Introduction of Anatomy by Dr. Nasir Mustafa

1. Dr. Nasir Mustafa

3. “anatomia, anatome”
Latin and Ancient Greek origin.
ana = up
temnein, tome = to cut
Anatomy means
“cutting up, cutting through”.
Anatomy means to cut the body
in order to examine the parts and
there relations to one another.

4. The term human anatomy comprises a consideration
of the various structures which make up the human
organism.
Human anatomy deals with the structure of the
human body.
Dissection is technique whereas, anatomy is a wide
field of study.

5. ❖The main subdivision of anatomy are listed below.
❖Cadaveric anatomy is the studied on dead bodies
usually with the naked eye (microscopic or gross
anatomy). This can be done by one of the two
approaches.
❖In Regional the body is studied in parts like upper
limb, lower limb, thorax, abdomen, head and neck.

6. ❖In Systematic anatomy, the body is studied in system like
skeletal system (osteology),
muscular system (myology),
articulatory system (arthrology),
vascular system (angiology),
nervous system (neurology),
respiratory, digestive, urogenital and
endocrine system (splanchnology).
❖The locomotor system includes
osteology, arthrology and myology.

8. Types of Anatomical Studies
• Descriptive or Systemic Anatomy :-
The method of studying the body by systems,
such as auditory and respiratory systems.
• Regional Anatomy :-
The study of the body by regions, such as the
thorax and abdomen.
• Applied or Clinical Anatomy :-
Emphasizes structure and function as they
relate to diagnosis and treatment.

9. Types of Anatomical Studies

10. Types of Anatomical Studies
• Surface Anatomy :- the visualization of
structures that lie beneath the skin. It is an
essential part of the study of regional
anatomy and the primary means by which
clinicians use anatomical knowledge in
treating patients
• Developmental Anatomy :– the study of
anatomy from conception to adulthood
• Comparative Anatomy :– study of anatomy
across the animal kingdom, animal models,
etc.

12. • Cytology :–
study of structure and function of cells
• Histology :–
microscopic study of cells and tissue
• Osteology :–
study of structure and function of bones
• Myology :–
study of structure and function of muscles
• Arthrology :–
study of structure and function of joints
• Angiology :–
study of structure and function of blood vessels and
lymph system
• Neurology :–
study of nervous system

14. (i) Axial skeleton
❖ It consists of all the
bones which lie on the
central axis of the body.
❖ The main frame-work
of the body. Skull,
vertebrae, sternum, and
ribs constitute our axial
skeleton.

16. (ii) Appendicular skeleton:
❖The bones which are attached
with axial skeleton form the
appendicular skeleton.
❖Shoulder bones (scapula),
bones of arms (hummers,
radio-ulna, carpals, etc),
❖ hip bones (pelvic girdle) and
bones of legs (femur, tibia,
fibula, tarsals etc) form the
appendicular skeleton.

19. Body Planes
• Sagittal plane (or)
Median Plane:- - Divides the
body into right and left halves.
• Transverse plane:- Divides the
body into superior and inferior
halves.
• Frontal (Coronal) plane:-
Divides the body into anterior
and posterior halves.

21. 1.Skeletal System: The system consist of bones and
cartilages.
2.Muscular System: Organ system consisting of
skeletal , smooth & cardiac muscles.
3.Excretory System: Controls the blood volume by
removing water that's produced by blood cells.
4.Endocrine System: Is like an informational signal
like the nervous system.
5.Integumentary System: An organ system that
protect the body from damages .
"HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS"

22. "HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS"

23. 6.Reproductive System: System of organs which
work together for reproduction.
7.Respiratory System: Made up of structures and
organs that help move oxygen into & out the lungs.
8.Circulatory System: An organ system that keeps
blood & lymph circulation from transporting
nutrients.
9.Digestive System: Our digestive system has the
digestive tract & the accessory organs.
10.Nervous System: Each day every one of us is
bombarded by thousands of stimuli.
"HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS"

24. BONES
• Bone is a connective tissue which is hard rigid
due to the calcium salts.
• The connective tissue (collagen Fibers) make it
tough.
• It is subjected to disease and heals after a
fracture.

25. BONES
• Bone has living tissue it is highly vascular with a
constant turn over of its calcium content.
• It has greater regenerating power.
• The skeleton includes bone and cartilage which
form main frame work of the body.

26. JOINT:-
Joint is the junction
between two or
more bones. It is a
device to permit
movements.

27. TYPES OF JOINT:-
1) Fibrous Joint
2) Cartilaginous Joint
3) Synovial Joint

28. SYNOVIAL JOINTS:-
Synovial joints are the most mobile
type of joint.
CHARACTERISTICS:-
• The articular surface are covered
with hyaline cartilage.
• Articular cartilage is avascular, non
nervous and elastic.
• Lubricated with synovial fluid.

30. SYNOVIAL JOINTS:-
• Between the articular surface there is a joint
cavity filled with synovial fluid.
• The cavity is divided by articular cartilage
and meniscus.
• The joint is surrounded by an articular
capsule which is fibrous.
• Synovial fluid lubricates the joint and
nourishes the articular cartilage.
• The viscosity of fluid is due to hyaluronic acid
secreted by the cells of synovial membrane.

31. Medical Terminology
GENERAL ANATOMY

33. BODY PLANES
• Sagittal plane (or)
Median Plane:- - Divides the
body into right and left halves.
• Transverse plane:- Divides the
body into superior and inferior
halves.
• Frontal (Coronal) plane:- Divides
the body into anterior and
posterior halves.

35. ANATOMICAL DIRECTION

36. • Anterior--------
• Posterior-------
• Towards the front
• Towards the back
ANATOMICAL DIRECTION

37. • Superior--------
• Inferior---------
• Towards the head
• Towards the feet
ANATOMICAL DIRECTION

38. • Medial----------
• Lateral----------
• Towards the Median Plane
• Away from median Plane
ANATOMICAL DIRECTION

39. • Proximal-----
• Distal---------
• Structure closer to the
beginning of the extremity
• Structure farther from the
beginning of the extremity
ANATOMICAL DIRECTION

40. • Superficial--
• Deep---------
• Nearer to the surface
• Farther from the surface
ANATOMICAL DIRECTION

41. Positions of the body
o The supine position of the body is lying on the back.
o The prone position is lying face downward.

42. MOVEMENT

43. • Flexion-------
• Extension---
• Decrease in the angle of
a joint.
• Increase in the angle of
a joint.
MOVEMENT

45. • Abduction---
• Adduction---
• Movement away from
the midline of the body.
• Movement toward the
midline of the body.
MOVEMENT

47. • Dorsiflexion------
• Plantar Flexion--
• Flexion of the foot
at the ankle.
• Extension of the
foot at the ankle.
MOVEMENT

48. • Inversion ---------
• Eversion-----------
• Sole of the foot
turned inward.
• Sole of the foot
turned outward.
MOVEMENT

49. • Supination-------
• Pronation--------
• Palms upward
• Palms downward
MOVEMENT

50. • Rotation---------
• Circumduction--
• Pivot motion about
the long axis of the
body
• Combination of
Abduction,Adduction
and Rotation
MOVEMENT

51. • Medial
Rotation---------
• Lateral
Rotation---------
• Inward rotation
• Outward rotation
MOVEMENT

52. • ARTERIES:-
Those blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood
away from the heart except pulmonary artery.

53. • VEINS:-
Those blood vessels which carry deoxygenated
blood towards heart except pulmonary vein.

54. Arteries Veins
1. Artery walls have a
thick
muscle and elastic
tissue layer.
Vein walls have thin
muscles and are less
elastic.
2. Valves are not
present.
Valves present to
prevent back.
3. Cross section is
circular.
Cross section is oval.
4. Fluid and white blood
cells can pass through
Fluid and white blood
cells cannot pass

55. Arteries Veins
5. Flow is away from
heart.
Flow of blood is
towards heart.
6. Arteries have
oxygenated blood
(Except in pulmonary
arteries).
Deoxygenated blood
(Except in pulmonary
veins)
7. Rapid flow. Slow flow.
8. High pressure. Low pressure.
9. Pulse strong. No pulse.

56. • CAPILLARIES:-
Capillaries are the network of microscopic
connecting arterioles to venules.

57. • ANASTOMOSIS:-
Anastomosis is a pre-capillary or post-capillary
communication b/w the neighboring vessel.

58. • ORIGION:-
The end of the muscle
which is relatively fixed
during its contraction.
• INSERTION:-
The end of the muscle
which move during its
contraction.

59. • Tendon:-
• A tendon is a tough band of fibrous connective
tissue that usually connects muscle to bone
and is capable of withstanding tension.

60. • Ligament:-
In anatomy, a ligament is the fibrous tissue that
connects bones to other bones and is also known as
articular ligament.

61. • BELLY:-
The flashy and contractile part of muscle.
• Aponeurosis:-
The flattened tendon.

62. • Raphe:-
The fibrous band made up of interdigiting fiber of
tendon & aponeurosis.
The line of union of two contiguous, bilaterally
symmetric structures.
•

63. Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessels form an
extensive and complex
interconnected network of
channels, which begin as
"porous" blind-ended
lymphatic capillaries in
tissues of the body and
converge to form a number
of larger vessels, which
ultimately connect with
large veins in the root of
the neck.

64. Nerve plexuses
Nerve plexuses are either
somatic or visceral and
combine fibers from
different sources or levels
to form new nerves with
specific targets or
destinations.

65. Common Terms
• abdominal = region between thorax and pelvis.
• antebrachial = the forearm.
• antecubital = the front of elbow.
• axillary = the armpit.
• brachial = the upper arm.
• celiac = the abdomen.
• cephalic = the head.
• cervical = the neck.
• costal = the ribs.
• cubital = the elbow.
• femoral = the thigh.
• gluteal = the buttock.
• lumbar = the lower back.

66. Terms Used in Applied Clinical Anatomy
• The suffix “itis” means Inflamation.
E.g= appendicitis, tonsillitis, arthritis.
• The suffix “ectomy” means removal from the body.
E.g= Tonsillectomy, gastrectomy.
• The suffix “oma” means Tumor.
E.g= Lipoma, Osteoma, carcinoma.
• Lesion:- Injury or pathological chang in the tissue.
• Odema:- Swelling due to accumulation of fluid in the
extra cellular space.
• SIGN:- Finding of the doctor on the patient.
• SYMPTOMS:- are the subjective complain about his
disease.

67. 6-67

68. Flexion Flexion is the bending of a joint so as to bring together the parts it
connects
Extension Extension is the straightening of a joint
Abduction Abduction describes movement that is away from the mid line of
the body
Adduction Adduction describes movement that is towards the mid line of the
body
CircumductionA circular movement of a part. This is a combination of flexion,
abduction, extension, adduction and rotation.
Rotation Movement of a bone around a longitudinal axis. Medial rotation is
movement in which the anterior aspect of a limb turns towards the
mid line. Lateral rotation is movement in which the anterior aspect
of a limb turns away from the mid line.
Pronation When in the anatomical position the forearm is rotated so that the
palm of the hand faces backwards. If the elbow is flexed so that the
forearm is horizontal the palm of the hand is turned to face
downwards.
Supination The opposite of pronation. The palm of the hand is turned to face
forwards of upwards if the forearm is horizontal.

69. Inversion Turning inwards of the plantar aspect of the
foot.
Eversion Turning outwards of the plantar aspect of the
foot.
Dorsi
flexion
A movement of the ankle which pulls the toes
and foot up towards the body.
Plantar
Flexion
Pointing of the toes and foot away from the
body.
Protraction To move forwards (this term is used only in
relationship to the shoulder and the jaw).
Retraction To move backwards (this term is used only in
relationship to the shoulder and the jaw).
Prone Lying or positioned on the tummy.
Supine Lying or positioned on the back.