Climate Change and Water Resources AnalysisMichael DePue
This document summarizes a presentation given on adapting water resources technical analyses to climate change. It discusses several key climate change trends that could impact analyses, including increased precipitation intensities, a longer growing season, and increased drought risk. It outlines how these trends could influence various technical analyses and models used in areas like riverine hydrology, coastal surge modeling, and hydraulic structures. These impacts may include changes to design rainfalls, vegetation changes, erosion impacts, and combined probability issues. The presentation argues technical analyses will need to adapt to incorporate these anticipated climate change impacts.
This document summarizes a master's thesis that evaluates the effects of precipitation extremes on watershed hydrology under current and projected future climate conditions using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The research focuses on the Cobb Creek Watershed in Georgia. Results show that high intensity precipitation events could increase watershed discharge by nearly 50% by 2060-2064 according to climate projections. Peak flows may rise by almost 30% and shifts in seasonal rainfall patterns are also possible. The study highlights the need for sustainable water management and planning that considers potential climate change impacts.
Nepal does not have own climate projection model. Therefore, climate change studies in Nepal completely depend on the results of available model throughout the world. Many field based studies have proven that Nepal is the most vulnerable country in the context of climate change due to limited capacity to adapt to it. On the other hand, it is a big challenge to natural scientists to demonstrate climate change physically because of limited resources. Due to the complex geography of Nepal, most of the global climate projections are not able to capture the temporal and spatial climatic variability. In consideration to this problem, the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) of Nepal has initiated a project to downscale climatic parameters regionally with technical support from the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) under the financial support of Asian Development Bank (ADB). They used three different Regional Climate Models (RCM); PRECIS, RegCM4, and WRF under AR4 scenarios. However, there is still a lot of discrepancy among these projections which have created confusion among the stakeholders. Therefore, the objective of my presentation will be to focus on the discussion over these issues among the climate experts at UNBC.
- The document discusses how future climate change could impact Europe's groundwater resources. It notes that 75% of Europeans rely on groundwater as their water source.
- Climate models predict the climate will become warmer overall, with decreases in precipitation in areas like the Mediterranean of up to 20% and increases of up to 20% in higher latitudes.
- Decreased precipitation could severely reduce groundwater recharge. Some studies estimate annual runoff in Southern Europe may decrease by 50% and Mediterranean water resources may decrease by 30%.
- 25% of Europeans rely on water from karst aquifers, which are highly dependent on precipitation levels. Reduced rainfall would significantly impact the populations dependent on karst springs.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the sensitivity of a data-driven soil water balance model to estimate summer evapotranspiration along a forest chronosequence using three sites with Eddy Covariance measurements. The study explored the model's sensitivity to forest succession state, computational time step, rooting depth, and canopy interception capacity. It found that the model generally agreed with observations and was not dependent on stand age, but an optimal combination of parameters was needed to avoid underestimation of actual evapotranspiration.
To aid in understanding many complex interactions, scientists often build mathematical models that represent simple climate systems. This module highlights the fundamentals of climate models.
Climate Change: Addressing the Major Skeptic ArgumentsAlexander Ainslie
This document addresses major claims made by climate change skeptics in three categories: that Earth is not warming, that human activity is not responsible for warming, and that action is not needed even if warming is occurring. It summarizes the response to key skeptic arguments, finding that the evidence supports conclusions that Earth is warming due to human greenhouse gas emissions and impacts will be serious without emission reductions. Periods of stable temperatures do not disprove warming, and research has found no evidence of conspiracies among scientists. While imperfect, climate models provide reliable guidance when considered alongside observations and theory. The document provides a balanced and thorough examination of issues in the climate change debate.
impactos del cambio climatico en ecosistemas costerosXin San
Anthropogenically induced global climate change has profound implications for marine
ecosystems and the economic and social systems that depend upon them. The
relationship between temperature and individual performance is reasonably well
understood, and much climate-related research has focused on potential shifts in
distribution and abundance driven directly by temperature. However, recent work has
revealed that both abiotic changes and biological responses in the ocean will be
substantially more complex. For example, changes in ocean chemistry may be more
important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many
organisms. Ocean circulation, which drives larval transport, will also change, with
important consequences for population dynamics. Furthermore, climatic impacts on one
or a few leverage species may result in sweeping community-level changes. Finally,
synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing
pressure, will likely exacerbate climate-induced changes. Efforts to manage and conserve
living marine systems in the face of climate change will require improvements to the
existing predictive framework. Key directions for future research include identifying key
demographic transitions that influence population dynamics, predicting changes in the
community-level impacts of ecologically dominant species, incorporating populations
ability to evolve (adapt), and understanding the scales over which climate will change and
living systems will respond.
Climate Change and Water Resources AnalysisMichael DePue
This document summarizes a presentation given on adapting water resources technical analyses to climate change. It discusses several key climate change trends that could impact analyses, including increased precipitation intensities, a longer growing season, and increased drought risk. It outlines how these trends could influence various technical analyses and models used in areas like riverine hydrology, coastal surge modeling, and hydraulic structures. These impacts may include changes to design rainfalls, vegetation changes, erosion impacts, and combined probability issues. The presentation argues technical analyses will need to adapt to incorporate these anticipated climate change impacts.
This document summarizes a master's thesis that evaluates the effects of precipitation extremes on watershed hydrology under current and projected future climate conditions using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The research focuses on the Cobb Creek Watershed in Georgia. Results show that high intensity precipitation events could increase watershed discharge by nearly 50% by 2060-2064 according to climate projections. Peak flows may rise by almost 30% and shifts in seasonal rainfall patterns are also possible. The study highlights the need for sustainable water management and planning that considers potential climate change impacts.
Nepal does not have own climate projection model. Therefore, climate change studies in Nepal completely depend on the results of available model throughout the world. Many field based studies have proven that Nepal is the most vulnerable country in the context of climate change due to limited capacity to adapt to it. On the other hand, it is a big challenge to natural scientists to demonstrate climate change physically because of limited resources. Due to the complex geography of Nepal, most of the global climate projections are not able to capture the temporal and spatial climatic variability. In consideration to this problem, the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) of Nepal has initiated a project to downscale climatic parameters regionally with technical support from the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) under the financial support of Asian Development Bank (ADB). They used three different Regional Climate Models (RCM); PRECIS, RegCM4, and WRF under AR4 scenarios. However, there is still a lot of discrepancy among these projections which have created confusion among the stakeholders. Therefore, the objective of my presentation will be to focus on the discussion over these issues among the climate experts at UNBC.
- The document discusses how future climate change could impact Europe's groundwater resources. It notes that 75% of Europeans rely on groundwater as their water source.
- Climate models predict the climate will become warmer overall, with decreases in precipitation in areas like the Mediterranean of up to 20% and increases of up to 20% in higher latitudes.
- Decreased precipitation could severely reduce groundwater recharge. Some studies estimate annual runoff in Southern Europe may decrease by 50% and Mediterranean water resources may decrease by 30%.
- 25% of Europeans rely on water from karst aquifers, which are highly dependent on precipitation levels. Reduced rainfall would significantly impact the populations dependent on karst springs.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the sensitivity of a data-driven soil water balance model to estimate summer evapotranspiration along a forest chronosequence using three sites with Eddy Covariance measurements. The study explored the model's sensitivity to forest succession state, computational time step, rooting depth, and canopy interception capacity. It found that the model generally agreed with observations and was not dependent on stand age, but an optimal combination of parameters was needed to avoid underestimation of actual evapotranspiration.
To aid in understanding many complex interactions, scientists often build mathematical models that represent simple climate systems. This module highlights the fundamentals of climate models.
Climate Change: Addressing the Major Skeptic ArgumentsAlexander Ainslie
This document addresses major claims made by climate change skeptics in three categories: that Earth is not warming, that human activity is not responsible for warming, and that action is not needed even if warming is occurring. It summarizes the response to key skeptic arguments, finding that the evidence supports conclusions that Earth is warming due to human greenhouse gas emissions and impacts will be serious without emission reductions. Periods of stable temperatures do not disprove warming, and research has found no evidence of conspiracies among scientists. While imperfect, climate models provide reliable guidance when considered alongside observations and theory. The document provides a balanced and thorough examination of issues in the climate change debate.
impactos del cambio climatico en ecosistemas costerosXin San
Anthropogenically induced global climate change has profound implications for marine
ecosystems and the economic and social systems that depend upon them. The
relationship between temperature and individual performance is reasonably well
understood, and much climate-related research has focused on potential shifts in
distribution and abundance driven directly by temperature. However, recent work has
revealed that both abiotic changes and biological responses in the ocean will be
substantially more complex. For example, changes in ocean chemistry may be more
important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many
organisms. Ocean circulation, which drives larval transport, will also change, with
important consequences for population dynamics. Furthermore, climatic impacts on one
or a few leverage species may result in sweeping community-level changes. Finally,
synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing
pressure, will likely exacerbate climate-induced changes. Efforts to manage and conserve
living marine systems in the face of climate change will require improvements to the
existing predictive framework. Key directions for future research include identifying key
demographic transitions that influence population dynamics, predicting changes in the
community-level impacts of ecologically dominant species, incorporating populations
ability to evolve (adapt), and understanding the scales over which climate will change and
living systems will respond.
Burntwood 2013 - Why climate models are the greatest feat of modern science, ...IES / IAQM
The IES 2013 Burntwood Lecture given by Julia Slingo from the Met Office on the topic: Why Climate Models are the greatest feat of modern science. #BWL13
Sea Level Change and Coastal Hazards in WashingtonSheila Wilson
This document summarizes information about sea level rise in Washington state. It discusses observed trends showing rising sea levels and projected increases ranging from 11 to 38 inches by 2100 depending on greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Regional variations exist due to factors like vertical land movement. Sea level rise increases risks of flooding, erosion, and habitat loss. Near-term challenges include more extreme high tides and storm surges that can impact coastal populations, infrastructure and resources even before permanent inundation occurs. Regional and local efforts are underway to address these risks through climate preparedness planning.
Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, warming the planet and causing sea levels to rise through thermal expansion and melting ice sheets and glaciers. This increases flooding from storm surges during intense storms. Analysis of tide gauge data from Baltimore shows uncertainty around the 100-year storm surge level today. Even with increases of 1-2 meters per century, reliable detection of changes may take decades with the limited historical data available. Continued monitoring is needed to better understand changing risks to coastal communities from higher seas and stronger storms.
The document discusses the World Ocean Database (WOD), which is maintained by NOAA and contains historical oceanographic data used for climate change studies and operational oceanography. The WOD has grown dramatically since WWII and a project in the 1990s rescued millions of additional observations. Studies using WOD data have found unequivocal warming of the world's oceans over the past 50+ years and changes in heat and freshwater content, particularly in the North Atlantic. The WOD is regularly updated and provides essential data and insights for understanding ocean conditions and long-term trends.
Impact of Future Climate Change on water availability in Kupang CityWillem Sidharno
Observed climate change could affect water availability in the future. Changes also
occurred Kupang city in recent decades, an increase in the magnitude of the damage caused
by drought due to climate change. In an attempt to explore the effects of drought can be
aggravated by climate change. in this paper, the author will be analyze impact of changes in
the water balance in Kupang city. To achieve that, the author will use the procedure consists
of two procedures: Temperature and precipitation are modeled under two typical emission
A1FI and B1 scenarios evaluated in this study for future projections in Kupang, discharge
simulations using rainfall Mock generated daily rainfall and water balance monthly Data
analysis WEAP (water Evaluation and Planning System) based simulation Mock. Due to the
significant uncertainty involved in forecasting future water consumption and water yield, the
author will use the three scenarios assumed water consumption and water three outcome
scenarios. Three scenarios of water consumption, ie, "Low", "Medium" and "High" in
accordance with the expected number of water consumption. Disposal obtained from mock
simulations during the simulation period. Finally, the water balance analysis conducted by
WEAP based on a combination of the three scenarios of water consumption. With this
procedure, it is possible to explore different scenarios of water consumption and water
results and the results of this study can be used to establish the proper planning to minimize
the impact of drought on water availability to support water requirement due to climate
change in Kupang city.
This document discusses the risks of continuing economic growth within planetary boundaries and finite resources. It argues that the current economic system is unsustainable and a new paradigm is needed that incorporates environmental and social costs. Specific problems highlighted include climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution, and resource constraints like peak oil. The document calls for reforms in many areas including economic indicators, business models, finance, policy frameworks and education to enable a transition to a sustainable society within planetary boundaries.
Global warming &climate changesGlobal temperature measurements remote from human habitation and activity show no evidence of a warming during the last century. Such sites include “proxy” measurements such as tree rings, marine sediments and ice cores, weather balloons and satellite measurements in the lower atmosphere, and many surface sites where human influence is minimal.
Climate change is defined as a significant and long-term change in weather patterns over decades or longer. It can involve changes in average temperatures or more/fewer extreme weather events. Climate change may be limited to a specific region or occur globally. The document discusses the key causes of climate change, including both natural factors like orbital variations and volcanic eruptions, as well as human-induced increases in greenhouse gas emissions. Evidence of climate change is presented from temperature and proxy records, glacial retreat, sea ice loss, and changes in vegetation and animal populations.
This is the 7th lesson the course - Climate Change & Global Environment taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This document summarizes a study that quantifies expected hydrological responses in the Aral Sea Drainage Basin in Central Asia to projections of climate change from 20 general circulation models. The study aims to investigate how uncertainties in future climate change interact with the effects of historic human redistributions of water for irrigation. Results show that errors in single model temperature and precipitation projections can significantly influence projected river runoff trends. However, multi-model ensemble means have relatively small influence on trends. Projected climate change will considerably increase net water loss through evapotranspiration. Maintained irrigation practices will further amplify this effect and likely lead to near-total river runoff depletion with risk of ecological impacts downstream.
This document outlines key concepts related to climate and climate modelling. It discusses global climate models (GCMs) which are 3D models of the atmosphere and oceans used to simulate the climate system. It also discusses regional climate models (RCMs) which provide higher resolution outputs than GCMs to better represent regional features. The document then summarizes projected climate changes from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change including increased global temperatures, precipitation changes, and sea level rise under different emissions scenarios through 2100.
This study examined how extreme precipitation events influence greenhouse gas fluxes from different soil types. Soils were collected from upland, lowland, creek, and wetland areas and subjected to pulses of water in a laboratory experiment. Water pulses suppressed carbon dioxide fluxes but enhanced methane in creek and wetland soils, while nitrous oxide increased in upland and lowland soils. Accounting for carbon-climate feedback, upland and lowland soil types contributed most to total greenhouse gas emissions. Extreme water pulses can drive nonlinear responses in gas fluxes not captured by empirical models.
the Great acceleration de International Geosphere-Biosphere ProgrammeLiliane Arnaud Soubie
The document discusses the "Great Acceleration" which refers to the rapid increase in human impacts on Earth systems since 1950. It provides data on increasing trends from 1950 onwards for factors such as population, GDP, water use, fertilizer consumption, motor vehicles, tourism, shrimp farming, and land use. These human activities have accelerated the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and increased impacts such as loss of forests, more extreme weather events, overfishing, nitrogen pollution, and loss of biodiversity. The document is a synthesis of these trends from multiple scientific sources.
Global Climate Change: Drought Assessment + ImpactsJenkins Macedo
This presentation outlined the purposes, methods, data analyses, results and conclusions of four selected articles in remotely sensed regional and global drought assessments and impacts for global environmental change. This presentation was developed and presented by Richard Maclean, doctoral student in Geography at Clark University and Jenkins Macedo, Master of Science candidate in Envrionmental Science and Policy at Clark University.
Objective
Understand and quantify the nature of land-atmosphere interactions
- as they exist today
- as they may be modulated by the radiatively-driven component of climate change
- as they may evolve with changing land use
Climate Change Scenarios for Tourist Destinations in the Bahamas: Eluthreaintasave-caribsavegroup
This document discusses gathering and analyzing climate change data at regional, national, and destination scales. It describes observing historical climate data from weather stations and satellites, and projecting future climate using global and regional climate models under different emissions scenarios. The models simulate changes in temperature, precipitation, hurricanes, sea level rise and other climate variables. The results can identify potential climate impacts and vulnerabilities to inform further studies.
This document discusses the vulnerability of India's coastal zones to climate change. It notes that coastal zones are important regions for India, containing major cities and over a third of the population, but are vulnerable to sea level rise, cyclones, and changes in temperature and precipitation from climate change. Vulnerability is defined as the degree to which a system is impacted by or resilient to climate hazards, and is determined by exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The document outlines how these factors contribute to India's coastal vulnerability and the socioeconomic impacts the country may face, such as slowed economic growth and increased food insecurity.
This document models dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) loading from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Puget Sound under different effluent standards scenarios. It finds that reducing WWTP DIN effluent concentrations from 8 mg/L to below 3 mg/L could decrease nitrogen loading but at increased capital and operating costs of $248-513 million annually. The model has limitations as it does not capture time-varying or three-dimensional aspects but provides a starting point for further modeling of Puget Sound dissolved oxygen levels from human-caused nitrogen sources.
The document discusses several key points:
1) There have been few ecosystem-scale experiments investigating the combined effects of increased CO2 and rising temperatures on ecosystems, though these interactions are important to understand for predicting future impacts.
2) Factorial experiments examining multiple factors can be difficult to design and interpret, but are still important for testing models and accounting for potential surprises from interactions.
3) Available data on forest responses to climate change come from limited experimental approaches like soil warming or small tree plots, rather than whole-ecosystem experiments, making it difficult to fully understand interactions between CO2 and temperature at ecosystem scales.
What are some of the basic principles and terminology involved in climate change? Learn more about the Earth's atmosphere, energy balance, and how the greenhouse effect can alter both climate and weather. What is climate forcing? What is climate feedback? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
This document contains a summary for Hany Mohamed, an Egyptian senior accountant seeking new opportunities. It includes his personal details, qualifications, work experience, skills and strengths. He has over 13 years of experience in accounting roles in Egypt and the UAE, currently working as a financial executive for Emaar Malls in Dubai. His experience includes tasks like revenue reconciliation, budgeting, financial reporting, accounts payable/receivable, and cost analysis. He is proficient in English and accounting software, and holds a BSC in Commerce and postgraduate diploma in financial accounting.
Burntwood 2013 - Why climate models are the greatest feat of modern science, ...IES / IAQM
The IES 2013 Burntwood Lecture given by Julia Slingo from the Met Office on the topic: Why Climate Models are the greatest feat of modern science. #BWL13
Sea Level Change and Coastal Hazards in WashingtonSheila Wilson
This document summarizes information about sea level rise in Washington state. It discusses observed trends showing rising sea levels and projected increases ranging from 11 to 38 inches by 2100 depending on greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Regional variations exist due to factors like vertical land movement. Sea level rise increases risks of flooding, erosion, and habitat loss. Near-term challenges include more extreme high tides and storm surges that can impact coastal populations, infrastructure and resources even before permanent inundation occurs. Regional and local efforts are underway to address these risks through climate preparedness planning.
Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, warming the planet and causing sea levels to rise through thermal expansion and melting ice sheets and glaciers. This increases flooding from storm surges during intense storms. Analysis of tide gauge data from Baltimore shows uncertainty around the 100-year storm surge level today. Even with increases of 1-2 meters per century, reliable detection of changes may take decades with the limited historical data available. Continued monitoring is needed to better understand changing risks to coastal communities from higher seas and stronger storms.
The document discusses the World Ocean Database (WOD), which is maintained by NOAA and contains historical oceanographic data used for climate change studies and operational oceanography. The WOD has grown dramatically since WWII and a project in the 1990s rescued millions of additional observations. Studies using WOD data have found unequivocal warming of the world's oceans over the past 50+ years and changes in heat and freshwater content, particularly in the North Atlantic. The WOD is regularly updated and provides essential data and insights for understanding ocean conditions and long-term trends.
Impact of Future Climate Change on water availability in Kupang CityWillem Sidharno
Observed climate change could affect water availability in the future. Changes also
occurred Kupang city in recent decades, an increase in the magnitude of the damage caused
by drought due to climate change. In an attempt to explore the effects of drought can be
aggravated by climate change. in this paper, the author will be analyze impact of changes in
the water balance in Kupang city. To achieve that, the author will use the procedure consists
of two procedures: Temperature and precipitation are modeled under two typical emission
A1FI and B1 scenarios evaluated in this study for future projections in Kupang, discharge
simulations using rainfall Mock generated daily rainfall and water balance monthly Data
analysis WEAP (water Evaluation and Planning System) based simulation Mock. Due to the
significant uncertainty involved in forecasting future water consumption and water yield, the
author will use the three scenarios assumed water consumption and water three outcome
scenarios. Three scenarios of water consumption, ie, "Low", "Medium" and "High" in
accordance with the expected number of water consumption. Disposal obtained from mock
simulations during the simulation period. Finally, the water balance analysis conducted by
WEAP based on a combination of the three scenarios of water consumption. With this
procedure, it is possible to explore different scenarios of water consumption and water
results and the results of this study can be used to establish the proper planning to minimize
the impact of drought on water availability to support water requirement due to climate
change in Kupang city.
This document discusses the risks of continuing economic growth within planetary boundaries and finite resources. It argues that the current economic system is unsustainable and a new paradigm is needed that incorporates environmental and social costs. Specific problems highlighted include climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution, and resource constraints like peak oil. The document calls for reforms in many areas including economic indicators, business models, finance, policy frameworks and education to enable a transition to a sustainable society within planetary boundaries.
Global warming &climate changesGlobal temperature measurements remote from human habitation and activity show no evidence of a warming during the last century. Such sites include “proxy” measurements such as tree rings, marine sediments and ice cores, weather balloons and satellite measurements in the lower atmosphere, and many surface sites where human influence is minimal.
Climate change is defined as a significant and long-term change in weather patterns over decades or longer. It can involve changes in average temperatures or more/fewer extreme weather events. Climate change may be limited to a specific region or occur globally. The document discusses the key causes of climate change, including both natural factors like orbital variations and volcanic eruptions, as well as human-induced increases in greenhouse gas emissions. Evidence of climate change is presented from temperature and proxy records, glacial retreat, sea ice loss, and changes in vegetation and animal populations.
This is the 7th lesson the course - Climate Change & Global Environment taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This document summarizes a study that quantifies expected hydrological responses in the Aral Sea Drainage Basin in Central Asia to projections of climate change from 20 general circulation models. The study aims to investigate how uncertainties in future climate change interact with the effects of historic human redistributions of water for irrigation. Results show that errors in single model temperature and precipitation projections can significantly influence projected river runoff trends. However, multi-model ensemble means have relatively small influence on trends. Projected climate change will considerably increase net water loss through evapotranspiration. Maintained irrigation practices will further amplify this effect and likely lead to near-total river runoff depletion with risk of ecological impacts downstream.
This document outlines key concepts related to climate and climate modelling. It discusses global climate models (GCMs) which are 3D models of the atmosphere and oceans used to simulate the climate system. It also discusses regional climate models (RCMs) which provide higher resolution outputs than GCMs to better represent regional features. The document then summarizes projected climate changes from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change including increased global temperatures, precipitation changes, and sea level rise under different emissions scenarios through 2100.
This study examined how extreme precipitation events influence greenhouse gas fluxes from different soil types. Soils were collected from upland, lowland, creek, and wetland areas and subjected to pulses of water in a laboratory experiment. Water pulses suppressed carbon dioxide fluxes but enhanced methane in creek and wetland soils, while nitrous oxide increased in upland and lowland soils. Accounting for carbon-climate feedback, upland and lowland soil types contributed most to total greenhouse gas emissions. Extreme water pulses can drive nonlinear responses in gas fluxes not captured by empirical models.
the Great acceleration de International Geosphere-Biosphere ProgrammeLiliane Arnaud Soubie
The document discusses the "Great Acceleration" which refers to the rapid increase in human impacts on Earth systems since 1950. It provides data on increasing trends from 1950 onwards for factors such as population, GDP, water use, fertilizer consumption, motor vehicles, tourism, shrimp farming, and land use. These human activities have accelerated the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and increased impacts such as loss of forests, more extreme weather events, overfishing, nitrogen pollution, and loss of biodiversity. The document is a synthesis of these trends from multiple scientific sources.
Global Climate Change: Drought Assessment + ImpactsJenkins Macedo
This presentation outlined the purposes, methods, data analyses, results and conclusions of four selected articles in remotely sensed regional and global drought assessments and impacts for global environmental change. This presentation was developed and presented by Richard Maclean, doctoral student in Geography at Clark University and Jenkins Macedo, Master of Science candidate in Envrionmental Science and Policy at Clark University.
Objective
Understand and quantify the nature of land-atmosphere interactions
- as they exist today
- as they may be modulated by the radiatively-driven component of climate change
- as they may evolve with changing land use
Climate Change Scenarios for Tourist Destinations in the Bahamas: Eluthreaintasave-caribsavegroup
This document discusses gathering and analyzing climate change data at regional, national, and destination scales. It describes observing historical climate data from weather stations and satellites, and projecting future climate using global and regional climate models under different emissions scenarios. The models simulate changes in temperature, precipitation, hurricanes, sea level rise and other climate variables. The results can identify potential climate impacts and vulnerabilities to inform further studies.
This document discusses the vulnerability of India's coastal zones to climate change. It notes that coastal zones are important regions for India, containing major cities and over a third of the population, but are vulnerable to sea level rise, cyclones, and changes in temperature and precipitation from climate change. Vulnerability is defined as the degree to which a system is impacted by or resilient to climate hazards, and is determined by exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The document outlines how these factors contribute to India's coastal vulnerability and the socioeconomic impacts the country may face, such as slowed economic growth and increased food insecurity.
This document models dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) loading from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Puget Sound under different effluent standards scenarios. It finds that reducing WWTP DIN effluent concentrations from 8 mg/L to below 3 mg/L could decrease nitrogen loading but at increased capital and operating costs of $248-513 million annually. The model has limitations as it does not capture time-varying or three-dimensional aspects but provides a starting point for further modeling of Puget Sound dissolved oxygen levels from human-caused nitrogen sources.
The document discusses several key points:
1) There have been few ecosystem-scale experiments investigating the combined effects of increased CO2 and rising temperatures on ecosystems, though these interactions are important to understand for predicting future impacts.
2) Factorial experiments examining multiple factors can be difficult to design and interpret, but are still important for testing models and accounting for potential surprises from interactions.
3) Available data on forest responses to climate change come from limited experimental approaches like soil warming or small tree plots, rather than whole-ecosystem experiments, making it difficult to fully understand interactions between CO2 and temperature at ecosystem scales.
What are some of the basic principles and terminology involved in climate change? Learn more about the Earth's atmosphere, energy balance, and how the greenhouse effect can alter both climate and weather. What is climate forcing? What is climate feedback? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
This document contains a summary for Hany Mohamed, an Egyptian senior accountant seeking new opportunities. It includes his personal details, qualifications, work experience, skills and strengths. He has over 13 years of experience in accounting roles in Egypt and the UAE, currently working as a financial executive for Emaar Malls in Dubai. His experience includes tasks like revenue reconciliation, budgeting, financial reporting, accounts payable/receivable, and cost analysis. He is proficient in English and accounting software, and holds a BSC in Commerce and postgraduate diploma in financial accounting.
The document proposes establishing a GEO Carbon and GHG Initiative (GEO-C) to coordinate global carbon cycle and greenhouse gas observations and analysis. GEO-C would provide an overarching framework to integrate different observing systems and networks, optimize their design, and ensure data is accessible to support climate policy and mitigation/adaptation efforts. Its goals are to establish a comprehensive, sustained global observational system and provide decision-makers with the carbon and GHG data and information they need. The Initiative is proposed to start in 2016 with preparatory work, and transition to full implementation from 2017-2025 if endorsed and adequately funded.
This document provides an overview and update on the Strategic Miami Area Rapid Transit (SMART) Plan. It summarizes briefings that have been conducted on the SMART Plan with various federal, state, and local partners. It outlines the timeline for the SMART Plan including project development and environment studies and the Federal Transit Administration project delivery process. The document also provides status updates on the priority corridors identified in the SMART Plan that are currently undergoing project development and environment studies. Additionally, it discusses next steps around developing implementation plans for the corridors and a countywide travel demand forecast. Finally, potential funding partners and sources for the SMART Plan are identified including federal, state, local, and private sector options.
The Miami-Dade MPO & FDOT D6 co-hosted this two day site visit on October 26 + 27, 2016 to learn about the major transportation projects in Miami-Dade County.
This document provides an overview of the state of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies as of February 2017. It discusses the history and development of AR/VR technologies over time, including major companies and investments in the space. It also analyzes the current state and future outlook of both AR and VR, noting that VR is more developed for consumers currently while AR faces challenges but has potential for enterprise use. Revenue forecasts and startup ecosystem data are also presented.
This document provides tips for meeting deadlines, including organizing and prioritizing tasks, planning backwards from the deadline, grouping similar tasks, multitasking, establishing routines, rewarding yourself, breaking projects into small tasks with time slots, writing tasks down, finding extra time, removing distractions, working in the correct environment, knowing your strengths and weaknesses, and allowing for unforeseen issues. The overall message is that careful planning, organization, prioritization, and time management are key to achieving deadlines.
La arquitectura fue una de las facetas más brillantes del arte islámico. Los edificios se caracterizaron por su complejidad técnica, belleza y evitar la sensación de vacío. Usaron decoraciones como cerámica, mosaicos, azulejos, piedra y mármol tallados para embellecer las paredes y crear efectos tridimensionales. Elementos arquitectónicos clave incluyen el arco, la cúpula y el iwan.
Este documento discute vários aspectos da Árvore da Vida, incluindo como estudá-la, os dez sefirot que a compõem e suas conexões, e histórias bíblicas como José, o Justo que fornecem códigos para entendê-la. Há também discussões sobre energias espirituais, união, desistência de sonhos e fluxo.
The document proposes a campaign for the British Heart Foundation (BHF) involving an actress "dying" on stage at the British Soap Awards to raise awareness of heart disease and encourage donations to the BHF. This shocking stunt would create a viral moment that drives discussion online and in traditional media, followed by calls to action donating to important research. Metrics like increased donations, website traffic, and social media engagement would evaluate the campaign's success in positioning the BHF as crucial in the fight against heart disease.
O documento promove um sistema de gerenciamento remoto de conteúdo em displays e TVs chamado Luqy, que permite atualizar o conteúdo desses dispositivos via web ou touchscreen. O sistema custa a partir de R$29,90 mensais para assinatura ou R$399,90 à vista para o aparelho Luqy TV, oferecendo comunicação rápida e eficiente para empresas.
Problemas de olimpiadas 5º matemáticas recreativas 2Rony Gutierrez
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The OzFlux network aims to measure carbon, water and energy fluxes across Australian ecosystems. It operates numerous flux stations collecting hourly data on variables like radiation, temperature, and carbon uptake. This allows analysis of ecosystem functioning, carbon and water balances, and responses to climate change. OzFlux provides consistent, quality data to the research community to advance understanding in these areas. It also engages stakeholders to address questions about key ecosystems and their disturbance by factors like clearing and fire.
Students - Introduction to climate change scienceipcc-media
This document provides an introduction to climate change science. It discusses that climate change is a large multi-disciplinary issue that affects all sectors of society and the economy. It then summarizes the key components of the climate system and how human activities have changed the composition of the air and land use. The document reviews evidence of climate change from increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and global temperature rise. It discusses climate modeling and projections for further warming and impacts. The conclusion emphasizes that human influence on climate is clear and emissions reductions are needed to limit climate change risks.
1. The document presents Victoria Naipal's PhD dissertation on modelling long-term sediment dynamics in an Earth System Model framework.
2. Naipal developed models to simulate soil erosion globally and sediment dynamics over the last millennium to quantify changes in sediment storage and fluxes.
3. The models were able to reproduce observed global patterns of soil erosion and sediment storage, and showed that land use change was the main driver of increased sediment storage over the last millennium.
This study assessed the impacts of climate change and land use change on watershed hydrology using the SWAT model. The MIROC3.2 climate model and CLUE-s land use change model were used to project future conditions. SWAT was calibrated and validated, then run using projected increases in temperature and variability in precipitation as well as predicted decreases in forest/agriculture and increases in urban/grassland. The results indicated higher evapotranspiration and surface runoff by 2080, as well as increased groundwater recharge and streamflow, affecting dam and reservoir management.
1) Observations show extreme precipitation in the Netherlands increases by 7% per degree for daily sums and 14% per degree for 10-minute sums, higher than the expected thermodynamic scaling.
2) This super-scaling can be explained by latent heat release increasing buoyancy and vertical velocities, inducing more moisture convergence and precipitation.
3) Models project different responses for mean and extreme precipitation in a warming climate, with extreme events generally increasing more than mean precipitation. But regional patterns are uncertain and the Netherlands may see increases or decreases depending on other climate factors.
The document analyzes water eutrophication in the Sulejow Reservoir in Poland using coupled CFD and WASP models. A 3D CFD model was developed to simulate hydrodynamics, which was then verified with field measurements. The WASP model was used to simulate nutrient transport and cycling factors like phytoplankton growth, considering hydrodynamics from the CFD model. The results showed proper correlation between measured and calculated values, indicating the models realistically captured the distribution of temperatures, velocities and nutrient concentrations contributing to eutrophication in the reservoir. The methodology can be applied to other reservoir systems to analyze ecological status.
This document summarizes the findings of a long-term study on the impacts of land management practices on runoff and water quality in the Black Brook watershed in Atlantic Canada. The study monitored various variables including land use, hydrology, water quality, weather, and agricultural operations from 1992 to 2013. Key findings include: (1) increased terrace coverage is the most effective practice at reducing soil erosion and sediment load at the watershed level; (2) sediment load and concentration decrease with increasing terrace area and snow depth; and (3) over 60% of the annual nutrient, sediment and runoff loads occur during the snowmelt season from December to April.
Quik et al. 2019 sb4 n comp to nf-wso_setac helsinki+Anna Sapundzhieva
This document compares the SimpleBox4nano multimedia fate model to the higher tier NanoFASE Water-Soil-Organism spatiotemporal model. A scenario using titanium dioxide nanoparticles released in the Thames catchment was modeled in both SimpleBox4nano and NanoFASE. The predicted environmental concentrations from SimpleBox4nano were found to be within an order of magnitude of the 90th percentile concentrations from NanoFASE for soil and sediment compartments, indicating SimpleBox4nano provides valid estimates for these sinks. Concentrations in the water compartment matched at steady-state but SimpleBox4nano may underestimate at one year. The comparison shows SimpleBox4nano can reliably
Evapotranspiration estimation with remote sensingIqura Malik
This document provides an overview of estimating evapotranspiration (ET) using remote sensing. It discusses several methods and satellites used for deriving ET estimates remotely, including the Landsat, MODIS, Sentinel-2, and MSG programs. The MOD16 and LSA-SAF MSG algorithms for calculating ET from MODIS and MSG data respectively are described in detail. A case study is mentioned that compares ET estimates from the MOD16 and LSA-SAF MSG products.
The document discusses monitoring Earth's energy imbalance (EEI), which is the difference between the amount of solar energy absorbed by Earth and the amount radiated back to space. Positive EEI means future warming, while negative EEI means future cooling. It outlines several approaches to monitoring EEI, but notes challenges, and recommends sustained ocean observations from programs like Argo to improve EEI estimates over time. Combining multiple measurements in an optimal way holds promise for assessing climate change status and testing mitigation effectiveness.
This research summarizes measurements taken during the COPE-MED field campaign to better understand warm rain processes and entrainment effects on heavy precipitation. LWC probes were compared and generally agreed well, though the PVM overestimated LWC at higher concentrations and smaller diameters. A LWC survey with vertical statistics was conducted. Analysis of droplet spectra bimodality from low-precipitation cases found evidence of bimodality but secondary activation was unlikely the cause, with the bimodality mechanism remaining unclear. Future COPE analysis will utilize these LWC and bimodality findings to evaluate hypotheses regarding warm rain processes and entrainment impacts on heavy precipitation.
Key messages from the AR5 WGI with focus on Saudi Arabia and the regionJesbin Baidya
The document discusses future climate change in Southeast Asia and extreme events according to the IPCC. It notes that human influences on the climate system are clear based on multiple lines of evidence. If greenhouse gas emissions continue, warming and changes will affect all parts of the climate system. Limiting climate change will require substantial reductions in emissions. The region will likely see increased warming, changes in precipitation patterns including more variable rainfall, and more frequent extreme weather events.
This document presents the progress of a research thesis evaluating the impacts of climate change on irrigated agriculture in the North Gojjam Sub-basin of Ethiopia. The study aims to assess climate trends, estimate current and future crop water demand under climate scenarios, and quantify climate change impacts on evapotranspiration, temperature, and rainfall. Methods include analyzing observed meteorological data, bias-correcting future climate projections, evaluating climate model performance, and using the CROPWAT model to estimate reference evapotranspiration and crop water requirements. Preliminary results show increasing temperature trends but decreasing rainfall trends in historical data, and future projections also indicate potential decreases in precipitation under climate change scenarios.
The document discusses observations of climate change from global and regional perspectives, noting that human activities have influenced the climate through increasing greenhouse gas emissions. It then summarizes trends in global temperature rise and changes in precipitation patterns, as well as projections for further temperature increases and impacts on tropical cyclones and monsoon rainfall in Southeast Asia specifically. Adaptation and mitigation strategies are needed to address the physical and non-physical impacts of climate change.
1) The study assessed the relationship between soil moisture held at different water potentials (matric potentials) and greenhouse gas fluxes in a corn-soybean field.
2) Soil samples were collected and analyzed at various matric potentials (0, -0.05, -0.1, -0.33, and -15 bars) to determine soil moisture levels. Higher moisture levels were found at 0 and -0.05 bars.
3) When soil moisture was near saturated conditions (0 bar matric potential), CO2 and N2O fluxes were positively correlated with soil moisture levels, while CH4 fluxes were negatively correlated.
The 2022 WMO State of Climate Services report focuses on the issue of energy, a subject that continues to dominate discussion and debate as it effects every single community, business, sector and economy, in all parts of the world.
Reaching net zero by 2050 will mean a complete transformation of our global energy system, with a switch to lower emissions electricity production and increased energy efficiency at the heart of the worldwide response. But the transition to clean energy calls for investment in improved weather, water and climate services that can be used to ensure our energy infrastructure is resilient to climate-related shocks and inform measures to increase energy efficiency across multiple sectors.
Using data, analysis, and a series of case studies, the report illustrates and explains how countries – from Italy to Tajikistan – can improve their energy infrastructure, resilience and security through better climate services, supported by sustainable investments
Similar to The impact of droughts on interannualvariability in terrestrial carbon-13 discrimination (20)
This project received funding from the EMPIR programme and European Union's Horizon 2020 programme. It aims to establish new traceability for radon metrology quantities used in climate observation and radiation protection. Key targets are developing new calibration services, validating current radon models with traceable measurements, providing dynamic radon maps for research and regulation, and facilitating adoption of new measurement infrastructure. The project has resulted in several publications establishing new radon standards and measurement methods.
The document discusses two wind measurement instruments: the Wind Ranger 100/200 Doppler lidar and uSonic-3 Class A MP and Cage MP ultrasonic anemometers. The Wind Ranger is a compact Doppler lidar that can measure the 3D wind vector with high spatial and temporal resolution up to 200m in height. The uSonic-3 instruments use multiple measurement paths, including three vertical paths, to measure wind and turbulence with minimized shadow effects and flow distortion while offering various output options, flexible operation, internal data storage, and online monitoring.
This document discusses addressing forest canopy decoupling on a global scale. It provides background on decoupling, which occurs when there is insufficient mixing of air masses above and below the forest canopy. This can bias carbon flux measurements made above the canopy. The document outlines a global decoupling synthesis study involving over 30 forest sites. Preliminary results show decoupling occurs at all sites and is influenced by atmospheric conditions, canopy properties, and surrounding topography. Topography in particular can impact flow patterns and cause horizontal advection during decoupled periods. In conclusion, complementary below-canopy measurements are recommended to better understand decoupling and its effects on carbon flux estimates.
This study examined how drought impacts water and carbon exchange in Scots pine forests across boreal and temperate climate zones. The researchers used the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to determine drought conditions at six Scots pine forest sites representing a range of climates. They found that prolonged drought, even over multiple summers, reduced the carbon uptake and increased the water use efficiency of the pine forests. Specifically, they observed a reduction in the assimilation rate and annual carbon sequestration at one temperate forest site after an extreme drought in 2015. Linking long-term SPEI data to on-site flux and soil measurements helped explain the forest ecosystem responses to drought across different climatic
The document summarizes testing of the Picarro G4301 Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy Analyzer for measuring CO2, CH4, and H2O. Tests at a metrology laboratory found the instrument has short-term precision of 0.1 ppm for CO2 and 0.24 ppb for CH4. Long-term repeatability over 30 days was 0.08 ppm for CO2 and 0.22 ppb for CH4. The instrument was stable against varying humidity, temperature, and pressure within specifications. A comparison to a reference instrument found good agreement. Field users appreciated the portable design and reliability of the instrument for ecological and industrial applications requiring precision of 2 ppm for CO2
The document summarizes the Baltic Sea Action Group's Carbon Action project which aims to promote regenerative agriculture in Finland. The project establishes carbon action farms and verification systems to measure soil carbon sequestration. Regenerative farming techniques like minimal tilling, organic amendments, and cover crops can store more carbon in soils, reduce emissions, and support biodiversity. The project communicates these practices to farmers, companies, decision makers and scientists through an online platform and course to advance carbon removal and climate change mitigation through healthy agricultural soils.
This document describes methods to improve machine learning reconstructions of ocean carbon dioxide (pCO2) by incorporating physical knowledge. It presents two methods: (1) reconstructing the pCO2 residual by removing the temperature component, focusing the model on other drivers; and (2) using ocean biogeochemical models as a prior and training a machine learning model to estimate the climatological misfit between models and observations, allowing extension of reconstructions back to 1959. Both methods showed improved performance over original models in independent evaluation data, with the climatological correction approach capturing most of the improvement. The techniques demonstrate how physical knowledge can enhance machine learning reconstructions of pCO2.
This document presents research on the impact of below-canopy and above-canopy air mass decoupling on carbon dioxide exchange in a temperate floodplain forest. The study measured CO2 fluxes above and below the forest canopy from 2015-2020 at a site in Lanžhot, Czech Republic. While decoupling between the layers occurred regularly, the analysis found no significant effect of decoupling on the annual net ecosystem carbon exchange derived from above-canopy measurements. The flat terrain around the study site likely inhibited the removal of carbon-rich air, minimizing any bias from decoupling over longer time scales.
This document discusses using outdoor radon concentration and radon flux data for radiation protection applications. It provides background information on typical indoor and outdoor radon levels, as well as radon flux. The document outlines legal requirements for identifying Radon Priority Areas where radon levels are expected to exceed reference levels. It discusses different methods for developing radon maps to identify these areas, including using statistics, geostatistics, and machine learning on indoor radon data and other geogenic parameters like outdoor radon and radon flux. The goal of the traceRadon project is to improve methods for identifying Radon Priority Areas using outdoor radon and radon flux data. The document also discusses using gamma dose rate measurements to identify radon wash
This document summarizes one year of aircraft vertical profile measurements of CO2, CH4, and CO in tropical East Africa from September 2018 to April 2021. Over 200 vertical profiles were collected across Uganda, characterizing large-scale enhancements in all three gases that varied seasonally and with latitude. The measurements found higher tracer-tracer ratios near urban areas and observed impacts from wet/dry seasonality and biomass burning. Challenges included data gaps due to COVID, internet outages, and permitting issues. The dataset is available for evaluating satellite retrievals and biomass burning and emission models over Africa.
The document describes an investigation of the Suess effect in the surface waters of the Southern Indian Ocean between 1998 and 2021 using carbon isotope data. Key findings include:
1) Application of an extended multiple linear regression model to the data detected anthropogenic changes to both dissolved inorganic carbon and carbon isotope ratios, with a rate of increase in anthropogenic carbon of 0.8 μmol/kg/yr and rate of decrease in carbon isotope ratios (Suess effect) of 0.011‰/yr.
2) The rates of change estimated by the regression model were similar to rates estimated from observed regional trends over the study period, suggesting only small impacts from natural variability.
3) A strong linear relationship was
This document summarizes a study estimating the spatial variability of carbon cycle components in Helsinki, Finland using the SUEWS modelling tool. The study found that CO2 emissions from human metabolism accounted for 45% of local anthropogenic emissions, while net biogenic CO2 exchange accounted for 25% of anthropogenic emissions. Spatial maps showed traffic emissions were concentrated along ring roads, building heating emissions in residential areas, and human metabolism emissions in city centers. Vegetation uptake and emissions from human metabolism were comparable to or exceeded emissions from traffic and building heating in some areas of Helsinki.
This study measured CO2 fluxes and water turbulence in Jade Bay, Germany during winter to better understand how these parameters influence air-sea CO2 exchange. Researchers used a floating chamber method and infrared gas analyzer to measure the gas transfer velocity (k) and acoustic instruments to measure turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Preliminary results found only a weak correlation between wind speed and TKE, and no significant correlation between wind speed and k. Further analysis will test for correlations between k and TKE and compare different instruments' TKE measurements, to improve models of air-sea CO2 flux.
This document discusses the Greenhouse gas Observations of Biospheric and Local Emissions from the Upper sky (GOBLEU) project. The project aims to monitor Japan's climate mitigation progress using high-resolution greenhouse gas measurements from instruments installed on commercial airliners. Initial results show GOBLEU can observe nitric oxide concentrations over cities at finer scales than satellites. Comparisons to ground-based data find GOBLEU measurements correlate well, particularly in the megacity of Nagoya where satellite data correlates less. Future work includes more frequent flights and observations of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence over forested areas to monitor carbon sinks.
This document summarizes research measuring stable isotopologues of water and carbon dioxide in the Amazon rainforest to better understand land-atmosphere exchange processes. Laser spectrometry was used to measure isotopic composition and fluxes at high temporal resolution. Preliminary results showed daytime CO2 uptake enriching ambient air in carbon-13, and water vapor fluxes originating from evaporated, fractionated sources similar to root water. Further analysis will include laboratory analysis of leaf, soil, and air samples to partition fluxes, as well as isotope modeling to integrate effects and fluxes. The goal is to describe turbulent exchange processes at small scales to improve understanding of this complex system.
MethaneSAT is a new satellite funded by donations that aims to measure methane emissions globally to help reduce them. Its high resolution could allow detecting diffuse agricultural emissions for the first time from space. New Zealand's researchers will help develop methods to measure agricultural methane using MethaneSAT data. They will test these methods with measurement campaigns in New Zealand, where agriculture is a major source of methane emissions. The goal is to then apply this capability to measure methane from livestock and rice farming globally.
The document discusses LI-COR's trace gas analyzer platform and its applications. The platform uses optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy and can measure methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide. It is designed for flexibility in field research. Applications discussed include measuring soil gas fluxes, long-term atmospheric monitoring, urban and mobile emission monitoring, measuring pCO2 in seawater, and profiling gas storage fluxes.
Radon is a useful tracer gas for estimating greenhouse gas emissions and reducing uncertainties in atmospheric transport models. However, current radon measurement techniques have inconsistencies that limit their usefulness. This study proposes a standardized protocol for radon data processing to harmonize measurements across sites and over time. Applying time response corrections to radon detector outputs from two UK sites improved correlations with methane concentrations and allowed more frequent flux estimations in atmospheric transport models. The standardized protocol has potential to better utilize radon measurements for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions.
A large windthrow event in 2007 turned a former old spruce forest (DE-Hzd) into a net CO2 source for 11 years until 2017. Compared to an undisturbed old spruce forest (DE-Tha), the disturbed forest was a weaker carbon sink from 2018-2021, absorbing only 21% as much carbon. In total, the windthrow caused the disturbed forest to lose an estimated 288 tons of carbon per hectare from 2010-2021. Parallel monitoring revealed both the duration and magnitude of carbon loss following the disturbance.
This document summarizes research using eddy covariance flux tower measurements to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cities. Flux towers can directly measure CO2 and other gas fluxes continuously over urban areas. When combined with trace gas measurements and footprint modeling, flux data can be decomposed to separate biological from fossil-fuel derived CO2 fluxes. Comparisons of decomposed flux data to high-resolution urban GHG emissions inventories like Hestia show good agreement, validating the inventories. Flux towers also reveal active photosynthesis in urban turf grasses, highlighting needs to represent different urban vegetation types. Accounting for variations in rural biogenic fluxes is also important for isolating urban anthropogenic emissions.
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The impact of droughts on interannualvariability in terrestrial carbon-13 discrimination
1. The impact of droughts on interannual variability in
terrestrial carbon-13 discrimination
Erik van Schaik
Wageningen University and Research
W. Peters, I. R. van der Velde, M. K. van der Molen, J. B. Miller, P. P. Tans, B.
Vaughn, J. C. White, K. Schaefer
2. Model estimations of carbon fluxes during the European drought
of 2003
2
TRENDY data from
Sitch et al., 2008
15. Summary
Measurements of atmospheric δ13C can provide unique insight
in plant functioning on regional to continental scales
Many biosphere models are not able to simulate changes in
iWUE under water-stressed conditions.
iWUE can be a valuable metric to assess the performance of
biosphere models.
15
16. References
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785–818. doi:10.1002/2015RG000483.
Anyia, A. O., J. J Slaski, J. M. Nyachiro, D. J. Archambault, and P. Juskiw. 2007. “Relationship of Carbon Isotope Discrimination to Water
Use Efficiency and Productivity of Barley Under Field and Greenhouse Conditions.” Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 193 (5): 313–23.
doi:10.1111/j.1439-037X.2007.00274.x.
Baker, I. T., L. Prihodko, A. S. Denning, M. Goulden, S. Miller, and H. R. da Rocha. 2008. “Seasonal Drought Stress in the Amazon:
Reconciling Models and Observations.” Journal of Geophysical Research 113 (July). doi:10.1029/2007JG000644.
Egea, Gregorio, Anne Verhoef, and Pier Luigi Vidale. 2011. “Towards an Improved and More Flexible Representation of Water Stress in
Coupled Photosynthesis–stomatal Conductance Models.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151 (10): 1370–84.
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Ito, Akihiko, and Takehisa Oikawa. 2002. “A Simulation Model of the Carbon Cycle in Land Ecosystems (Sim-CYCLE): A Description Based
on Dry-Matter Production Theory and Plot-Scale Validation.” Ecological Modelling 151 (2-3): 143–76. doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00473-
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Krinner, G., Nicolas Viovy, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Jérôme Ogée, Jan Polcher, Pierre Friedlingstein, Philippe Ciais, Stephen Sitch, and
I. Colin Prentice. 2005. “A Dynamic Global Vegetation Model for Studies of the Coupled Atmosphere-Biosphere System: DVGM FOR
COUPLED CLIMATE STUDIES.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19 (1). doi:10.1029/2003GB002199.
Oleson, Keith, David Lawrence, Gordon Bonan, Mark Flanner, Erik Kluzek, Peter Lawrence, Samuel Levis, et al. 2010. “Technical
Description of Version 4.0 of the Community Land Model (CLM).” doi:10.5065/D6FB50WZ.
Sellers, P.J., D.A. Randall, G.J. Collatz, J.A. Berry, C.B. Field, D.A. Dazlich, C. Zhang, G.D. Collelo, and L. Bounoua. 1996. “A Revised Land
Surface Parameterization (SiB2) for Atmospheric GCMS. Part I: Model Formulation.” Journal of Climate 9 (4): 676–705. doi:10.1175/1520-
0442(1996)009<0676:ARLSPF>2.0.CO;2.
Sitch, S., C. Huntingford, N. Gedney, P. E. Levy, M. Lomas, S. L. Piao, R. Betts, et al. 2008. “Evaluation of the Terrestrial Carbon Cycle,
Future Plant Geography and Climate-Carbon Cycle Feedbacks Using Five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs).” Global Change
Biology 14 (9): 2015–39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01626.x.
van der Molen, M. K., R. A. M. de Jeu, W. Wagner, I. R. van der Velde, P. Kolari, J. Kurbatova, A. Varlagin, et al. 2015. “The Effect of
Assimilating Satellite Derived Soil Moisture in SiBCASA on Simulated Carbon Fluxes in Boreal Eurasia.” Hydrology and Earth System
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van der Velde, I. R. 2015. Studying Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of CO2 through Carbon-13 Stable Isotopes. Wageningen:
Wageningen University.
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