The document provides information about the musculoskeletal system, including its two main divisions - the muscular system and skeletal system. It describes the key components and functions of the skeletal system such as providing support, protection, movement, and storage. It also discusses the axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, and different types of joints. Finally, it covers topics like bone formation, healing, and diseases like osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, and ligaments that provide structure and protection. The axial skeleton forms the central axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull has multiple bones that form the cranium and face. Bones of the skull include the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, and mandible. The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton.
The skeletal system performs several critical functions:
1. It supports the body and facilitates movement by providing attachment points for muscles and acting as levers.
2. Bones protect internal organs such as the lungs, heart, and brain.
3. The skeletal system stores and releases minerals and produces blood cells. Bones store minerals like calcium and release them when needed, and bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
The muscular system allows for movement of the body through contraction of skeletal muscles, which are attached to bones via tendons. There are two main types of skeletal muscles - the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which facilitate breathing by changing the size of the thoracic cavity. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens while the external intercostals elevate the ribs, expanding the cavity. Exhalation occurs when these muscles relax and the internal intercostals draw the ribs together to decrease cavity size.
Joints can be classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, and functionally as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable. Synovial joints are the most complex and permit the greatest range of motion. They contain articular cartilage, a joint cavity lined by synovial membrane that secretes lubricating synovial fluid, and surrounding ligaments, bursae and other accessory structures. The six types of synovial joints are plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball and socket. Important examples are the shoulder, elbow, hip and knee. Range of motion and joint movements like flexion/extension are affected by various factors. Arthroplasty
The document summarizes key bones and structures of the appendicular skeleton. It describes how the 126 bones of the appendicular skeleton are divided into the limb bones and girdle bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. The upper and lower limbs each have distinct functional demands due to human bipedalism. Key bones of the upper limb include the humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. The lower limb attaches via the pelvic girdle, made of the fused hip bones that connect to the axial skeleton at the sacrum. The male and female pelvises differ in size and shape relating to functional demands.
This document provides information on the different types of joints in the human body. It begins by explaining that joints are where bones connect and allow for varying degrees of movement. There are three main types of joints - fibrous joints which join bones through connective tissue, cartilaginous joints which join through cartilage, and synovial joints which have a fluid-filled cavity allowing movement. Within these categories there are further structural and functional classifications. The document then goes on to describe six specific types of synovial joints and three functional classifications of joints based on mobility. It concludes by discussing the different types of movements that can occur at synovial joints in the body.
1. The document discusses the functions and components of bones in the human body. It describes how bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage.
2. The main components of bones are described including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and bones of the upper and lower limbs.
3. The types of bones - long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid - are defined along with examples of each type.
The document discusses different types of joints in the human body. It begins by explaining that joints allow movement between bones and come in many varieties. It then covers three main types of joints - fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. Synovial joints are the most mobile and complex. They are further classified into six categories based on their structure and motion: gliding, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball and socket. Each joint type allows for specific ranges of motion.
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, and ligaments that provide structure and protection. The axial skeleton forms the central axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull has multiple bones that form the cranium and face. Bones of the skull include the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, and mandible. The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton.
The skeletal system performs several critical functions:
1. It supports the body and facilitates movement by providing attachment points for muscles and acting as levers.
2. Bones protect internal organs such as the lungs, heart, and brain.
3. The skeletal system stores and releases minerals and produces blood cells. Bones store minerals like calcium and release them when needed, and bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
The muscular system allows for movement of the body through contraction of skeletal muscles, which are attached to bones via tendons. There are two main types of skeletal muscles - the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which facilitate breathing by changing the size of the thoracic cavity. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens while the external intercostals elevate the ribs, expanding the cavity. Exhalation occurs when these muscles relax and the internal intercostals draw the ribs together to decrease cavity size.
Joints can be classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, and functionally as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable. Synovial joints are the most complex and permit the greatest range of motion. They contain articular cartilage, a joint cavity lined by synovial membrane that secretes lubricating synovial fluid, and surrounding ligaments, bursae and other accessory structures. The six types of synovial joints are plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball and socket. Important examples are the shoulder, elbow, hip and knee. Range of motion and joint movements like flexion/extension are affected by various factors. Arthroplasty
The document summarizes key bones and structures of the appendicular skeleton. It describes how the 126 bones of the appendicular skeleton are divided into the limb bones and girdle bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. The upper and lower limbs each have distinct functional demands due to human bipedalism. Key bones of the upper limb include the humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. The lower limb attaches via the pelvic girdle, made of the fused hip bones that connect to the axial skeleton at the sacrum. The male and female pelvises differ in size and shape relating to functional demands.
This document provides information on the different types of joints in the human body. It begins by explaining that joints are where bones connect and allow for varying degrees of movement. There are three main types of joints - fibrous joints which join bones through connective tissue, cartilaginous joints which join through cartilage, and synovial joints which have a fluid-filled cavity allowing movement. Within these categories there are further structural and functional classifications. The document then goes on to describe six specific types of synovial joints and three functional classifications of joints based on mobility. It concludes by discussing the different types of movements that can occur at synovial joints in the body.
1. The document discusses the functions and components of bones in the human body. It describes how bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage.
2. The main components of bones are described including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and bones of the upper and lower limbs.
3. The types of bones - long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid - are defined along with examples of each type.
The document discusses different types of joints in the human body. It begins by explaining that joints allow movement between bones and come in many varieties. It then covers three main types of joints - fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. Synovial joints are the most mobile and complex. They are further classified into six categories based on their structure and motion: gliding, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball and socket. Each joint type allows for specific ranges of motion.
There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and forms the outer protective layer, while spongy bone is less dense and found in low-stress areas. Bones are composed of osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells which build, maintain, and remodel the bone tissue. Typical bone structure includes a diaphysis shaft surrounded by compact bone, epiphyses at the ends composed of inner spongy bone and outer compact bone, and metaphyses of cartilage between.
The skeletal system provides structure, protection, and movement for the body through its 206 bones, which give the body its basic framework. The bones also perform important functions like producing blood cells, storing minerals, and releasing hormones necessary for life. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and chest, and the appendicular skeleton, which comprises the upper and lower limbs.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal system. It describes the bones that make up the skull, vertebral column, pelvis, and extremities. It discusses the types of joints in the body including fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. It also covers the microscopic structure of skeletal muscle fibers and their attachments, blood supply, and function. The document is an introductory overview of the key components and structures of the musculoskeletal system.
General Osteology by Dr. Rahul Singh ThakurDrRahul Thakur
The document provides an overview of general osteology. It discusses that the skeleton is composed of around 206 bones and is divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton contains 80 bones including those of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. The appendicular skeleton contains 126 bones including the shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. Bone has several functions like providing a rigid framework, serving as levers for muscles, protecting organs, storing minerals, and containing marrow. Bones are classified based on their shape, development, region, and microstructure.
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiologykajal chandel
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
APU4.5 Skeleton System (Articulations & Movement)NeQuelle DeFord
Articulations are where bones meet, and are classified based on their structure and function. The three main types of joints are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Synovial joints are the most common and include ball-and-socket joints like the shoulder, hinge joints like the elbow, and gliding joints like those between vertebrae. Joints allow various movements like flexion, extension, and rotation through the interaction of bones, ligaments, muscles, and other tissues.
The axial skeleton comprises 80 bones located along the body's central axis. It includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs. The skull is made up of 22 bones including 8 cranial bones that form the cranium and 14 facial bones. The vertebral column consists of 26 vertebrae that are separated into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions. It protects the spinal cord and supports the head. The sternum and 12 pairs of ribs are also part of the axial skeleton, with the ribs attaching to the vertebrae and sternum.
The skeletomuscular system is composed of the skeleton and skeletal muscles, which work together to provide posture and movement. The skeleton is made of bone and provides structure and support, while muscles are controlled by the nervous system to produce movement. Key components of the skeleton include bones, joints, and ligaments that connect various parts of the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder, pelvis, limbs). Skeletal muscles are attached to bones via tendons and work in opposing pairs to facilitate movement through contraction and relaxation.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that support the body and enable movement. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton comprises the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones are living tissues composed of compact and spongy bone, and come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes. Joints like the ball-and-socket hip and shoulder joints provide flexibility, while ligaments and tendons connect bones to muscles to facilitate movement. The three types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth - work with the skeletal system to enable both voluntary and involuntary body functions.
The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the body's central axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax. The skull is composed of two sets of bones - the cranium and facial bones. The cranium is made up of eight flat bones: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone which is dense and forms the outer layer, and spongy bone which is less dense and found in low stress areas. Bones are composed of osteocytes embedded in bone matrix, as well as osteoblasts which build bone, osteoclasts which resorb bone, and osteogenic cells which develop into osteoblasts. A long bone has a central shaft made of compact bone surrounding marrow, expanded ends made of inner spongy and outer compact bone lined with marrow, and growth plates between the shaft and ends.
There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone which is dense and forms the outer layer, and spongy bone which is less dense and found in low stress areas. Bones are composed of osteocytes embedded in bone matrix, as well as osteoblasts which build bone, osteoclasts which resorb bone, and osteogenic cells which develop into osteoblasts. A long bone has a central shaft made of compact bone surrounding marrow, expanded ends made of inner spongy and outer compact bone lined with marrow, and growth plates between the shaft and ends.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system, describing the bones that make up the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, upper and lower limbs, and their key features. It discusses the 206 bones in the adult skeleton, their classification into the axial and appendicular skeleton, and surface markings. Specific bones of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and upper and lower limbs are then described in detail.
Review of Anatomy and Physiology of Musculoskeletal System / NursingAby Thankachan
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Review of Anatomy and Physiology of Musculoskeletal System . Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses that the skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, and tendons that support, protect, and allow movement of the body. It also notes there are over 200 bones in the adult body. The document also outlines the three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and their different functions. In summary, the document provides a high-level introduction to the key components and functions of the skeletal and muscular systems.
This document provides information on anatomical terminology used to describe body structures and their locations. It discusses the anatomical reference system used including directions, planes, and cavities. It then describes the major cavities of the body and provides details on the musculoskeletal system including bones, joints, and movements. Specific bones such as those in the vertebral column and types of synovial joints are examined in more depth.
The document provides an overview of bone tissue, including its histology, development, shapes, and functions. Bone is a type of connective tissue composed of cells and an organic/inorganic matrix. There are four main types of bone cells that form or break down bone tissue through intricate biological processes. The skeletal system performs critical roles like supporting the body, protecting organs, enabling movement, and maintaining mineral balances in the blood.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that support the body and enable movement. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton comprises the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones are living tissues composed of compact and spongy bone, and come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes. Joints like the ball-and-socket shoulder allow bones to articulate. Ligaments and tendons connect bones to muscles, which contract to create movement via actin and myosin interactions in the sarcomere. The musculoskeletal system works with three muscle types - cardiac, smooth, and striated skeletal muscle - to support the form and
GENERAL ANATOMY OF SKELETAL SYSTEM-JOINTS .pptxMuthuRoshni1
This document provides an overview of the general anatomy of joints. It begins with an introduction to joints, then describes the two main classifications of joints: functional and structural. The three types of joints are named under each classification. Synovial joints are described in further detail, including the articular cartilage, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, fibrous capsule, ligaments, and menisci. Examples of each type of joint are also provided.
There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and forms the outer protective layer, while spongy bone is less dense and found in low-stress areas. Bones are composed of osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells which build, maintain, and remodel the bone tissue. Typical bone structure includes a diaphysis shaft surrounded by compact bone, epiphyses at the ends composed of inner spongy bone and outer compact bone, and metaphyses of cartilage between.
The skeletal system provides structure, protection, and movement for the body through its 206 bones, which give the body its basic framework. The bones also perform important functions like producing blood cells, storing minerals, and releasing hormones necessary for life. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and chest, and the appendicular skeleton, which comprises the upper and lower limbs.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal system. It describes the bones that make up the skull, vertebral column, pelvis, and extremities. It discusses the types of joints in the body including fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. It also covers the microscopic structure of skeletal muscle fibers and their attachments, blood supply, and function. The document is an introductory overview of the key components and structures of the musculoskeletal system.
General Osteology by Dr. Rahul Singh ThakurDrRahul Thakur
The document provides an overview of general osteology. It discusses that the skeleton is composed of around 206 bones and is divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton contains 80 bones including those of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. The appendicular skeleton contains 126 bones including the shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. Bone has several functions like providing a rigid framework, serving as levers for muscles, protecting organs, storing minerals, and containing marrow. Bones are classified based on their shape, development, region, and microstructure.
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiologykajal chandel
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
APU4.5 Skeleton System (Articulations & Movement)NeQuelle DeFord
Articulations are where bones meet, and are classified based on their structure and function. The three main types of joints are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Synovial joints are the most common and include ball-and-socket joints like the shoulder, hinge joints like the elbow, and gliding joints like those between vertebrae. Joints allow various movements like flexion, extension, and rotation through the interaction of bones, ligaments, muscles, and other tissues.
The axial skeleton comprises 80 bones located along the body's central axis. It includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs. The skull is made up of 22 bones including 8 cranial bones that form the cranium and 14 facial bones. The vertebral column consists of 26 vertebrae that are separated into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions. It protects the spinal cord and supports the head. The sternum and 12 pairs of ribs are also part of the axial skeleton, with the ribs attaching to the vertebrae and sternum.
The skeletomuscular system is composed of the skeleton and skeletal muscles, which work together to provide posture and movement. The skeleton is made of bone and provides structure and support, while muscles are controlled by the nervous system to produce movement. Key components of the skeleton include bones, joints, and ligaments that connect various parts of the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder, pelvis, limbs). Skeletal muscles are attached to bones via tendons and work in opposing pairs to facilitate movement through contraction and relaxation.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that support the body and enable movement. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton comprises the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones are living tissues composed of compact and spongy bone, and come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes. Joints like the ball-and-socket hip and shoulder joints provide flexibility, while ligaments and tendons connect bones to muscles to facilitate movement. The three types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth - work with the skeletal system to enable both voluntary and involuntary body functions.
The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the body's central axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax. The skull is composed of two sets of bones - the cranium and facial bones. The cranium is made up of eight flat bones: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone which is dense and forms the outer layer, and spongy bone which is less dense and found in low stress areas. Bones are composed of osteocytes embedded in bone matrix, as well as osteoblasts which build bone, osteoclasts which resorb bone, and osteogenic cells which develop into osteoblasts. A long bone has a central shaft made of compact bone surrounding marrow, expanded ends made of inner spongy and outer compact bone lined with marrow, and growth plates between the shaft and ends.
There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone which is dense and forms the outer layer, and spongy bone which is less dense and found in low stress areas. Bones are composed of osteocytes embedded in bone matrix, as well as osteoblasts which build bone, osteoclasts which resorb bone, and osteogenic cells which develop into osteoblasts. A long bone has a central shaft made of compact bone surrounding marrow, expanded ends made of inner spongy and outer compact bone lined with marrow, and growth plates between the shaft and ends.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system, describing the bones that make up the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, upper and lower limbs, and their key features. It discusses the 206 bones in the adult skeleton, their classification into the axial and appendicular skeleton, and surface markings. Specific bones of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and upper and lower limbs are then described in detail.
Review of Anatomy and Physiology of Musculoskeletal System / NursingAby Thankachan
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Review of Anatomy and Physiology of Musculoskeletal System . Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses that the skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, and tendons that support, protect, and allow movement of the body. It also notes there are over 200 bones in the adult body. The document also outlines the three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and their different functions. In summary, the document provides a high-level introduction to the key components and functions of the skeletal and muscular systems.
This document provides information on anatomical terminology used to describe body structures and their locations. It discusses the anatomical reference system used including directions, planes, and cavities. It then describes the major cavities of the body and provides details on the musculoskeletal system including bones, joints, and movements. Specific bones such as those in the vertebral column and types of synovial joints are examined in more depth.
The document provides an overview of bone tissue, including its histology, development, shapes, and functions. Bone is a type of connective tissue composed of cells and an organic/inorganic matrix. There are four main types of bone cells that form or break down bone tissue through intricate biological processes. The skeletal system performs critical roles like supporting the body, protecting organs, enabling movement, and maintaining mineral balances in the blood.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that support the body and enable movement. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton comprises the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones are living tissues composed of compact and spongy bone, and come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes. Joints like the ball-and-socket shoulder allow bones to articulate. Ligaments and tendons connect bones to muscles, which contract to create movement via actin and myosin interactions in the sarcomere. The musculoskeletal system works with three muscle types - cardiac, smooth, and striated skeletal muscle - to support the form and
GENERAL ANATOMY OF SKELETAL SYSTEM-JOINTS .pptxMuthuRoshni1
This document provides an overview of the general anatomy of joints. It begins with an introduction to joints, then describes the two main classifications of joints: functional and structural. The three types of joints are named under each classification. Synovial joints are described in further detail, including the articular cartilage, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, fibrous capsule, ligaments, and menisci. Examples of each type of joint are also provided.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that support the body and enable movement. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton comprises the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones are living tissues composed of compact and spongy bone. They develop through the actions of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Joints like the ball-and-socket hip allow movement, while ligaments and tendons connect bones to muscles to produce motion. The three types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth - work with the skeletal system to enable both voluntary and involuntary body functions.
Skeletal muscles are divided into three types - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and controls movement of the skeleton. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and contracts spontaneously. Smooth muscle lines organs and blood vessels and produces slow, involuntary contractions. Muscle contraction can be concentric (shortening), eccentric (lengthening), or isometric (static tension).
The skeleton provides structure and protection, allows for locomotion through muscle attachment, stores minerals, and enables senses like hearing. It is composed of cartilage and bone, with cartilage providing flexibility and bone providing rigidity. Joints connect bones and include synovial joints like the knee, fibrous joints with no movement, and
The skeletal and muscular systems are closely integrated because they work together to enable movement. The skeletal system has 206 bones divided into the axial skeleton (bones of the head, trunk and vertebral column) and appendicular skeleton (bones of the limbs and girdles). Bones are classified by shape and composition. Joints connect bones and allow various ranges of motion. The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell formation.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system including:
- The functions of the skeletal system which are support, protection, movement, production of blood cells, and storage of minerals.
- The parts of the skeletal system including bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments.
- Details on the structure of bones and classification of bones based on shape.
- How bones are connected through ligaments and various types of joints like hinge, ball-and-socket, and gliding joints.
1. Anatomy refers to the study of the structure and spatial relationships between body parts. It involves examining both living organisms and cadavers through dissection.
2. The human body can be studied through various approaches like regional anatomy, which examines specific body regions, and systematic anatomy, which examines body systems.
3. Key body systems include the skeletal, muscular, circulatory, nervous, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems. Structures within these systems like bones, muscles, blood vessels, and organs can be further examined.
The musculoskeletal system is comprised of muscles, bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints. It allows for movement via skeletal muscles attaching to bones. Bones provide support, protection, movement, storage of minerals, blood cell production, and heat generation. The musculoskeletal system includes long bones with a diaphysis and two epiphyses, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones. Joints can be fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, each varying in mobility. The musculoskeletal system works with tendons, ligaments, cartilage and joints to provide structure and movement to the body.
The skeletal system is composed of bones and associated tissues that perform several essential functions:
1. Support - Bones provide structural support for the body and protection for internal organs.
2. Movement - Skeletal muscles use bones as levers to enable movement of the body.
3. Mineral storage - Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
There are over 200 bones in the human body that are classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. Bones are living tissues composed of cells like osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts embedded in an organic bone matrix and inorganic minerals. Compact bone forms the dense outer layer while spongy bone composes the inner layer. Long bones have
1. The document provides an introduction to osteology, the study of bones. It defines osteology and discusses the classification, structure, and cellular makeup of bones.
2. Bones are classified based on their position in the body as either part of the axial or appendicular skeleton, and by their shape as long, short, flat, irregular, or sesamoid bones.
3. The structures of long bones, which make up the limbs, include a diaphysis, or shaft, and two epiphyses at the ends. Short, flat, and irregular bones differ in their shapes.
4. Bones are made up of compact cortical bone on the outside and spongy cancellous bone
The skeletal system has three main functions: providing structure and shape to the body, protecting vital organs, and allowing for bodily movement. It is made up of 206 bones that form the axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles). Bones are living tissues composed of compact bone, spongy bone, bone marrow, and various bone cells. They provide structure through their interaction with muscles, tendons, and ligaments at joints like the ball-and-socket hip. The skeletal system also plays roles in blood cell production and mineral storage.
The musculoskeletal system consists of bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons and ligaments and works together to allow for movement and provide support to the body. It has three main functions - supporting the body, allowing for motion, and protecting vital organs. There are three main types of muscles - skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attached to bones via tendons. Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in internal organs. Cardiac muscle is only located in the heart. The skeletal system provides points of attachment for muscles, supports the body, protects organs, stores minerals, and makes blood cells. It consists of long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid bones. Joints connect bones together and include fibrous
This document discusses joints and their classification, structure, and movements. It begins by defining joints as points of contact between bones, cartilage, or teeth. Joints are classified functionally as synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, or diarthrosis based on their mobility. Structurally, joints are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial based on their connective tissue and presence of a synovial cavity. Synovial joints are further classified by their shape and movements. The document concludes by discussing common joint disorders like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout.
The document provides information about a Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise course through YMCA Awards, including unit aims covering basic anatomy and physiology relating to exercise programming for healthy adults. The skeleton unit covers identifying major bones, the structure and functions of the skeleton, and types of joints. Special populations like young people, pregnant women, older adults and those with disabilities may require modified exercise approaches due to anatomical and physiological changes.
If you are Fsc student want to study the basics of support and movement, view this ppt about bones and cartilage. it will be must easier than reading long paragraphs of your textbooks. Also view my next ppts related to this topic.
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
This document provides an overview of the musculoskeletal system, including bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments, and muscles. It defines several important medical terms related to skeletal disorders like arthritis, fractures, and bone tumors. Muscle disorders like atrophy, myalgia, and paralysis are also defined. Diagnostic procedures for evaluating the skeletal and muscular systems such as x-rays, EMGs, and nerve conduction studies are described. The objectives are to name parts of bones and muscles, define related medical terminology, and describe skeletal and muscular pathologies.
The musculoskeletal system allows for movement of the body and is comprised of bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. The skeletal system provides structure and protection to the body through bones and bone marrow. Bones provide support, protect organs, allow for movement through muscles attaching to them, and store minerals. There are over 200 bones in the human body that make up the axial skeleton (skull, spine, ribcage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments).
The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones that form the framework of the body. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton containing the bones of the head, neck, back and chest, and the appendicular skeleton containing the bones of the shoulders, arms, hands, pelvis, legs and feet. Bones provide structure and support to the body, protect internal organs, allow for muscle attachment, produce blood cells, and store minerals. There are four main types of bones: long bones found in the arms and legs, flat bones found in the ribs and skull, short bones found in the hands and feet, and sesamoid bones that assist tendons. Joints connect bones and allow for movement, and can be immovable
Definition and Importance of Kinesiology and Biomechanics in sports
● Principles of Biomechanics
● Types of Body Movements - Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Rotation,
Circumduction, Supination & Pronation
● Axis and Planes – Concept and its application in body movements
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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4. Divided into two broad divisions;
• Axial Skeleton
• Relating to axis
• Appendicular Skeleton
• Appendage
THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
5. • The Skeletal System is made up
of
• Bones
• Ligaments
• Cartilages
• Joints
THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
6. FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
• Provides support and shape for the body (framework)
• Protects delicate organs
• Together with attached muscles, produce movement
(locomotion)
• Storage of minerals an fats
• Helps in the formation of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
7. THE AXIAL SKELETON
The Axial Skeleton is made up of
• The Skull (Cranium)
• Ossicles of the middle ear
• Hyoid (Laryngeal) Bone
• Rib Cage + Sternum
• Vertebral Column
8. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
• The function of the axial skeleton is to
• provide support and protection for for delicate organs (the brain, the
spinal cord, lungs, heart, etc).
• provide a surface for muscle attachment for movement of the head,
neck, and trunk.
• perform respiratory movements.
• stabilize parts of the appendicular skeleton.
9. THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
The Appendicular Skeleton is
made up of
• The Shoulder girdle
• Upper limb
• Pelvic Girdle
• Lower limb
10. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
• The appendicular skeleton
provide support and surface
for the attachment of
muscle. This is primarily
essential for grasp and
manipulation of objects
(upper limb) and locomotion
(lower limb)
11. JOINTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
• The human skeletal system is made up of several joints at
different points of the body.
• These joints could be classified based on their structure
(composition) or degree of movements.
• Based on structure, joints are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous
or synovial.
• Based on functional movement, joints are classified as
synarthrosis, diarthrosis or apmhiarthrosis.
12. FIBROUS JOINTS
• The bones of fibrous joints are held together by fibrous
connective tissue.
• There is no cavity, or space, present between the bones and so
most fibrous joints do not move at all, or are only capable of
minor movements.
13. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
• Cartilaginous joints are joints in which the bones are
connected by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline).
• Cartilaginous joint allows for very little movement.
14. • Synovial joints have a space between the
adjoining bones. It is referred to as the synovial
cavity and is filled with synovial fluid.
• Synovial fluid lubricates the joint, reducing
friction between the bones and allowing for
greater movement.
• The ends of the bones are covered with
articular cartilage, a hyaline cartilage, and the
entire joint is surrounded by an articular
capsule composed of connective tissue that
allows movement of the joint while resisting
dislocation.
15.
16.
17. BONE TO BONE ATTACHMENT
• A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to
bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep
them stable.
• Ligaments are viscoelastic - thus gradually strain when under
tension and return to their original shape when the tension is
removed.
• However, they cannot retain their original shape when extended
beyond a threshold (time or length)
• This is one reason why dislocated joints must be set as quickly
as possible: if the ligaments lengthen too much, then the joint
will be weakened, becoming prone to future dislocations.
18.
19. MUSCLE TO BONE ATTACHMENT
• The point at which the tendon forms attachment to the muscle is
also known as the musculotendinous junction (MTJ) and the
point at which it attaches to the bone is known as the
osteotendinous junction (OTJ).
• The proximal attachment of the tendon is also known as the
origin and the distal tendon is called the insertion.
20. • The process of bone formation is called osteogenesis or
ossification.
• After progenitor cells form osteoblastic lines, they proceed with
three stages of development of cell differentiation,
called proliferation, maturation of matrix, and
mineralization.
23. OSTEOPOROSIS
• Osteoporosis is a bone disease
that occurs when the body
loses too much bone, makes
too little bone, or both.
• As a result, bones become weak
and may break from a fall or, in
serious cases, from sneezing or
minor bumps.
• Osteoporosis means “porous
bone.” Viewed under a
microscope, healthy bone looks
like a honeycomb.
24.
25. OSTEOARTHRITIS
• Osteoarthritis is the most common
form of arthritis, affecting millions
of people worldwide.
• It occurs when the protective
cartilage that cushions the ends of
the bones wears down over time.
• Although osteoarthritis can damage
any joint, the disorder most
commonly affects joints in your
hands, knees, hips and spine.
26.
27. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
• Rheumatoid arthritis, or RA, is an autoimmune and
inflammatory disease, which means that your immune system
attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake, causing
inflammation (painful swelling) in the affected parts of the body.
• RA mainly attacks the joints, usually many joints at once.
31. A MUSCLE
• Muscle is the tissue of the body which primarily functions as a
source of power.
• Latin- Musculus (Mouse)
• Muscle is a contractile (capable of or producing contraction)
tissue
• Contraction implies becoming shorter and tighter
• It contains filaments which move past each other to change
the overall size of the cell
32. FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCLE
• Movement
• Stability
• Thermogenesis
• Respiration
• Constriction of organs and
vessels
• Heart beat
33. CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES
• Muscles can be classified based on striation, control or function
(situation)
• Based on striations, muscles are classified as Striated & Non-
striated
• Striations means a series of ridges or linear marks
• Based on control, muscles are classified as Voluntary &
Involuntary
• Based on situation, muscles are classified as Cardiac, Skeletal
or Smooth.
34. TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUES
• There are three types of muscle
tissues in the body based on
situation.
• Muscle which is responsible for
moving extremities and external
areas of the body is called "skeletal
muscle"
• Heart muscle is called "cardiac
muscle”
• Muscle that is in the walls of arteries
35.
36. FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF
MUSCLES
• EXCITABILITY
• capable of response to chemical signals, stretch or other signals &
responding with electrical changes across the plasma membrane
• CONTRACTILITY
• shortens when excited stimulated
• EXTENSIBILITY
• capable of being stretched
• ELASTICITY
• returns to its original resting length after being stretched
37. SKELETAL MUSCLE
A muscle is made up of
muscle bundles which
are made up of
fascicles.
Each fascicle is made
up of numerous muscle
fibers.
Muscle fibres are also
made up of several
myofibrils.
38.
39. FROM MUSCLE TO SARCOMERE
• Myofibrils lay parallel
• The myofibrils are also made
up of Sarcomeres which lay
in series. A single myofibril
can possess hundreds of
sarcomeres.
• Sarcomeres are the smallest
functional units of the muscle
fibre.
40.
41. Actin Filament (Thin )
Myosin Filament (Thick)
The Sarcomere is the
contractile unit of myocytes
• Z-Line – sarcomere boundary where actin
filaments attaches to
adjourning sarcomere
• M-Line – center of sarcomere holding adjacent
myosin filaments together
• I-Band (AKA lIght band) – space between
myosin. It contains only actin.
• A-Band (AKA dArk band) – stretches the length
of myosin and contains both actin and
myosin
• H-Zone – non-overlapping areas. Contains only
myosin
51. ENERGY SOURCES FOR MUSCLE
ACTIVITY
ENERGY
SOURCE
S
GLUCOS
E
ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE
(ATP)
CREATININE
PHOSPHATE
(CP)
52. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
• ATP is the immediate source of energy for muscle
contraction.
• The break down of phosphate bond of ATP releases
maximum energy.
• Anaerobic glycolysis:
Glucose 2 moles of lactic acid +8ATPs.
• Aerobic glycolysis coupled with Kreb‘s cycle:
Glucose 6 CO2 + 6H2O +38 ATPs.
53. CREATINE PHOSPHATASE
• Also known as phosphagens
• Forms a reservoir of high energy phosphate in the muscle
• Cannot be used as a direct source of energy.
• Used for regeneration of ATP from ADP.
Creatine phosphate creatine + phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid +ADP ATP
54. GLUCOSE
• Glucose is stored in the muscle in the form of
glycogen.
• Muscle glycogen is converted into glucose by
glycogenolysis.
• Glucose is oxidized by glycolysis.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
55. TETANUS
• Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria called
Clostridium tetani.
• When the bacteria invade the body, they produce a poison
(toxin) that causes painful muscle contractions.
• Another name for tetanus is “lockjaw”.
• It often causes a person's neck and jaw muscles to lock, making
it hard to open the mouth or swallow.
56.
57. RIGOR MORTISE
• Rigor mortis: Literally, the
stiffness of death. The rigidity
of a body after death.
• The biochemical basis of
rigor mortis is hydrolysis in
muscle of ATP, the energy
source required for
movement.
• Without ATP, myosin
molecules adhere to actin
filaments and the muscles
become rigid.
58. ATROPHY & HYPERTROPHY
• Muscle atrophy is defined as the presence of low muscle mass
and low muscle function (strength or performance)
• If a muscle is not used, its actin and myosin content decreases,
its fibers become smaller.
• It may result from prolonged periods of rest or a sedentary
lifestyle.
• Causes of atrophy include mutations, poor nourishment, poor
circulation, loss of hormonal support, loss of nerve supply to the
target organ, excessive amount of apoptosis of cells, and
disuse or lack of exercise or disease intrinsic to the tissue itself.
59. HYPERTROPHY
• The actual size of the muscles can be increased by regular
bouts of anaerobic, short-duration, high intensity resistance
training, such as weight lifting.
• The resulting muscle enlargement comes primarily from an
increase in diameter (hypertrophy) of the fast-glycolytic fibers
called into play during such powerful contractions.
• Most fiber thickening results from increased synthesis of
myosin and actin filaments, which permits a greater opportunity
for cross-bridge interaction and consequently increases the
muscle’s contractile strength.
60. HYPERTROPHY
• The mechanical stress that resistance training exerts on a
muscle fiber triggers signaling proteins, which turn on genes
that direct the synthesis of more myosin and actin.
• Vigorous weight training can double or triple a muscle’s size.
• The resultant bulging muscles are better adapted to activities
that require intense strength for brief periods, but endurance
has not been improved.
61. MUSCLE FATIGUE
• Muscle fatigue occurs when an exercising muscle can no
longer respond to stimulation with the same degree of
contractile activity.
• Muscle fatigue is a defense mechanism that protects a muscle
from reaching a point at which it can no longer produce ATP.
• An inability to produce ATP would result in rigor mortis
(obviously not an acceptable outcome of exercise).
62. MUSCLE RECOVERY
• Muscle fibers rebuild: when you exert stress on your muscles,
it damages the muscle fibers, causing them to break apart.
• During recovery, these fibers heal stronger than they were
before, which in turn, make your muscles stronger