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- 1. ALLPPT.com _ Free PowerPoint Templates, Diagrams and Charts Mr. Amit M. Belekar (M. Pharm) Lecturer, KDCA’s Institute of Pharmacy, Kolhapur. The skeleton Joints & Movements
- 2. Contents • Definition of Joints • Classification of joint • Synovial joint & types • Movements of body joints & movements
- 3. Joint Definition • A joint / articulation is a point of contact • between two bones, • between bone and cartilage • or between bone and teeth
- 4. Joint Functional Classification Depending upon degree of movement • Synarthrosis: • immovable joint • e.g. sutures • Amphiarthrosis: • slightly movable joint • e.g. intervertebral joint. • Diarthrosis: • freely movable joints • e.g. all synovial joints.
- 5. Joint Structural Classification Depending upon presence or absence of space (synovial cavity) & type of connective tissue that binds bones • Fibrous joints • Cartilaginous joints • Synovial joints
- 6. Joint Fibrous Joints No synovial cavity & bones held together by fibrous tissue These are of three types as- • Sutures • thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. • E.g. sutures present in skull. • Syndemoses • greater distance between articulating surfaces • more fibrous connective tissue than in suture. • Fibrous connective tissue is arranged • as a bundle (ligament) or • as a sheet (interosseous membrane) • E.g. Distal tibio-fibular joint • Gomphoses • a cone shaped peg fits into a socket. • E.g. dento-alveolar joint
- 7. Joint Cartilagenous Joints Synovial cavity is absent & bones are held together by cartilage Allows no or little movements. These are of following types- • Synchondroses- • Connecting material is hyaline cartilage. • Immovable joint. • Hyaline cartilage ossifies during adult life • E.g. Joint between 1st rib & Manubrium of sternum. • Symphysis • Ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but a broad, flat disc of fibro-cartilage connects the bone • Slightly movable joint • E.g. Pubic symphysis, • Joint present in between body and manubrium of sternum, • Intervertebral joint.
- 8. Joint Synovial Joints • Have synovial cavity and are united by a dense connective tissue of an articular capsule and accessory ligament. • Freely movable joints. • Synovial cavity- • Present in between articulating bones allow free movement • Articular cartilage- • The bones are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage. • Give smooth, slippery surfaces of bone, keeps them separate • Articular capsule- • Surrounds synovial joint, encloses synovial cavity & unites artic ulating bones. • Composed of two layers. • Outer fibrous capsule- irregular connective tissue. (flexibility & tensile strength) • Inner synovial membrane-areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers.
- 9. Joint Synovial Joints • Synovial fluid- • Synovial membrane secretes a viscous, clear/pale yellow fluid • Functions of Synovial fluid • Reduces friction by lubricating the joints. • Absorbs shock, supply oxygen & nutrients to chondrocytes • Removes carbon dioxide & metallic wastes from the condrocytes. • Contains phagocytes that remove microbes & the debris formed from normal wear and tear of joint • Accessory ligaments and articular discs • Present in some joints.
- 11. Joint Synovial Joints- Types Type Description Movement Example Planar Articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved Gliding Inter-carpal, Inter-tarsal, Sterno-costal joints Hinge Convex surface fits into concave surface. Flexion & Extension Elbow, Ankle, Inter-phalangeal joints Pivot Rounded or pointed surface fits into a ring formed by bone and/ or by ligament Rotation Atlanto-axial, Radio-ulnar joints Condyloid Oval shaped projection fits into an oval shaped depression Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction Radio-carpal, Metacarpo-phalangeal joints Saddle Articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped in which articular surface of other bone fits. Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction Carpo-metacarpal joint between trapezium & thumb Ball and Socket Ball like surface of one bone fits into a cuplike depression Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction, Rotation Shoulder and hip joint
- 12. Movements Gliding • Simple movement in which flat bones move back & forth and from side to side • E.g. Inter-carpal joints, Inter-tarsal joints
- 13. Movements Angular movements • Increase or decrease in angle between articulating bones
- 14. Movements Angular movements • Increase or decrease in angle between articulating bones
- 15. Movements Angular movements • Increase or decrease in angle between articulating bones
- 16. Movements Rotation movements • bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.
- 17. Movements Special movements • Increase or decrease in angle between articulating bones
- 18. Disorders of Bones Osteoporosis • Condition in which bone become porous • Rate of bone resorption is greater than bone deposition • Depletion of calcium from the body through urine, feces and sweat • Less absorption of calcium from diet. • Bone becomes so soft that bones fracture easily due to stresses of everyday living • Other symptoms • shrinkage of vertebrae, height loss, hunched backs, and bone pain • Primarily affects middle-aged and elderly people mostly females. • Mostly found in older women- • Production of estrogen in women decreases after menopause • Other factors • thin or small body build, inactive lifestyle, cigarette smoking, diet low in calcium & vitamin D, alcoholic drinks and the use of certain medications
- 19. Disorders of Bones Rickets & Osteomalacia • Diseases that result from inadequate calcification of extracellular bone matrix • due to deficiency of vitamin D. • Rickets (disease of children) • Growing bones become soft and are easily deformed. • Symptoms- bowed legs, deformities of the skull, rib cage & pelvis • Osteomalacia (adult version of rickets) • New bone formed during remodeling fails to calcify, • Person experiences varying degrees of pain and tenderness in bones. • Bone fractures also result from minor trauma. • Prevention & treatment- by administration of adequate vitamin D.
- 20. Disorders of Joints Rheumatism & Arthritis • Rheumatism • painful disorder of the supporting structure of the body like bones, tendons, ligaments or muscles that is not caused by infection. • Arthritis • is a form of rheumatism in which joints are swollen, stiff & painful. • It is of two types as- • Osteoarthritis • Rheumatoid arthritis
- 21. Disorders of Joints Osteoarthritis • Cartilage of joint gradually degenerates & lost due to • aging, obesity, irritation of joints, muscle weakness, wear & abrasion. • Degenerated cartilage is exposed in synovial joints • Small patches of new osseous tissue are deposited to prevent the friction • Decreases space between two bones and reduce joint movements.
- 22. Disorders of Joints Rheumatoid arthritis • Auto-immune disease in which immune system of the body attacks its own tissues • e. g. own cartilage & joint linings. • Characters- • inflammation of the joint- swelling, pain and loss of function. • Bilaterally e.g. if one wrist is affected, other also likely to be affected. • Primary symptom • inflammation of the synovial membrane • If untreated synovial membrane becomes thick and synovial fluid accumulates • Resulting pressure produces pain. • Membrane produces abnormal granulation tissue on surface of articular cartilage & erodes it completely. • After destruction of cartilage fibrous tissue is exposed which ossify afterwards • Fuses the joint and joint become immovable.
- 23. Disorders of Joints Gout • Uric acid (waste product produced during metabolism of nucleic acid) • Produces excessive amount of uric acid or its excretion is reduced. • Uric acid accumulates in blood • Reacts with sodium to form a salt called sodium urate. • Crystals of the salt accumulates in soft tissues of body such as kidney, cartilages etc. • In gouty arthritis crystals of urate are deposited in soft tissues of bone • Erode the cartilage causing inflammation, swelling and acute pain. • If it is untreated ends of articulating bone fuse and the joints become immovable.