uses horizontal and vertical gradient matrices .The fpga device providing good performance of integrated circuit platform for research and development. The compact structure of image segmentation into edge detection can be implemented in MAT LAB using VHDL code and the waveform is shown in the model sim.. Keywords: VLSI, FPGA, image segmentation, sobel edge operators, edge detection pixel, mat lab.
Abstract Chimneys are very important structures for the emission of poisonous gases in power plants. After realising the urgent need to
restrict the pollution levels, chimney height is being rapidly increased. So most of the chimneys are tall slender structures which
fail due to wind excitation The present study discusses the dynamic behaviour of tall chimneys. Reinforced concrete chimney of
275m high, which is located in warora, Maharastra is taken for the present study. The objective of this project is to study the
change in the stress pattern due to presence of flue holes and also to carry out the influence of along wind and across wind effects
on the height of chimney for different wind speed and location. The analyse of chimney is carried out by developing a three
dimensional model created with plate elements using STADD Pro. The stress concentrations in the flue duct in the chimney have
been studied.
Keywords: Tall Slender, Warora, Maharastra, Flue Holes, STADD Pro, Stress Concentration
Characteristics of high performance self compacting concrete incorporating fl...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents the experimental studies οn strength & Durability prοperties οf High Perfοrmance Self Cοmpacting Cοncrete (HPSCC) made with manufactured sand and as partial replacement οf cement by Mineral Admixture (Flyash, Metakaοlin). The mix design fοr HPSCC was arrived as per the guidelines οf Eurοpean Federatiοn οf Natiοnal Assοciatiοn representing fοr Cοncrete (EFNARC). The Rheοlοgy prοperties was determined by tests as filling ability, passing ability and segregatiοn resistance including pH and Temperature. Strength prοperties was determined by Cοmpressive, split tensile, Flexural strength and Yοung’s Mοdulus were examined. And durability prοperties were determined by Rapid Chlοride Penetratiοn Test (RCPT) are carried οut. Keywοrds: High perfοrmance self-cοmpacting Cοncrete, Metakaοlin, Flyash, Manufactured sand.
Procedure and construction of road under bridge by box pushing methodeSAT Journals
Abstract The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing are generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track. There are 3 main methods in construction of road under bridge. Box pushing method, Cut and cover method, Rolling technique using RH girder. In this we discuss about the implements, soil friction, effects required, capacity of jacks and there uses, skew angles and at square angles. Keywords: Road Under Bridge, Level Crossing, Box Pushing Method and RUB etc
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The review on automatic license plate recognition (alpr)eSAT Journals
Abstract
Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should
contain at least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text
alignment should be justify, should contain at least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10,
Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should contain at least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times
New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should contain at least 250 words. Abstract
explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be justify, should contain at
least 250 words. Abstract explanation should be Times New Roman, Font Size 10, Single line spacing, Italic, Text alignment should be
justify, should contain at least 250 words.
Keywords: Key word1, Key word2, Key word3, and Key word4 etc…
The review on automatic license plate recognition (alpr)eSAT Journals
Abstract
Nowadays vehicles play a very big role in transportation. Also the use of vehicles has been increasing because of population growth
and human needs in recent years. Therefore, control of vehicles is becoming a big problem and much more difficult to solve . The
presence of noise, blurring in the image, uneven illumination, dim light and foggy conditions make the task even more difficult.
Nowadays, intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) have a significant impact on people’s lives. ITSs include intelligent infrastructure
systems and intelligent vehicle systems. In the current information technology era, the use of automations and intelligent systems is
becoming more and more widespread. Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) has turned out to be an important research issue.
ALPR has many applications in traffic monitoring system, including controlling the traffic volume, ticketing vehicles without the
human control, vehicle tracking, policing, security, and so on. In this paper categorize different ALPR techniques according to the
features they used for each stage, and compare them in terms of pros, cons, recognition accuracy and processing speed.
Index Terms: Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) system, literature review, reference
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
License plate recognition for toll payment applicationeSAT Journals
Abstract Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR) is the method for the extraction of vehicle license plate information from images. It can be used on various applications such as Pay-Per -Use roads (Electronic Toll Collection), Parking lots and arterial traffic conditions monitoring. Automatic License Plate Recognition uses infrared cameras to capture images under varied lighting and weather conditions. The objective of this paper is to implement K-Means Clustering Algorithm for License plate extraction & Maximally stable extreme region for license plate segmentation , Template matching method for license plate recognition & also payment in toll plaza and parking lots automatically by detecting the number plates of vehicles which in turn reduce the traffic and consumption of time in toll stations. Keywords: Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR), Maximally Stable Extreme Region (MSER), Template matching, and Character Recognition
Smart License Plate Recognition System based on Image Processingijsrd.com
This report describes the Smart License Plate Reorganization System, which can be installed into a tollbooth for automated acceptation of vehicle license plate details using an image of a vehicle. This Smart License Plate Reorganization system could then be implemented to control the payment of fees, highways, bridges, parking areas or tunnels, etc. This report contains new algorithm for acceptation number plate using Structural operation, Thresholding operation, Edge detection, Bounding box analysis for number plate extraction, character separation using separation and character acceptation using Template method and Feature extraction.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IRJET-Analysis of Face Recognition System for Different ClassifierIRJET Journal
M.Manimozhi, A. John Dhanaseely "Analysis of Face Recognition System for Different Classifier ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net .published by Fast Track Publications
Abstract
Face recognition plays vital role for authenticating system. Human Face recognition is a challenging task in computer vision and pattern recognition. Face recognition has attracted much attention due to its potential value in security and law enforcement applications and its theoretical challenges. Different methods are used for feature extraction and classification. Kernel fisher analysis is used for feature extraction. The performance analysis for Euclidean, support vector machine is evaluated. The whole process is done using MATLAB software. A set of 10 person real time images is taken for our work. The classifier recognizes the similar posture as an output.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Use of horizontal and vertical edge processing technique to improve number pl...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) is a bulk investigation system that catches the image of vehicles and identifies their
license number. ANPR may be supported in the finding of taken vehicles. The recognition of taken vehicles may be done in an
effective means by means of the ANPR systems situated on the highways. This paper proposes a recognition technique in which
the vehicle plate image is found by the digital cameras and the image is processed to acquire the number plate data. A back image
of a vehicle is taken and administered using numerous algorithms.
Key Words: Image Processing, Histogram, Skew Correction, Segmentation
DIGITAL RESTORATION OF TORN FILMS USING FILTERING T ECHNIQUESAM Publications
The acceptance of digital imaging is motivating many photography enthusiasts to transfer their
photographic archive to digital form. Scans of negatives and positives are preferred to be scanned at high resolution
which makes small cracks and scratches very apparent. These unsightly defects have become an important issue
for consumers. Filtering techniques are used for the restoration process which is fully automatic whereas the existing
systems were semi-automatic or completely manual. The method used for the detection of tear is dilation process and
top-hat transform. Top-hat transform might misinterpret dark brush strokes as cracks. In order to avoid these
unwanted alterations to the original image, brush strokes are separated from the actual cracks using clustering
technique. Tear removal includes order statistics filtering which deals with the reconstruction of missing or
damaged image areas.
Abstract
Field of image processing has vast applications in medical, forensic, research etc., It includes various domains like enhancement,
classification, segmentation, etc., which are widely used for these applications. Image Enhancement is the pre processing step on
which the accuracy of the result lies. Image enhancement aims to improve the visual appearance of an image, without affecting
the original attributes (i.e.,) image contrast is adjusted and noise is removed to produce better quality image. Hence image
enhancement is one of the most important tasks in image processing. Enhancement is classified into two categories spatial domain
enhancement and frequency domain enhancement. Spatial domain enhancement acts upon pixel value whereas frequency domain
enhancement acts on the Fourier transform of the image. The enhancement techniques to be used depend on modality, climatic
and visual perspective etc., In this paper, we present a survey on various existing image enhancement techniques.
Keywords: Enhancement, Spatial domain enhancement, Frequency domain enhancement, Contrast, Modality.
Tracking number plate from vehicle usingijfcstjournal
In Traffic surveillance, Tracking of the number plate from the vehicle is an important task, which demands
intelligent solution. In this document, extraction and Recognization of number plate from vehicles image
has been done using Matlab. It is assumed that images of the vehicle have been captured from Digital
Camera. Alphanumeric Characters on plate has been Extracted and recognized using template images of
alphanumeric characters.
This paper presents a new algorithm in MATLAB which has been used to extract the number plate from the
vehicle in various luminance conditions. Extracted image of the number plate can be seen in a text file for
verification purpose. Number plate identification is helpful in finding stolen cars, car parking management
system and identification of vehicle in traffic.
AUTOMATIC IMAGE PROCESSING ENGINE ORIENTED ON QUALITY CONTROL OF ELECTRONIC B...sipij
We propose in this work a study of an image processing engine able to detect automatically the features of
electronic board weldings. The engine has been developed by using ImageJ and OpenCV libraries.
Specifically the image processing segmentation has been improved by watershed approach. After a
complete design of the automation processes, different test have been performed showing the engine
efficiency in terms of features extraction, scale setting and thresholding calibration. The engine provides as
outputs the storage of the cropped images of each single defects. The proposed engine together with the
post-processing 3D imaging represent a good tool for the management of the production quality of
electronic boards.
An expanded haar wavelet transform and morphological deal based approach for ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
The automatic license plate recognition(alpr)
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 353
THE AUTOMATIC LICENSE PLATE RECOGNITION(ALPR)
Rinku Solanki1
, Rajeshkumar Rai2
, Teena Raikwar3
1
M.tech student, digital communication, NRI-IST, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India,
2
Assistant professor, Professor, Head of the department of E.C, NIIST, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
3 Assistant professor, electronica & communication dept., (NRI-IST, Bhopal), Madhya Pradesh, India
rinkusolanki86@gmail.com, raj.rai1008@gmail.com, t_raikwar.2006@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
Every country uses their own way of designing and allocating number plates to their country vehicles. This license number plate is
then used by various government offices for their respective regular administrative task like- traffic police tracking the people who are
violating the traffic rules, to identify the theft cars, in toll collection and parking allocation management etc. In India all motorized
vehicle are assigned unique numbers. These numbers are assigned to the vehicles by district-level Regional Transport Office (RTO).
In India the license plates must be kept in both front and back of the vehicle. These plates in general are easily readable by human due
to their high level of intelligence on the contrary; it becomes an extremely difficult task for the computers to do the same. Many
attributes like illumination, blur, background color, foreground color etc. will pose a problem.
Index Terms: Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) system, proposed methodology, reference
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this paper is to provide researchers a systematic
survey of existing ALPR research by categorizing existing
methods according to the features they used, by analyzing the
pros/cons of these features, and by comparing them in terms of
recognition performance and processing speed, and to open
some issues for the future research.
Basic block diagram of the ALPR system is shown in fig 1.for
above steps different techniques used by different author which
are studied in literature review. An example of the number
plate extraction is given .by this figure block diagram is easily
understand, in this figure all steps of block diagram is shown
by indicating number A, B, C, D.
Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) applies image
processing and character recognition technology to identify
vehicles by automatically reading their number plates.and this
system mainly devide in three steps:all ateps are better explain
in proposed methodology.
FIGURE (1) BASIC BLOCKDIAGRAM OF ALPR
SYSTEM
The variations of the plate types or environments cause
challenges in the detection and recognition of license plates.
They are summarized as follows:
1) Location: Plates exist in different locations of an image.
2) Quantity: An image may contain no or many plates.
3) Size: Plates may have different sizes due to the camera
distance and the zoom factor.
4) Color: Plates may have various characters and
background colors due to different plate types or capturing
devices.
5) Font: Plates of different nations may be written in
different fonts and language.
6) Occlusion: Plates may be obscured by dirt.
7) Inclination: Plates may be tilted.
8) Other: In addition to characters, a plate may contain
frames and screws.
Environment variations:
1) Illumination: Input images may have different types of
illumination, mainly due to environmental lighting and
vehicle headlights.
2) Background: The image background may contain
patterns similar to plates, such as numbers stamped on a
vehicle, bumper with vertical patterns, and textured floors.
2. PROPOSEDMETHODOLOGY
Vehicle license plate (VLP) constitutes an unambiguous
identifier of a vehicle participating in road traffic. Reading a
license plate is the first step in determining the identities of
parties involved in traffic incidents. An efficient automatic
license plate recognition process may become the core of fully
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 354
computerized road traffic monitoring systems, electronic fee
collection solutions, surveillance devices and safety
supervision systems. It is important that the recognition
accuracy of such a process is very high. Tracking and
registering dangerous behavior in traffic may be used for
prosecuting offenders.
License-Plate Recognition System consists of three
main modules:
(1) License plate detection
(2) Character segmentation
(3)Character Recognition (CR)
Step(1)image acquisition, in image acquisition explained that
from where images are acquire Image can be input to the
system by different methods by analog camera,or by digital
cameras, but nowadays digital technology has their advantages
so better input method is by digital cameras or by direct digital
photos.
2.1 License Plate Detection
by whole capturing image we having license plate covered by
background of vehicle body,so by this step only plate are is
extracted from whole body. our task now is to identify the
region containing the license plate. In this experiment, two
features are defined and extracted in order to decide if a
candidate region contains a license plate or not , these features
are
2.1.1 Preprocessing
Since we have assumed that the license plate has a yellow
background, the first step is to identify the regions in the image
that contain the intensity of RGB corresponding to the color
yellow. We Filter the yellow colored part from the image using
values obtained by experiments on the 10 sample images. (i) -
(a< R< b) && (p< G< q) && (x< B< y) Where R is the
intensity of the color Red , G of Green and B that of
Blue.Based on this condition we obtain a Binary Image. We
change yellow to white and non-yellow to black.
2.1.2 Morphological Operations:
These are Non-linear filters, with the function of restraining
noises, extracting features and segmenting images etc The
following morphological operations have been used
Fill (MATLAB function – imfill): fills holes in the binary
image. A hole is a set of background pixels that cannot be
reached by filling in the background from the edge of the
image.
Open (MATLAB function – imopen): performs morphological
opening on the grayscale or binary image with the pre-defined
structuring element.
Dilate (MATLAB function – imdilate): dilates the grayscale,
binary, or packed binary image returning the dilated image
(I)On applying these morphological operations on „im1.jpg‟
we obtain the Image.
2.1.3 Horizontal Segmentation
Once the Preprocessing is over, the next step is to segment the
license plate candidates from the image. We first do a
horizontal segmentation of the image using the histogram
method.
Steps:
For this we calculate the horizontal and vertical projections of
intensity. Then we find the mean of the local minimas of
horizontal projection plot .Based on the threshold calculated
from the above local minimas, we find x locations of the
segmented regions. In order to locate the right and left edges of
License plate from candidate region, the vertical projection
after mathematical morphology deal is changed into binary
image. The arithmetic for doing this is:
TfLf TTT 1)( TfLf TTT 0)(
Where fT (1,i) is the vertical projection after mathematical
morphology, T is the threshold. Then scan the function of fT
(1,i) and register the portions where values change from 0 to 1
and from 1 to 0 in stack1 and stack2 respectively. So the
candidate position of the left and right edge of the license plate
are in stack1 (1,i) and stack2(1,i) respectively, and the
candidate’s width of the license plate is calculated by: width(1,
i) stack2(1, i) - stack1(1, i) respectively. So the candidate
position of the left and right edge of the license plate are in
stack1 (1,i) and stack2(1,i) respectively, and the candidate’s
width of the license plate is calculated by: width(1, i) stack2(1,
i) - stack1(1, i) These give the x coordinates of the potentially
candidates regions
2.1.4 Getting Potential Candidates
After getting the horizontal segments of the candidate regions,
we would now want to get the vertical coordinates, in order to
extract the exact area from the image For each of the horizontal
segments, in order find the vertical location, we once again use
the vertical projections of intensity. Then converting to a
binary image using the threshold as discussed in the previous
section we get the desired vertical coordinates. Now we have
all our candidate regions. An candidate regions obtained from
our sample image „im1.jpg‟ are :
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 355
Figure (2) Candidate regions
2.1.5 Identifying the License Plate:
Out of the many candidate regions that we have obtained from
the so far mentioned procedure, our task now is to identify the
region containing the license plate. In this experiment, two
features are defined and extracted in order to decide if a
candidate region contains a license plate or not , these features
are
1. Aspect ratio
2. Edge Density
Even though these features are not scale-invariant, luminance-
invariant, rotation-invariant, but they are insensitive to many
environment changes.
Aspect ratio
The aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the width to the height
of the region.
Aspect Ratio = width/height
Since the minimum enclosing rectangle(MER) of the object
region can be computed via rotating the region in previous
section, the dimension of the object‟s MER can be taken as the
width and the height of the region.
Edge density
Applying the above feature to filter the segmented regions, a
lot of nonlicense plate regions can be removed. However, there
are still many candidate regions left which take similar
rectangularity and aspect ratio features as the license plate
regions do, such as often the head lights. Considering that the
license plate regions generally take higher local variance in its
pixels‟ values due to the presence of characters, an important
feature to describe license plate region is local variance, which
is quantized using the edge density. The edge density is
measured in a region R by averaging the intensities of all edge
pixels within the region as
Rnm
D
nmE
NR
R ,
1 ),(
Where E(i,j) represents the edge magnitude at location (i,j), and
NR is the number of pixels in region R. License plate Sets used
for training to calculate aspect ratio and edge density: We used
24 license plates as training data. They are contained in the
directory named
“edge_density_and_aspect_ratio_training_images”.
After performing this experiment, we found the average values
of the above mentioned features as follow:
Aspect ratio = 4.4912 edge density = 0.1359
On using the above mentioned features we are able to drop the
incorrect regions and get the final result as the extracted license
plate from the input image.
For the candidate images shown above, above tests rules out
the first candidate and gives the following output –
Figure (3) Number Plate
2.2 SEGMENTATION
This step characters on license plate are segmented and
identify. This step is the most important step in license plate
recognition because all further steps rely on it. This is the
second major part of the License Plate detection algorithm.
There are many factors that cause the character segmentation
task difficult, such as image noise, plate frame, rivet, space
mark, plate rotation and illumination variance. We here
propose the algorithm that is quite robust and gives
significantly good results on images having the above
mentioned problems for the segmentation preprocessing is
required by conversion to gray scale and binarization. Different
algorithms are used for segmentation which are explained
further later in literature review.
In the segmentation of plate characters, license plate is
segmented into its constituent parts obtaining the characters
individually. Firstly, image is filtered for enhancing the image
and removing the noises and unwanted spots. Then dilation
operation is applied to the image for separating the characters
from each other if the characters are close to each other. After
this operation, horizontal and vertical smearing are applied for
finding the character regions. The result of this segmentation is
in Figure given below.
Figure (4) Locations of plate characters
The next step is to cut the plate characters. It is done by finding
starting and end points of characters in horizontal direction.
The individual characters cut from the plate are as follows in
Figure given below.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 356
Figure (5) Number plate characters
2.3 CHARACTER RECOGNITISON:
Automatically locate license plates by principal visual word
(PVW), discovery and local feature matching. Observing that
characters in different license plates are duplicates of each
other, we bring in the idea of using the bag-of words (Bow)
model popularly applied in partial-duplicate image search.
Unlike the classic Bow model, for each plate character, we
automatically discover the PVW characterized with geometric
context. Given a new image, the license plates are extracted by
matching local features with PVW. Besides license plate
detection, our approach can also be extended to the detection of
logos and trademarks. Due to the invariance virtue of scale-
invariant feature transform feature, our method can adaptively
deal with various changes in the license plates, such as rotation,
scaling, illumination, etc. Promising results of the proposed
approach are demonstrated with an experimental study in
license plate detection. We formulate license plate detection as
a visual matching problem. For each character, we collect SIFT
features falling into the character region and generate PVW by
unsupervised clustering. The amount of PVW for each plate
character is determined automatically Besides SIFT
descriptors, each visual word contains some geometric
information, such as orientation, ratio of scale to character
height, and relative position in the character region. Those
geometric clues will be used to filter false feature matches and
estimate the character and plate size. In testing, every valid
match votes a support for plate location, and all supports are
unified to discover potential license plates. Due to the
invariance virtue of SIFT feature, our method can adaptively
deal with various changes of license plate, such as distortion
from observation views, scaling, and illumination. Multiple
license plates in a single image can also be automatically
detected.
In visual word matching and license plate locating, we compare
the extracted SIFT features of the test image with all
discovered PVW, and locate the license plate based on the
matching results. Let us denote the PVW set as {D, G} ={(di ,
gi ), i = 1, . . . , N}, where di denotes appearance descriptor,
and gi denotes the geometric clues, N denotes the visual word
number. Once the PVW of an object category is discovered, we
can use it for detection in a new image. Given features F = { fi
} for a test image, the probability that the test image
corresponds to a sign of interest is
)0,(
),(
)0()0,(
),0( ii
ii
ii
ii gdp
gdp
pgdp
gdp
……………………………. (1)
Where p(O) is prior of plate. The likelihood p(di , gi |O) is
deduced as
j
jjiiii fpfgdpgdp )0()0,,()0,(
……………………………. (2)
Where p(di , gi | f j , O) is modeled by matching feature f j to
the descriptor di of the PVW.
Figure (6) Illustration of a PVW (red arrow) in the character
“6”
Consequently, by searching for the local maxima of the
likelihood function given by (1) for all PVW, we can find the
initial hypotheses for license plate location. Some other prior
heuristics can also be imposed to remove potential false
positives. In the following subsections, we will discuss PVW
generation and local feature matching to extract license plate in
detail.
A. PVW Generation
There are a certain number of sorted characters in license
plates, each with the same format, but maybe undergoing
illumination change or affine transformation. Since SIFT
feature is invariant to changes in scale and rotation, and robust
to illumination change and affine distortion [2], some
repeatable and distinctive SIFT features to each character exist,
called PVW. As shown in Fig., a PVW is denoted as V (des,
ori, rat, pos), where des is the 128-D SIFT descriptor, ori is the
SIFT orientation (−π ≤ ori < π), rat = H/s (s is the SIFT scale),
and pos = ( f/W, e/H) is a 2-D vector denoting the relative
position of the key point in the character region. Both des and
ori are originated from the standard SIFT features [2] des
captures the local visual appearance with a concatenation of 8-
D orientation histograms from 4 by 4 subpatches around local
interest point. ori denotes the dominant directions of local
gradients around a key point. Relative to ori and des is
represented to achieve invariance to image rotation changes .
Ideally, for a feature with high repeatability in a certain
character, rat shall be identical. Given this specific SIFT
feature with scale s, we can estimate the corresponding
character height as rat · s. Given an image patch of the
character with height, v, we can also derive the scale of the
SIFT feature as v/rat. We collect many training images, each
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 357
containing one or more license plates. License plates in the
training images are all upright, with little affine distortion.
Each character in the license plate is annotated and all SIFT
features in each character region are extracted. Usually, many
noisy features also exist. To discover the PVW of each
character, we need to cluster the local features of each
character and discover the most representative cluster centers
as the PVW, which can be found automatically in the
clustering process. In affinity propagation, a similarity matrix
of samples shall be defined. We first give the distance metric,
which will be used to define the similarity metric. The distance
between two feature samples V j and Vk is defined in (3)
PrOdkj DDDDd ,
…..……..(3)
where α, β, γ, and δ are constant weighting factors, Dd ,Do, Dr,
and Dp are the distance of descriptor, orientation, height-scale
ratio, and position, respectively, and are defined as follows:
128
1
2
)(
1
i
k
i
j
id desdesD
……………… (4)
kjkj
O orioriorioriD
2,min
1
……………. (5)
kj
r ratrat
N
D
1
…………. (6)
2
1
2
)(
2
1
i
k
i
j
ip posposD
………………... (7)
Where σ and N are normalization factors to make sure that both
Dd and Dr range from 0 to 1.
The similarity metric is a decreasing function of the distance
metric. There are many choices for it. In our implementation,
the pair wise similarity between two feature samples V j and
Vk is defined as
)0(,)( ,, ndS n
kjkj
(8)
In affinity propagation, the diagonal elements in the similarity
matrix are referred to as exemplar preference, which will
influence the number of identified clusters. Generally, without
any priori, we set it as the median of the input similarities, after
clustering; we need to discover the most representative clusters.
For each cluster, we count the number of image patches which
contain at least one feature falling into the cluster. Then an
image-number histogram is built. To select those representative
clusters, a threshold thresh shall be specified on the histogram.
Any cluster with image number above thresh will be selected.
In each selected cluster, the PVW are defined as the average of
all samples falling into that cluster. In our experiments, we set
thresh = 0.6·Num, where Num is the total sample number of
the specific character. Fig. illustrates the feature clustering
results of three characters: “0,” “6,” and “9.” In each character,
the PVW are highlighted in red color on the patch with its
geometric information: ori, rat, and pos. The PVW of
characters from “0” to “9” are shown in Fig. while those of
characters from “A” to “Z” excluding “I” and“O” are
illustrated in Fig. 5. There are no PVW of character “I” and
“O” as these two characters are not found in any training plate.
B. Visual Word Matching
Given a test image, we will discover those characters with
features matched to the PVW. We first extract SIFT features
from the test image. Then each SIFT feature F(des, ori, scl) is
compared with the PVW of each character. A feature is
considered as a candidate match if the minimum descriptor
distance to a certain PVW of a certain character is less than
constant threshold T
Tdesdestd d
t
F
td
2
,
**
argmin,
(9)
Where desF denotes the descriptor vector of a test SIFT
feature, des d t denotes the descriptor vector of the t-th PVW in
the d-th plate character. In standard SIFT features, descriptors
are all normalized to be a constant const. In our experiments,
we set T = 0.5 · const. Each candidate match is recorded as
C(x, y, angle, height, pos), where x and y denote spatial
position of the test SIFT feature in the image plane, angle is the
rotation angle from the test feature to the matched visual word,
height = rat dt* · sclF is the estimated height of the
corresponding license plate, pos = pos d*t* denotes the relative
position in character.
Figure (7) PVW of each digit in Chinese license plate each
arrow denotes a PVW
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 358
Figure (8) PVW of each letter in Chinese license plate, from
“A” to “Z,”excluding “I” and “O” each arrow denotes a PVW.
2.3. License Plate Locating
Once the character features in the test image are identified, we
can make use of the geometric context of the matched PVW to
locate the license plate. A bounding box will be estimated to
encompass license plate by determining the upper, lower, left,
and right bounding lines sequentially.
We first estimate the upper and lower bounding lines of license
plate in images. Specially, each matched feature C(x, y, angle,
height, pos) estimates a point (xup, yup) of the upper bounding
line by (10) and (11)
)sin(cos)2( hposxxuo (10)
)cos(sin)2( hposyyup
(11)
Where h and θ are the median of height and angle of all valid
matched features C, respectively, pos(2) = e/H. The origin is
assumed to be at the upper-left corner of the image plane.
Then, for all upper bounding points, we estimate a line with
linear regression. Similarly, we can also determine the lower
bounding points (xdown, ydown) with (12) and (13) and
estimate the lower bounding line of license plate.
)sin(cos))2(1( hposxxdown (12)
)cos(sin))2(1( hposyydown (13)
After that, we can also roughly estimate the left and right
bounding lines. In license plate, the ratio of plate width to
height is constant. When the plate height h is estimated, we can
obtain the plate width w. Since license plate must cover all
matched key points of SIFT feature, the interval between the
left bound and the most right key point of matched feature shall
be no less than w, so is that of the interval between the right
bounding line and the most left key point. Consequently, we
can determine the minimal bounding box containing the license
plate although some background patch is also included, they
can be removed with some other information, such as edge
map. However, this is not our focus in this paper.
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
To evaluate the proposed approach containing 410 Chinese
license plate images. Of them, 160 license plate images are
downloaded from the Internet while another 250 images are
taken by the authors. The second dataset contains 112 images
with resolution of 896 ?592, each contains a U.S. license plate
with a cluttered background, such as trees or grass. In this
dataset, the plate character height ranges from about 16 to 23.
On the first dataset, it achieves a 93.2% “true” detection rate,
On the second dataset, the “true” detection rate of our approach
is 84.8%,All the “true” detection rates of four approaches are
lower than that on the first dataset. This is because the plates in
the second dataset are of smaller size, and the background is
much more cluttered. The false positive rate of our approach is
also much lower than that of the three comparison approaches.
We investigate the time efficiency from two aspects. The first
one is feature extraction time, and the second one is detection
time after feature extraction. Our approach is based on SIFT
feature, whose extraction time cost is larger than that of edge
maps, as used in the other three comparison approaches. The
detection time cost of our approach is proportional to the SIFT
feature amount of image, while the detection efficiency of the
three comparison approaches are determined by the complexity
extent of image texture. In open environment, there are various
observation views from cameras, which will make the edge
map-based methods difficult to accurately extract the whole
plate. However, benefiting from the invariance property of
SIFT feature, our approach can effectively address that
difficulty when the observation angle is within some tolerance
range. Some results seen in figure12
Figure (9) Sample detection results of license plates
CONCLUSIONS
In general, an ALPR system consists of four processing stages.
In the image acquisition stage, some points have to be
considered when choosing the ALPR system camera, such as
the camera resolution and the shutter speed. In the license plate
extraction stage, the license plate is extracted based on some
features such as the color, the boundary, or the existence of the
characters. In the license plate segmentation stage, the
characters are extracted by projecting their color information,
by labeling them, or by matching their positions with template.
Finally, the characters are recognized in the character
recognition stage by template matching, or by classifiers such
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 359
as neural networks and fuzzy classifiers. Automatic license
plate recognition is quite challenging due to the different
license plate formats and the varying environmental conditions.
There are numerous ALPR techniques have been proposed in
recent years.
REFERENCES:
[1] Muhammad Sarfraz, Mohammed Jameel Ahmed, and Syed
A. Ghazi ,“Saudi arebian licence plate recognition system”,
International Conference on Geometric Modeling and Graphics
(GMAG’03), 2003.
[2] Serkan Ozbay, and Ergun Ercelebi,” Automatic Vehicle
Identification by Plate Recognition”, Processing of world
academy of science engineering and technology vol9, ISSN
1307-6884, november 2005.
[3] Humayun Karim Sulehria, Ye Zhang, Danish Irfan, Atif
Karim Sulehria,” Vehicle Number Plate Recognition Using
Mathematical Morphology and Neural Networks”, WSEAS
TRANSACTIONS on COMPUTERS, Volume 7,ISSN: 1109-
2750, Issue 6, June 2008.
[4] Zhen-Xue Chen, Cheng-Yun Liu, Fa-Liang Chang, and
Guo-You Wang,” Automatic License-Plate Location and
Recognition Based on Feature Salience”, IEEE Transaction on
vehicle technology, VOL. 58, NO. 7, september 2009.
[5] Dr. P.K.Suri, Dr. Ekta Walia, Er. Amit Verma,” Vehicle
Number Plate Detection using Sobel Edge Detection
Technique”, International Journal of Computer Science and
Technology, ISSN : 2229 – 4333, IJCST Vol. 1, Issue 2,
December 2010.
[6] Kumar Parasuraman, Member, IEEE and P.Vasantha
Kumar, “ An Efficient Method for Indian Vehicle License Plate
Extraction and Character Segmentation”, IEEE International
Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing
Research,2010.
[7] Muhammad H Dashtban, Zahra Dashtban, Hassan Bevrani,
“ A Novel Approach for Vehicle License Plate Localization
and Recognition”, International Journal of Computer
Applications (0975 – 8887), Volume 26– No.11, July 2011.
[8] Stuti Asthana, Niresh Sharma, Rajdeep Singh, “Vehicle
number plate recognition using multiple layer back propagation
neural networks”, International Journal of Computer
Technology and Electronics Engineering (IJCTEE), Volume 1,
Issue 1, July 10, 2011.
BIOGRAPHIES:
Rinku K. Solanki, M.Tech student (digital communication),
NRI-IST, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India,
Rinkusolanki86@gmail.com
RAJESH KUMAR RAI, Asst. Prof.(Head of the department
of E.C.), NIIST, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
raj.rai1008@gmail.com
Teena Raikwar, Assistant professor, electronica &
communication dept., (NRI-IST, Bhopal), Madhya Pradesh,
India
t_raikwar.2006@yahoo.co.in