The document analyzes water eutrophication in the Sulejow Reservoir in Poland using coupled CFD and WASP models. A 3D CFD model was developed to simulate hydrodynamics, which was then verified with field measurements. The WASP model was used to simulate nutrient transport and cycling factors like phytoplankton growth, considering hydrodynamics from the CFD model. The results showed proper correlation between measured and calculated values, indicating the models realistically captured the distribution of temperatures, velocities and nutrient concentrations contributing to eutrophication in the reservoir. The methodology can be applied to other reservoir systems to analyze ecological status.
GroundWater Age and Large Scale Mixing, Cargese 2015, JR de Dreuzyjrdreuzy
Cargese Summer School on Flow and Transport in Porous and Fractured Media, Development, Protection, Management and Sequestration of Subsurface Fluids, July 20th - August 1st 2015
GroundWater Age and Large Scale Mixing, Cargese 2015, JR de Dreuzyjrdreuzy
Cargese Summer School on Flow and Transport in Porous and Fractured Media, Development, Protection, Management and Sequestration of Subsurface Fluids, July 20th - August 1st 2015
This work has sought to answer how global environmental change affects the concentration of nutrients in Mediterranean rivers. By means of a modeling effort using data collected by water agencies, this work has contributed to the knowledge of the relevant factors that drive nutrient dynamics in Mediterranean rivers, and how these change in time and space. Furthermore, it has clearly shown the potential modeling and time-series analysis offer to river scientists and managers.
Spatio Temporal Analysis of Hispar Glacier over last 15 yearsUsama Maqsood
The research was carried out in spirit to make processing robust for large data analysis and also to verify the spatial extent change in hispar glacier in past decade and soon
C5.04: GO-SHIP: A component of the sustained ocean observing system - Bernade...Blue Planet Symposium
The Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP) brings together scientists with interests in physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems, and other users and collectors of ocean interior data, and coordinates a network of globally sustained hydrographic sections as part of the global ocean/climate observing system including physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems.
GO-SHIP provides approximately decadal resolution of the changes in inventories of heat, freshwater, carbon, oxygen, nutrients and transient tracers, covering the ocean basins from coast to coast and full depth (top to bottom), with global measurements of the highest required accuracy to detect these changes. The GO-SHIP principal scientific objectives are: (1) understanding and documenting the large-scale ocean water property distributions, their changes, and drivers of those changes, and (2) addressing questions of how a future ocean that will increase in dissolved inorganic carbon, become more acidic and more stratified, and experience changes in circulation and ventilation processes due to global warming and altered water cycle.
Passive seismic monitoring for CO2 storage sites - Anna Stork, University of Bristol at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Geophysical modelling for CO2 storage, monitoring and appraisal, 3 November 2015
Pore scale dynamics and the interpretation of flow processes - Martin Blunt, Imperial College London, at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Flow and Transport for CO2 Storage, 29-30 October 2015
Corbett mortality ship death / a factor 5.4 worse due to BIMCO & Co on actual...www.thiiink.com
Note this report is off by a factor of 5.4 as BIMCO & Co forgot to report no less the 320 million tons of IFO380 for many many years millions got cancer due to that fact : see Bermuda triangle
http://www.slideshare.net/jornw1/shippings-bermuda-triangle5
The Corbett mortality report: 60,000 per year is based on 80 million tons of IFO380 burned with no Scrubber
But the actual burn rate of IFO380 is 400 million tons, which equals the real death rate is 300,000 per year not 60,000 people, plus millions more with Cancer."
Epidemiological studies consistently link ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM) to negative health impacts, including asthma, heart attacks, hospital admissions, and premature mortality. We model ambient PM concentrations from oceangoing ships using two geospatial emissions inventories and two global aerosol models. We estimate global and regional mortalities by applying ambient PM increases due to ships to cardiopulmonary and lung cancer concentration-
risk functions and population models. Our results indicate that shipping-related PM emissions are responsible for approximately 60,000 cardiopulmonary and lung cancer deaths annually, with most deaths occurring near coastlines in Europe, East Asia, and South Asia. Under current regulation and with the expected growth in shipping activity, we estimate that annual mortalities could increase by 40% by 2012.
Assessing Uncertainty of Time Lapse Seismic Response Due to Geomechanical Deformation, Doug Angus - Geophysical Modelling for CO2 Storage, Leeds, 3 November 2015
This work has sought to answer how global environmental change affects the concentration of nutrients in Mediterranean rivers. By means of a modeling effort using data collected by water agencies, this work has contributed to the knowledge of the relevant factors that drive nutrient dynamics in Mediterranean rivers, and how these change in time and space. Furthermore, it has clearly shown the potential modeling and time-series analysis offer to river scientists and managers.
Spatio Temporal Analysis of Hispar Glacier over last 15 yearsUsama Maqsood
The research was carried out in spirit to make processing robust for large data analysis and also to verify the spatial extent change in hispar glacier in past decade and soon
C5.04: GO-SHIP: A component of the sustained ocean observing system - Bernade...Blue Planet Symposium
The Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP) brings together scientists with interests in physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems, and other users and collectors of ocean interior data, and coordinates a network of globally sustained hydrographic sections as part of the global ocean/climate observing system including physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems.
GO-SHIP provides approximately decadal resolution of the changes in inventories of heat, freshwater, carbon, oxygen, nutrients and transient tracers, covering the ocean basins from coast to coast and full depth (top to bottom), with global measurements of the highest required accuracy to detect these changes. The GO-SHIP principal scientific objectives are: (1) understanding and documenting the large-scale ocean water property distributions, their changes, and drivers of those changes, and (2) addressing questions of how a future ocean that will increase in dissolved inorganic carbon, become more acidic and more stratified, and experience changes in circulation and ventilation processes due to global warming and altered water cycle.
Passive seismic monitoring for CO2 storage sites - Anna Stork, University of Bristol at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Geophysical modelling for CO2 storage, monitoring and appraisal, 3 November 2015
Pore scale dynamics and the interpretation of flow processes - Martin Blunt, Imperial College London, at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Flow and Transport for CO2 Storage, 29-30 October 2015
Corbett mortality ship death / a factor 5.4 worse due to BIMCO & Co on actual...www.thiiink.com
Note this report is off by a factor of 5.4 as BIMCO & Co forgot to report no less the 320 million tons of IFO380 for many many years millions got cancer due to that fact : see Bermuda triangle
http://www.slideshare.net/jornw1/shippings-bermuda-triangle5
The Corbett mortality report: 60,000 per year is based on 80 million tons of IFO380 burned with no Scrubber
But the actual burn rate of IFO380 is 400 million tons, which equals the real death rate is 300,000 per year not 60,000 people, plus millions more with Cancer."
Epidemiological studies consistently link ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM) to negative health impacts, including asthma, heart attacks, hospital admissions, and premature mortality. We model ambient PM concentrations from oceangoing ships using two geospatial emissions inventories and two global aerosol models. We estimate global and regional mortalities by applying ambient PM increases due to ships to cardiopulmonary and lung cancer concentration-
risk functions and population models. Our results indicate that shipping-related PM emissions are responsible for approximately 60,000 cardiopulmonary and lung cancer deaths annually, with most deaths occurring near coastlines in Europe, East Asia, and South Asia. Under current regulation and with the expected growth in shipping activity, we estimate that annual mortalities could increase by 40% by 2012.
Assessing Uncertainty of Time Lapse Seismic Response Due to Geomechanical Deformation, Doug Angus - Geophysical Modelling for CO2 Storage, Leeds, 3 November 2015
Biochemical Oxygen Demand and its Industrial SignificanceAdnan Murad Bhayo
BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organism in a body of water to breakdown organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period .
Most of Bacteria in the aquatic columns are aerobic. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholera.
Atmosphere contains 21% oxygen (210000 mg/dm3)
Higher the temperature of water higher will be the rate of respiration. So, concentration of oxygen decreases.
Many Animal species can grow and reproduce normally when dissolved oxygen level is ~ 5.0 mg/L.
HYPOXIA: When dissolve oxygen content below 3.0 mg/L. Many Species move elsewhere and immobile species may die
ANOXIA: When dissolve oxygen content below 0.5 mg/L. All aerobic species will die
Fertilizer contains Nitrate contributes to high BOD
Phosphate present in Soap and detergent that enhances the growth of algal blooms. As a result depletion of oxygen occur.
In a body of water with large amount of decaying organic material , the dissolved oxygen level may drop by 90 %, this would represent High BOD
In a body of water with small amount of decaying organic material , the dissolved oxygen level may drop by 10 %, this would represent Low BOD
ANALYSIS OF BOD OF WATER
Use glass bottles having 60 mL or greater capacity. Take samples of water.
Turn on the constant temperature chamber to allow the
controlled temperature to stabilize at 20°C ±1°C.
Record the DO level (ppm) of one immediately.
Place water sample in an incubator in complete darkness at 20 C for 5 days. Exclude all light to prevent possibility of photosynthetic production of DO
If don't have an incubator, wrap the water sample bottle in aluminum foil or black electrical tape and store in a dark place at room temperature (20o C or 68 °F).
DILUTION OF SAMPLE
Most relatively unpolluted streams have a BOD5 that ranges from 1 to 8 mg/L
Dilution is necessary when the amount of DO consumed by microorganisms is greater than the amount of DO available in the air-saturated.
If the BOD5 value of a sample is less than 7 mg/L, sample dilution is not needed.
The DO concentration after 5 days must be at least 1 mg/L and at least 2 mg/L lower in concentration than the initial DO
(American Public Health Association and others, 1995).
BOD of the dilution water is less than 0.2 mg/L.
Discard dilution water if there is any sign of biological growth.
pH of the dilution water needs to be maintained in a range suitable for bacterial growth
Bacterial growth is very good between 6.5 to 7.5
Sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide may need to be added to the dilution water to lower or raise the pH, respectively.
CALCULATION:
The general equation for the determination of a BOD5 value is:
BOD = D1-D2/P
Where
D1 = initial DO of the sample,
D2 = final DO of the sample after 5 days, and
P = decimal volumetric fraction of sample used.
If 100 mL of sample a
Sinusoidal Model Development for the Study of Diurnal Variation of Surface Ai...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS DESIGN MODEL OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN INTEGRATED ...IAEME Publication
A dimensional analysis design model for the prediction of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the integrated solar and hydraulic jump enhanced waste stabilization pond (ISHJEWSP) was derived using the Buckingham’s π-theorem approach. The concentration of effluent BOD was derived as a function of the influent concentration of BOD, intensity of solar radiation, influent algae concentration, inlet velocity, density of wastewater, characteristic length of the pond, detention time, dispersion coefficient and dissolved oxygen.
DSD-INT 2019 Elbe Estuary Modelling Case Studies-StanevDeltares
Presentation by Emil Stanev (HZG Institute of Coastal Research, Germany), at the DANUBIUS Modelling Workshop, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2019. Friday, 8 November 2019, Delft.
DSD-INT 2023 Simulation of Coastal Hydrodynamics and Water Quality in Hong Ko...Deltares
Presentation by Qinghua Ye (Deltares, Netherlands) at the Delft3D User Days, during the Delft Software Days - Edition 2023 (DSD-INT 2023). Thursday, 16 November 2023, Delft.
High-resolution phenotyping Water flow dynamics Chloroplast movementCIMMYT
Remote sensing – Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
- Morphometric analysis of the Watershed is considered to be the most satisfactory method because it enables in
understanding of the relationship of various aspects within a drainage basin. In the present study two mini watersheds in Raichur city
have been considered Mini-watershed 1 with an area of 519.32 km2 with highest order stream of 6 it flows through north of city and it
joins the streams of Krishna, Mini –Watershed 2 with an area of 360.97 km2 with highest order stream of 5 it flows through south of
city and joins Tungabhadra streams. The values of Stream frequency is 1.07 and 1.03, Form factor 0.35and 0.53, Shape factor 2.84 and
1.90, Elongation Ratio 0.67 and 0.82, Circularity Ratio 0.27 and 0.42, Drainage density 1.26 and 1.30, Length of overland flow 0.40 and
0.38 for Mini-watershed 1 and Mini-watershed 2 respectively
Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most famous and generally utilized technique for analysing and deriving flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. For ungauged catchments, unit hydrograph are derived using either regional unit hydrograph approach. Central Water Commission (CWC) derived the regional unit hydrograph relationships for different sub-zones of India relating to the various unit hydrograph parameters with some prominent physiographic characteristics. In this study, the lately developed UH model is applied located between Latitude 15º54′2′′ N to 16º16′19′′ N Latitude and 76º48′40′′ E to77º4′21′′ E Longitude. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively. The Peak discharge of unit hydrograph obtained is 171.58m3/s. The final cumulative discharge is 1669.05 m3/s.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
CFD modeling
1. AAnnaallyyssiiss ooff tthhee fflluuxx
ooff bbiiooggeenniicc ssuubbssttaanncceess
oonn wwaatteerr eeuuttrroopphhiiccaattiioonn
iinn tthhee SSuulleejjooww RReesseerrvvooiirr
M.Sc. Aleksandra Ziemińska-Stolarska
Supervisor: Prof. Jerzy Skrzypski
Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering
2.
3. Plan of presentation
1. Aim of the thesis
2. Study area – Sulejow Reservoir
3. 3D CFD model of flow hydrodynamic in the Sulejow Reservoir
4. Verification of CFD model
5. Analysis of water quality in the Sulejow Resrevoir (WASP)
6. Conclusions
3
4. 4
Eutrophication
Eutrophication (Greek: eutrophia-healthy, adequate nutrition,
development) resulted from the river phosphorus and nitrogen supply,
effects with a disturbance of the ecological balance of the ecosystem and
occurrence of blue-green algae blooms during summer.
6. Aim of the study
Application of coupled CFD and WASP models allows to obtain a full picture
of the ecological status of the reservoir and will enable the identification of
areas with the highest accumulation biogenic components and thus areas
particularly vulnerable to the formation of cyanobacterial blooms
Develop three dimensional model of flow hydrodynamic in the Sulejow
Reservoir using CFD technique.
Perform calculations of water quality in the Sulejow Reservoir with the use
of the WASP (Water Analysis Simulation Program) program for which
hydrodynamic data were supplied by my own CFD model. It allows to
obtain an realistic image of the distribution of temperatures, flow
velocities and concentrations of main substances responsible for the
eutrophication process.
6
7. 7
AApppplliiccaattiioonn aarreeaa AAssssoocciiaatteedd ssttuuddiieess
Flow-field prediction
Fang and Rodi (2003),
Fangkai et al. (2007),
Zinke et al. (2010),
Wang et al. (2010),
Khosronejad (2010),
Analysis of particulate behaviour Stovin and Saul (1996;2000),
Adamson et al. (2003),
Bridgeman et al. (2009)
Prediction of water surface profiles
Ta and Brignal (1998),
Kouyi et al.(2005),
Lau et al. (2007),
Anderson et al. (2013)
Residence time distribution (RTD)
Faram et al. (2004),
Kennedy et al. (2006),
Lau et al. (2007)
Sediment transport pattern
Faram and Harwood (2003),
Dargahi (2004),
Gupta et al. (2005),
Stovin et al. (2005),
Townsend (2007)
State of the art
8. State of the art
Dargahi (2004) Sanjiv K. Sinha (1998) Zinke et al. (2010)
8
Andersson (2013)
9. 9
Models Model Version Description
Streeter-Phelps
models
S-P model
Thomas BOD-DO
O`Connor BOD-DO
Dobbins-Camp
BOD-DO
1D steady-state models focus on oxygen balance and
one-order decay of BOD.
QUAL
QUAL I
QUAL II
QUAL 2E
QUAL2E UNCAS
QUAL2K
1D river and stream water quality models suitable
for dendritic river and non-point source pollution
including steady-state or dynamic models.
WASP
(Water Analysis
Symulation
Programme)
WASP 7.1
Dynamic compartment-modeling program for
aquatic systems, including water column and the
underlying benthos. Allows to investigate 1, 2, and
3D systems, and a variety of pollutant types. Can be
linked with hydrodynamic and sediment transport
models that can provide flows, depths velocities,
temperature, salinity and sediment fluxes.
BASINS (Better
Assessment Science
Integrating point &
Non-point Sources)
BASIN 1
BASIN 2
BASIN 3
BASIN 4
GIS tool for watershed analysis and monitoring.
Multipurpose environmental analysis systems,
which integrate point and non-point pollution
suitable for water quality analysis at watershed
scale.
State of the art
10. State of the art
GEMSS
(Generalized
Environmental
Modeling System
for Surface
waters)
GEMSS
3D hydrodynamic and transport models embedded in a
geographic information and environmental data system
(GIS). Compute time-varying velocities, water surface
elevations, and water quality constituent concentrations
in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, and coastal
waterbodies.
QUASAR QUASAR 1D dynamic model suitable for dissolved oxygen simulation
in large rivers.
MIKE
Mike 11
Mike 21
Mike 31
1,2,3D models simulate flow and water level, water quality
and sediment transport in rivers, flood plains, irrigation
canals, reservoirs and other inland water bodies.
EFDC EFDC
Hydrodynamic model used to simulate aquatic systems in 1,
2,3D. Solves 3D, vertically hydrostatic, free surface, turbulent
averaged equations of motion for a variable-density fluid.
Dynamically-coupled transport equations for turbulent
kinetic energy, turbulent length scale, salinity and
temperature are also solved.
CE-QUAL-W2 CE-QUAL-W2
2D hydrodynamic and water quality model, assumes lateral
homogeneity. Best suited for long and narrow water bodies
exhibiting longitudinal and vertical water quality gradients.
Can be applied to rivers, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries.
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Models Model Version Description
11. Phytoplankton kinetics
k4j p1j p1j s4j j S = (G - D - k ) P
Where:
Sk4j = reaction term, mg carbon/L day
Pj = phytoplankton population, mg carbon/L
Gp1j = growth rate constant, day-1
Dp1j = death plus respiration rate constant, day-1
ks4j = settling rate constant, day-1
j = segment number, unitless
ù
ö
o
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P1j 1c RTj RIj RNj G = k ×G ×G ×G
æ
DIP
G Min DIN
RN ,
é
æ
G e f exp I
o
exp( exp
Ij I
GRTj= the temperature adjustment factor, dimensionless
GRIj= the light limitation factor as a function of I, f, D, and Ke, dimensionless
GRNj= the nutrient limitation factor as a function of dissolved inorganic phosphorus and
nitrogen (DIP and DIN), dimensionless:
T= ambient water temperature, °C
I= incident solar radiation, ly/day
f= fraction day that is daylight, unitless
D= depth of the water column or model segment, m
Ke= total light extinction coefficient, m-1
Io= the average incident light intensity during daylight hours just below the surface,
assumed to average 0,9 I/f, ly/day
Is= the saturating light intensity of phytoplankton, ly/day
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RTj 1 G = QT -
c
ö
÷ ÷ø
ç çè
+ +
=
K DIP
K DIN
nM mP
úû
êë
÷ ÷ø
ç çè
- -
þ ý ü
î í ì
- - ×
×
=
s
e
s
e
K D I
I
K D
12. Study Area - Sulejow Reservoir
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Table 1. Parameters of the
Sulejow Reservoir.
Lodz Name Value
Total length 17,1 km
Maximum width 2,1 km
Average width 1500 m
Average depth 3,3 m
Maximum depth 15 m
Shoreline length 58 km
Surface area 22 km2
Usable capacity 61 x 106 m3
Maximum capacity 75 x 106 km3
Retention time ~30 days
Fig.1. Location of the Sulejow Reservoir.
13. Study Area - Sulejow Reservoir
Table 2. Characteristic of main rivers supplying
the Sulejow Reservoir.
Characteristic Pilica Luciaza
Catchment area A [km2] 3919 766
River lenght L [km] 160 49
A/L ratio 25 16
Mean discharge [m3/s] 22,8 2,48
Nutrient Load
Sulejow (Pilica River)
•43,3 TP/year (2005-2009 IMGW, WIOŚ)
•986 TN/year (2005-2009 IMGW, WIOŚ)
Kludzice (Luciaza River)
•8,68 TP/year (2005-2009 IMGW, WIOŚ)
•215 TN/year (2005-2009 IMGW, WIOŚ)
Fig.2 Pilica catchment Source: Corine Land Cover 2006 13
14. 3D CFD MODEL OF
HYDRODYNAMIC IN THE
SULEJOW RESERVOIR
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15. 15
3D CFD modeling
Geometry modeling & Grid generation
Fig.5. 36 cross section profiles of the Sulejow Reservoir.
Source: Regional Board of Water Management, Warsaw, (2008)
16. 3D CFD modeling
Computational mesh
16
air
Fig. 7 Fragment of the structural mesh
with the boundary layer.
Boundary layer
First raw – 0,01
Growth factor -1,01
17. 3D CFD modeling
Parameters, Boundary & Initial Conditions
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Boundary conditions: two inlets (Pilica and Luciaza rivers), one outlet
(dam).
Pressure value was equal to the atmospheric, which enable to simulate
the flow as the open channel.
Bottom and sides were treated as a wall. At the walls including the
reservoir base, the no-slip conditions were applied. The bottom and sides
were assigned a 0,02 m roughness height.
At the water table the moving wall function was used.
Simulated inflow boundaries were specified with mass flow rate, normal
to the boundary.
The k-ω SST turbulence model was applied to the calculations.
Table 2. Solution conditions and methods for the Sulejow Reservoir simulation.
Model
Space Three dimensional
Time Steady
Turbulence k-ɷ SST
Discretization method
Pressure Standard
Pressure-velocity coupling scheme SIMPLEC
Momentum Second order Upwind
Turbulence energy kinetic First order Upwind
Turbulence dissipation rate First order Upwind
18. Results of CFD calculations
Simulation results under steady-state conditions were first reviewed
to understand the general flow behavior indicated by the model.
A B
Fig. 9. Velocity field (m/s) in the Sulejow Reservoir in A) July B) December. 19
19. 3D CFD modeling
Two-phase flow model
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Two-phase flow model:
Lenght – 80 m
Width – 3m
Wind speed – 2m/s
Wind direction - southeast
20. Results of CFD calculations
No wind conditions Wind
Wind direction (SE)
~2 m/s
Fig. 9. Velocity field (m/s) in the Sulejow Reservoir in October. 21
21. Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) are highly efficient and reliable
instruments for flow measurements in rivers and open-channel environments.
22
Fig.8. Acoustic Doppler
current profilers ADCP
(StreamPro)
3D CFD modeling
Model verification
22. 3D CFD modeling
Model verification
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Moving boat ADCP measurements provided spatially overall picture of flow
1
conditions in the Sulejow Reservoir.
2
3 4
37. SSuummmmaarryy
A 3D single-phase CFD model of flow hydrodynamic in the Sulejow Reservoir with
accurate depiction of basin bathymetry was developed and verified.
The results generated by the model indicate that the flow field in the Sulejow
Reservoir is transient in nature, containing turbulent structures and swirl flow.
Analysis of the flow velocities show that main path of flow is approximately along
the bad of the Pilica River.
The WASP eutrophication model was applied to simulate the complex nutrient
transport and cycling in the Sulejow Reservoir.
Proper correlation between the measured and calculated values ware obtained,
which is a result of application a realistic hydrodynamics in the lake, determined
from the CFD calculations in the WASP analysis.
Analysis of the results shown correlation between hydrodynamics and
concentrations of selected nutrients in the reservoir.
The resulting model is accurate, robust and the methodology develop in the frame of
this work can be applied to all types of storage reservoir configurations,
characteristics, and hydraulic conditions.
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