This document discusses storage selection functions (SAS) as a tool for characterizing dispersion processes and solute transport at the catchment scale. SAS functions link the age distributions of water stored in a catchment to the age distributions exported from the catchment. They can be used to derive travel time distributions and model concentrations of conservative solutes. The formulation incorporates temporal variability in hydrologic fluxes and can represent spatial heterogeneity through distinct SAS functions for different catchment units. Case studies demonstrate how SAS functions capture catchment-scale age selection dynamics and can reproduce observed solute concentrations in streams.
This document discusses preparatory work for coupling reactive solute transport modeling with flow modeling in the Cathy model. The objectives are to develop a 3D coupled surface and subsurface flow and reactive solute transport model based on Cathy, validate it using field data from two hillslopes in France, and upscale the model from hillslope to catchment scale. An existing subsurface flow model (Cathy) and solute transport model (Tran3d) will be merged to allow modeling of non-steady state cases. The merged model will be validated using two test cases from literature and applied to a site in Beaujolais, France.
This document provides an overview of a project studying the effects of subsurface heterogeneity at hillslope scales using the Parflow modeling system. It discusses motivations to better understand upscaling rules when applying distributed hydrological models with heterogeneous parameters. Initial tests are presented examining the impact of soil property variability on soil moisture and discharge dynamics for flat fields and hillslopes. Preliminary results show that state dynamics are well represented by homogeneous models, but heterogeneity increases non-equilibrium and impacts could depend on the ergodic or non-ergodic nature of the domain. Further work is planned to generalize the tests and analyze coarsening effects at the catchment scale.
- Abiotic controls, like precipitation and evaporation, dominate soil moisture spatiotemporal variability in wet climates, while biotic controls from vegetation become more important in Mediterranean climates.
- The relationship between the coefficient of variation (Cv) and mean soil moisture (Θ) was found to be unique and well described by an exponential or linear function for locations in Switzerland, but strong hysteretic cycles were observed for Mediterranean locations.
- Heterogeneity in soil properties increases Cv and tends to obscure any hysteresis, masking climatic and biotic controls on soil moisture variability. Heterogeneity can therefore hide the influences of climate and vegetation on soil moisture spatiotemporal patterns.
This document summarizes lessons learned from physically-based hydrological models. It discusses how distributed hydrological models can be useful tools for understanding processes like streamflow generation, solute transport, and groundwater-surface water interactions through detailed numerical simulations. While complex models may not be suited for predictions, they can serve as virtual laboratories for testing hypotheses. 2D and 3D simulations discussed provide insights into mechanisms of streamflow generation, the old water contribution to streams, and the impact of heterogeneity on solute transport. Simpler models that are less realistic but more generalizable, like the Boussinesq model, can also provide useful understanding when calibrated against more complex simulations. The document evaluates the performance of lumped transport models representing
This document summarizes work on developing an integrated surface-subsurface hydrological model using a Darcy multi-domain approach. It describes the model, its validation using benchmark problems, and participation in an international model intercomparison project. The integrated model couples surface and subsurface flows using a single pressure head equation. It was able to successfully simulate several benchmark problems, including a superslab test case with heterogeneous soils, though very small grid cells and many iterations were required.
This document discusses storage selection functions (SAS) as a tool for characterizing dispersion processes and solute transport at the catchment scale. SAS functions link the age distributions of water stored in a catchment to the age distributions exported from the catchment. They can be used to derive travel time distributions and model concentrations of conservative solutes. The formulation incorporates temporal variability in hydrologic fluxes and can represent spatial heterogeneity through distinct SAS functions for different catchment units. Case studies demonstrate how SAS functions capture catchment-scale age selection dynamics and can reproduce observed solute concentrations in streams.
This document discusses preparatory work for coupling reactive solute transport modeling with flow modeling in the Cathy model. The objectives are to develop a 3D coupled surface and subsurface flow and reactive solute transport model based on Cathy, validate it using field data from two hillslopes in France, and upscale the model from hillslope to catchment scale. An existing subsurface flow model (Cathy) and solute transport model (Tran3d) will be merged to allow modeling of non-steady state cases. The merged model will be validated using two test cases from literature and applied to a site in Beaujolais, France.
This document provides an overview of a project studying the effects of subsurface heterogeneity at hillslope scales using the Parflow modeling system. It discusses motivations to better understand upscaling rules when applying distributed hydrological models with heterogeneous parameters. Initial tests are presented examining the impact of soil property variability on soil moisture and discharge dynamics for flat fields and hillslopes. Preliminary results show that state dynamics are well represented by homogeneous models, but heterogeneity increases non-equilibrium and impacts could depend on the ergodic or non-ergodic nature of the domain. Further work is planned to generalize the tests and analyze coarsening effects at the catchment scale.
- Abiotic controls, like precipitation and evaporation, dominate soil moisture spatiotemporal variability in wet climates, while biotic controls from vegetation become more important in Mediterranean climates.
- The relationship between the coefficient of variation (Cv) and mean soil moisture (Θ) was found to be unique and well described by an exponential or linear function for locations in Switzerland, but strong hysteretic cycles were observed for Mediterranean locations.
- Heterogeneity in soil properties increases Cv and tends to obscure any hysteresis, masking climatic and biotic controls on soil moisture variability. Heterogeneity can therefore hide the influences of climate and vegetation on soil moisture spatiotemporal patterns.
This document summarizes lessons learned from physically-based hydrological models. It discusses how distributed hydrological models can be useful tools for understanding processes like streamflow generation, solute transport, and groundwater-surface water interactions through detailed numerical simulations. While complex models may not be suited for predictions, they can serve as virtual laboratories for testing hypotheses. 2D and 3D simulations discussed provide insights into mechanisms of streamflow generation, the old water contribution to streams, and the impact of heterogeneity on solute transport. Simpler models that are less realistic but more generalizable, like the Boussinesq model, can also provide useful understanding when calibrated against more complex simulations. The document evaluates the performance of lumped transport models representing
This document summarizes work on developing an integrated surface-subsurface hydrological model using a Darcy multi-domain approach. It describes the model, its validation using benchmark problems, and participation in an international model intercomparison project. The integrated model couples surface and subsurface flows using a single pressure head equation. It was able to successfully simulate several benchmark problems, including a superslab test case with heterogeneous soils, though very small grid cells and many iterations were required.
Almost the same as the talk given to Ph.D. students one year ago. It covers the problem of research reproducibility and the tools for doing it. First comes some "theoretical" arguments, then the enumeration of some tools.
A travel time model for estimating the water budget of complex catchmentsRiccardo Rigon
This is the presentation given by Marialaura Bancheri for her admission to the final exam to achieve a Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering. It contains a synthesis of her studies about spatially integrated models of the water budget, and about travel time theory. A model structure is also presented preliminarily containing five reservoirs.
The concepts related of the New Model of River Adige, and especially an analysys of the existing OMS components ready and their interpretation on the basis of travel time approaches
The document summarizes the key points of a PhD dissertation on catchment transport and travel time distributions. It presents (1) the development of a unified theory of water age and life expectancy distributions, (2) how age mixing occurs in advection-dispersion systems, and (3) applications of these concepts to model conservative and non-conservative solute transport in three catchments. The dissertation advances understanding of catchment functioning through the use of time-variant age distributions to simulate reactive transport processes.
Two concurring hydrological models (M1 and M2) that performed equally well when calibrated using only streamflow data showed important differences when microgravity data was added. The shape of the Pareto fronts obtained from multi-objective calibration using both streamflow and microgravity data provided useful insights to identify model limitations and indicated the value of including geophysical data to better constrain the inversion procedure. Time-lapse, relative microgravity surveys conducted over multiple field campaigns in the Vermigliana catchment in the Italian Alps allowed obtaining spatially distributed estimates of subsurface water storage changes to inform hydrological modeling.
The document summarizes the use of data assimilation methods to correct hydrological model forecasts based on measurements. It presents an example using the CATHY model and assimilating streamflow measurements to correct for uncertainties in initial conditions and atmospheric forcings. It also discusses applications to coupled hydrogeophysical inversion, and using data assimilation at the Landscape Evolution Observatory to estimate spatially distributed hydraulic conductivity fields based on sensor measurements under rainfall experiments.
This document summarizes a presentation on developing a dimensionally-reduced model for coupled river-subsurface flow modeling. It describes:
1) The need for an integrated model to simulate flow in a mountainous catchment with steep slopes and deep bedrock.
2) A new model that reduces the dimensionality of the 3D Richards equation to simplify simulations while remaining physically-based.
3) Validation of the reduced model against a full 3D Richards model on a 2D cross-section, showing good agreement in water table elevations.
4) Plans to test the coupled reduced model on the instrumented Strengbach catchment to better characterize flow pathways and residence times.
1) The document discusses assessing uncertainty in time-lapse seismic response due to geomechanical deformation.
2) It presents a multi-physics solution that couples fluid flow and geomechanics modeling to better understand stress changes over time.
3) An example application to the Valhall oil field models pore pressure changes and resulting geomechanical effects, partitioning the domain for parallel modeling of the overburden, reservoir, and underburden.
This document describes a graphical language for representing reservoir systems using time-continuous Petri nets (TCPN).
Places in the TCPN represent water storages such as volumes of groundwater or energy/momentum contents. Transitions represent fluxes between storages. The TCPN uses colors to distinguish different types of quantities (mass, energy, etc.) and storages. Connections between places and transitions represent differential equations governing the system.
An example TCPN represents a system of three differential equations with three storages, inputs, and both linear and nonlinear fluxes. Additional information like parameter values can be provided in tables. Adjacency matrixes describe the connections between places and transitions. TCPNs provide an algebraic framework for conceptual
This document describes a numerical study of flow and energy dissipation in stepped spillways using the FLUENT software. Two stepped spillway models with 5 and 10 steps were analyzed for different flow rates. The k-ε turbulence model and volume of fluid method were used to model turbulence and free surface flow. Numerical results for flow patterns, velocities, and energy dissipation were compared to experimental data from other studies, showing good agreement with errors less than 2%. The results indicate that increasing the flow rate or number of steps reduces energy dissipation, while decreasing step height or length also reduces dissipation.
This document discusses the use of pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to estimate soil hydraulic properties for use in soil water balance models. The performance of published PTFs developed by Vereecken et al. (1989, 1990) were evaluated by comparing simulated soil moisture contents, pressure heads, and drainage fluxes using estimated soil hydraulic properties against measured field data from a test site. Simulations using estimated properties overpredicted soil moisture contents and drainage fluxes compared to simulations using measured soil hydraulic properties from the test site. The study highlights the need for further evaluation of PTFs against field measurements of soil water balance components before widespread application in models.
This document provides information about well hydraulic flow and radial flow analysis from pumping tests. It discusses key concepts like unsteady and steady state flow, assumptions of the radial flow model, and analytical solutions for confined and unconfined aquifers. Methods like Theis and Jacob are presented to analyze pumping test data to determine aquifer properties like transmissivity and storativity. Examples are given to demonstrate how these methods are applied. References on groundwater hydrology and related topics are also provided.
This document discusses atmospheric chemistry models and their use in quantifying atmospheric concentrations and fluxes. Global 3D models divide the atmosphere into grid boxes and use the continuity equation to track species concentrations over time, accounting for transport, chemistry, emissions and deposition. Transport is parameterized using turbulence and convection schemes. Chemistry is solved using operator splitting and implicit methods. Models are evaluated and improved using atmospheric observations from satellites, aircraft and surface sites through data assimilation techniques like inverse modeling. Examples are given of various applications of the GEOS-CHEM global model.
Interpolation of meteodata using the method of regression-krigingAlexander Mkrtchian
The regression-kriging method combines multiple regression modeling using DEM data as predictors of precipitation with geostatistical interpolation of the regression residuals. It involves choosing predictors like elevation, calculating a regression model surface, computing residuals, interpolating the residuals with kriging, and adding the results to the regression surface. When applied to annual precipitation data from 1961-1970 in Armenia, regression-kriging reduced the mean square error compared to multiple regression alone, demonstrating its effectiveness at modeling the spatial distribution of precipitation.
The use of Cellular Automata is extended in various disciplines for the modeling of complex system procedures. Their inherent simplicity and their natural parallelism make them a very efficient tool for the simulation of large scale physical phenomena. We explore the framework of Cellular Automata to develop a physically based model for the spatial and temporal prediction of shallow landslides. Particular weight is given to the modeling of hydrological processes in order to investigate the hydrological triggering mechanisms and the importance of continuous modeling of water balance to detect timing and location of soil slips occurrences. Specifically, the 3D flow of water and the resulting water balance in the unsaturated and saturated zone is modeled taking into account important phenomena such as hydraulic hysteresis and evapotranspiration. In this poster the hydrological component of the model will be presented and tested against well established benchmark experiments [Vauclin et al, 1975; Vauclin et al, 1979]. Furthermore, we investigate the applicability of incorporating it in a hydrological catchment model for the prediction (temporal and spatial) of rainfall-triggered shallow landslides.
The document describes the CATchment-HYdrology Flow-Transport (CATHY_FT) model, which simulates coupled surface-subsurface flow and transport processes. CATHY_FT uses numerical models including the Richards' equation and advection-dispersion equation to simulate subsurface flow and transport, and finite difference schemes for surface processes. It features a sequential, explicit coupling between surface and subsurface calculations at each time step to account for interactions between domains. The presentation aims to demonstrate CATHY_FT's performance in simulating hydrological processes like hillslope drainage and runoff generation.
This document contains a summary of Muralidhar J K's resume. It includes his contact information, objective, educational qualifications, and work experience spanning over 15 years in various roles such as Assistant General Manager, Project Manager, and Design Engineer. He has extensive experience designing, estimating, and managing electrical control panel projects for industries such as power plants, manufacturing, and food processing.
Almost the same as the talk given to Ph.D. students one year ago. It covers the problem of research reproducibility and the tools for doing it. First comes some "theoretical" arguments, then the enumeration of some tools.
A travel time model for estimating the water budget of complex catchmentsRiccardo Rigon
This is the presentation given by Marialaura Bancheri for her admission to the final exam to achieve a Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering. It contains a synthesis of her studies about spatially integrated models of the water budget, and about travel time theory. A model structure is also presented preliminarily containing five reservoirs.
The concepts related of the New Model of River Adige, and especially an analysys of the existing OMS components ready and their interpretation on the basis of travel time approaches
The document summarizes the key points of a PhD dissertation on catchment transport and travel time distributions. It presents (1) the development of a unified theory of water age and life expectancy distributions, (2) how age mixing occurs in advection-dispersion systems, and (3) applications of these concepts to model conservative and non-conservative solute transport in three catchments. The dissertation advances understanding of catchment functioning through the use of time-variant age distributions to simulate reactive transport processes.
Two concurring hydrological models (M1 and M2) that performed equally well when calibrated using only streamflow data showed important differences when microgravity data was added. The shape of the Pareto fronts obtained from multi-objective calibration using both streamflow and microgravity data provided useful insights to identify model limitations and indicated the value of including geophysical data to better constrain the inversion procedure. Time-lapse, relative microgravity surveys conducted over multiple field campaigns in the Vermigliana catchment in the Italian Alps allowed obtaining spatially distributed estimates of subsurface water storage changes to inform hydrological modeling.
The document summarizes the use of data assimilation methods to correct hydrological model forecasts based on measurements. It presents an example using the CATHY model and assimilating streamflow measurements to correct for uncertainties in initial conditions and atmospheric forcings. It also discusses applications to coupled hydrogeophysical inversion, and using data assimilation at the Landscape Evolution Observatory to estimate spatially distributed hydraulic conductivity fields based on sensor measurements under rainfall experiments.
This document summarizes a presentation on developing a dimensionally-reduced model for coupled river-subsurface flow modeling. It describes:
1) The need for an integrated model to simulate flow in a mountainous catchment with steep slopes and deep bedrock.
2) A new model that reduces the dimensionality of the 3D Richards equation to simplify simulations while remaining physically-based.
3) Validation of the reduced model against a full 3D Richards model on a 2D cross-section, showing good agreement in water table elevations.
4) Plans to test the coupled reduced model on the instrumented Strengbach catchment to better characterize flow pathways and residence times.
1) The document discusses assessing uncertainty in time-lapse seismic response due to geomechanical deformation.
2) It presents a multi-physics solution that couples fluid flow and geomechanics modeling to better understand stress changes over time.
3) An example application to the Valhall oil field models pore pressure changes and resulting geomechanical effects, partitioning the domain for parallel modeling of the overburden, reservoir, and underburden.
This document describes a graphical language for representing reservoir systems using time-continuous Petri nets (TCPN).
Places in the TCPN represent water storages such as volumes of groundwater or energy/momentum contents. Transitions represent fluxes between storages. The TCPN uses colors to distinguish different types of quantities (mass, energy, etc.) and storages. Connections between places and transitions represent differential equations governing the system.
An example TCPN represents a system of three differential equations with three storages, inputs, and both linear and nonlinear fluxes. Additional information like parameter values can be provided in tables. Adjacency matrixes describe the connections between places and transitions. TCPNs provide an algebraic framework for conceptual
This document describes a numerical study of flow and energy dissipation in stepped spillways using the FLUENT software. Two stepped spillway models with 5 and 10 steps were analyzed for different flow rates. The k-ε turbulence model and volume of fluid method were used to model turbulence and free surface flow. Numerical results for flow patterns, velocities, and energy dissipation were compared to experimental data from other studies, showing good agreement with errors less than 2%. The results indicate that increasing the flow rate or number of steps reduces energy dissipation, while decreasing step height or length also reduces dissipation.
This document discusses the use of pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to estimate soil hydraulic properties for use in soil water balance models. The performance of published PTFs developed by Vereecken et al. (1989, 1990) were evaluated by comparing simulated soil moisture contents, pressure heads, and drainage fluxes using estimated soil hydraulic properties against measured field data from a test site. Simulations using estimated properties overpredicted soil moisture contents and drainage fluxes compared to simulations using measured soil hydraulic properties from the test site. The study highlights the need for further evaluation of PTFs against field measurements of soil water balance components before widespread application in models.
This document provides information about well hydraulic flow and radial flow analysis from pumping tests. It discusses key concepts like unsteady and steady state flow, assumptions of the radial flow model, and analytical solutions for confined and unconfined aquifers. Methods like Theis and Jacob are presented to analyze pumping test data to determine aquifer properties like transmissivity and storativity. Examples are given to demonstrate how these methods are applied. References on groundwater hydrology and related topics are also provided.
This document discusses atmospheric chemistry models and their use in quantifying atmospheric concentrations and fluxes. Global 3D models divide the atmosphere into grid boxes and use the continuity equation to track species concentrations over time, accounting for transport, chemistry, emissions and deposition. Transport is parameterized using turbulence and convection schemes. Chemistry is solved using operator splitting and implicit methods. Models are evaluated and improved using atmospheric observations from satellites, aircraft and surface sites through data assimilation techniques like inverse modeling. Examples are given of various applications of the GEOS-CHEM global model.
Interpolation of meteodata using the method of regression-krigingAlexander Mkrtchian
The regression-kriging method combines multiple regression modeling using DEM data as predictors of precipitation with geostatistical interpolation of the regression residuals. It involves choosing predictors like elevation, calculating a regression model surface, computing residuals, interpolating the residuals with kriging, and adding the results to the regression surface. When applied to annual precipitation data from 1961-1970 in Armenia, regression-kriging reduced the mean square error compared to multiple regression alone, demonstrating its effectiveness at modeling the spatial distribution of precipitation.
The use of Cellular Automata is extended in various disciplines for the modeling of complex system procedures. Their inherent simplicity and their natural parallelism make them a very efficient tool for the simulation of large scale physical phenomena. We explore the framework of Cellular Automata to develop a physically based model for the spatial and temporal prediction of shallow landslides. Particular weight is given to the modeling of hydrological processes in order to investigate the hydrological triggering mechanisms and the importance of continuous modeling of water balance to detect timing and location of soil slips occurrences. Specifically, the 3D flow of water and the resulting water balance in the unsaturated and saturated zone is modeled taking into account important phenomena such as hydraulic hysteresis and evapotranspiration. In this poster the hydrological component of the model will be presented and tested against well established benchmark experiments [Vauclin et al, 1975; Vauclin et al, 1979]. Furthermore, we investigate the applicability of incorporating it in a hydrological catchment model for the prediction (temporal and spatial) of rainfall-triggered shallow landslides.
The document describes the CATchment-HYdrology Flow-Transport (CATHY_FT) model, which simulates coupled surface-subsurface flow and transport processes. CATHY_FT uses numerical models including the Richards' equation and advection-dispersion equation to simulate subsurface flow and transport, and finite difference schemes for surface processes. It features a sequential, explicit coupling between surface and subsurface calculations at each time step to account for interactions between domains. The presentation aims to demonstrate CATHY_FT's performance in simulating hydrological processes like hillslope drainage and runoff generation.
This document contains a summary of Muralidhar J K's resume. It includes his contact information, objective, educational qualifications, and work experience spanning over 15 years in various roles such as Assistant General Manager, Project Manager, and Design Engineer. He has extensive experience designing, estimating, and managing electrical control panel projects for industries such as power plants, manufacturing, and food processing.
8 cach tri ran da sau sinh hieu qua bang phuong phap tu nhienVu Thuan
Cách trị rạn da sau sinh là điều cần thiết cho phụ nữ, giúp chị em lấy lại được vẻ đẹp trên cơ thể cũng như là giúp lấy lại sự tự tin để trở lại cuộc sống và công việc thường nhật . Xem thêm tại đây http://tinhdautram.info/cach-tri-ran-da-sau-sinh/
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
1) The document discusses using search and big data technologies to enable reflected intelligence applications through crowd sourcing.
2) It provides background on Ted Dunning and Grant Ingersoll and outlines use cases that combine search, analytics, and machine learning like social media analysis in telecom, claims analysis, and content recommendation.
3) The authors propose a reference architecture combining LucidWorks Search, MapR technologies, and other tools to build a next generation search and discovery platform for these types of reflected intelligence applications.
Cach duoi ruoi hieu qua nhat - Tinhdautram.infoVu Thuan
http://tinhdautram.info/cach-duoi-ruoi-hieu-qua/
Cach đuổi ruồi hiệu quả nhất cho gia đình, quán ăn, cửa hàng một cách nhanh chóng, bằng sự kết hợp của các loại tinh dầu tự nhiên và nguyên chất sẽ giúp đuổi toàn bộ ruồi nhặng, muỗi và các loại côn trùng khác tránh xa khu vực sinh hoạt của gia đình, cũng như quán ăn ... trả lại bầu không khí trong lành và thơm tho, sạch sẽ, hơn nữa còn tốt cho sức khỏe.
lam the nao de sua van xa nuoc bon cau - Williamcuong.comVu Thuan
Van xa nuoc bon cau rat quan trong vi no giup cho viec xa nuoc cung nhu ngan khong cho nuoc chay xuong bon cau, chinh vi the nen can phai sua chua ngay de tiet kiem nuoc sinh hoat trong gia dinh, cung nhu chi phi hoa don nuoc khong bi tang cao
Cach tri nghet mũi cho tre so sinh hieu qua - tinhdautram.infoVu Thuan
http://tinhdautram.info/cach-tri-nghet-mui-cho-tre-so-sinh/
Cách trị nghẹt mũi cho trẻ sơ sinh hiệu quả bằng các phương pháp đơn giản cùng với sự kết của tinh dầu cũng như sự điều chỉnh không gian sống để giúp trẻ sơ sinh nhanh chóng khỏi bị nghẹt mũi cũng như phòng tránh
Cach su dung tinh dau đúng cách - Tinhdautram.infoVu Thuan
http://tinhdautram.info/cach-su-dung-tinh-dau/
Cach sử dụng tinh dầu đúng cách sẽ là kiến thức rất cần thiết cho mọi gia đình, nhằm biết cách lựa chọn, mua và sử dụng một cách hợp lý, cũng như phát huy được hiệu quả cao nhất khi sử dụng tinh dầu để chăm sóc sức khỏe gia đình.
Este documento discute la relación entre el consumo de cannabis y la psoriasis. Señala que estudios han demostrado que los compuestos cannabinoides pueden inhibir la proliferación de queratinocitos, lo que sugiere que el cannabis podría ser una terapia potencial para la psoriasis. Sin embargo, también reconoce que el consumo de marihuana a menudo implica el uso de tabaco, que se ha relacionado con el empeoramiento de la psoriasis.
This chapter discusses international trade and foreign direct investment. It covers the magnitude of global trade, which has grown significantly in recent decades. Around 25% of goods are now traded internationally. The main theories to explain international trade are reviewed, including absolute advantage, comparative advantage, and theories related to differences in resources, demand, and national competitiveness. Foreign direct investment has also increased substantially globally. Most foreign investment is in other developed countries, though some regions see more investment than others depending on factors like economic conditions.
This document provides an overview of key considerations for buying a home, including:
- Prices are projected to continue rising over the next 5 years, so buying now makes financial sense. Mortgage rates are also expected to increase.
- It's important to work with a real estate professional given the complexities of the housing market and to have help negotiating the best deal.
- Rents are rising substantially faster than inflation in many areas, so buying can protect against being trapped paying high and ever-increasing rents.
- There are strong emotional and financial reasons why homeownership is an important part of the American dream and builds long-term family wealth.
- The mortgage application process is rigorous but
This document provides information and advice for homeowners considering selling their house. It discusses the benefits of selling in the summer months when buyer demand is high. It also emphasizes pricing the home slightly below market value to encourage bidding wars and hiring a real estate agent to get the best price. The document notes that inventory remains low while buyer demand is strong, making it a good time to sell. It also highlights the importance of leveraging rising home prices and low interest rates to move up to your dream home before prices increase further.
I° Riunione Gruppo di Lavoro SISEF Modellistica Forestale
Workshop, Bologna, 18 Dicembre 2009
The GEOtop model: eco-hydrological applications at plot and catchment scale.
G. Bertoldi, S. Della Chiesa, S. Endrizzi, M. Dall’Amico, E. Cordano, S. Simoni, U.Tappeiner, R. Rigon
1. The document analyzes changes in land surface albedo over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2009 using satellite data on albedo, snow cover, and vegetation indices.
2. Results show albedo is strongly correlated with snow cover, with higher albedo corresponding to more frequent snow cover. Summer albedo is correlated with vegetation indices.
3. Interannual trends found albedo changes were driven by changes in snow cover and vegetation in different regions of the plateau, with snow cover dominating in some areas and vegetation in others.
This document summarizes key points about how climate change will impact mountain regions. It notes that mountains are important for water supply, biodiversity, tourism, and other resources. Climate change is expected to amplify in mountain areas due to their complex terrain. Impacts will include glacial retreat, changes to water timing and supply, shifts in ecosystems and species distributions, and increased disturbance risks from hazards like fires and insects. The document emphasizes that mountains are highly sensitive to climate change and more research is needed to understand and address its effects.
Key messages from the AR5 WGI with focus on Saudi Arabia and the regionJesbin Baidya
The document discusses future climate change in Southeast Asia and extreme events according to the IPCC. It notes that human influences on the climate system are clear based on multiple lines of evidence. If greenhouse gas emissions continue, warming and changes will affect all parts of the climate system. Limiting climate change will require substantial reductions in emissions. The region will likely see increased warming, changes in precipitation patterns including more variable rainfall, and more frequent extreme weather events.
The document summarizes trends in Arctic climate change observed through remote sensing data and ground observations. It discusses rising air and land surface temperatures, declining sea ice extent and thickness, and increasing vegetation growth and biomass in tundra regions, as indicated by trends in NDVI. Changes in the Arctic environment could have widespread effects on carbon storage, permafrost, hydrology, wildlife, and global climate through feedbacks.
The document summarizes research on understanding carbon dynamics in Arctic terrestrial ecosystems. It finds that the Arctic is experiencing widespread plant community and land cover changes, with wet sites changing more than dry sites. These changes can increase vegetation greenness as measured by NDVI, both by increasing plant biomass and through changes in surface water. While there is variability, climate change is creating more positive carbon feedbacks through effects like permafrost thaw and increased microbial respiration. Improving methods to scale ecosystem changes over time and integrating trace gas measurements is needed to better understand if the Arctic will become a carbon source.
DSD-INT 2017 Global modelling of hydrology and water resources: current state...Deltares
Presentation by Marc BIerkens (Deltares) at the Symposium on catchment hydrology and WFlow, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2017. Tuesday, 24 October 2017, Delft.
This document summarizes a large scale integrated modeling study from southern Germany that assessed global change impacts on groundwater and water supply. The study used an integrated modeling framework called DANUBIA that coupled 16 models to simulate regional actor responses to global change in the water domain. The models assessed how climate and socioeconomic changes could impact groundwater recharge, groundwater levels, agriculture, and human decisions around water use and supply. The modeling showed potential declines in groundwater levels and increases in human adaptation responses like expanded water resources or crisis management. The integrated modeling approach provided insights but also had challenges around data needs and computational demands.
This document presents the progress of a research thesis evaluating the impacts of climate change on irrigated agriculture in the North Gojjam Sub-basin of Ethiopia. The study aims to assess climate trends, estimate current and future crop water demand under climate scenarios, and quantify climate change impacts on evapotranspiration, temperature, and rainfall. Methods include analyzing observed meteorological data, bias-correcting future climate projections, evaluating climate model performance, and using the CROPWAT model to estimate reference evapotranspiration and crop water requirements. Preliminary results show increasing temperature trends but decreasing rainfall trends in historical data, and future projections also indicate potential decreases in precipitation under climate change scenarios.
Evaluating and communicating Arctic climate change projectionZachary Labe
20 February 2023…
Climate Change and Agriculture Guest (Presentation): Evaluating and communicating Arctic climate change projections, Kansas State University, USA.
References...
Delworth, T. L., Cooke, W. F., Adcroft, A., Bushuk, M., Chen, J. H., Dunne, K. A., ... & Zhao, M. (2020). SPEAR: The next generation GFDL modeling system for seasonal to multidecadal prediction and projection. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 12(3), e2019MS001895, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019MS001895
Labe, Z.M. and E.A. Barnes (2022), Comparison of climate model large ensembles with observations in the Arctic using simple neural networks. Earth and Space Science, DOI:10.1029/2022EA002348, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EA002348
Labe, Z.M., Y. Peings, and G. Magnusdottir (2020). Warm Arctic, cold Siberia pattern: role of full Arctic amplification versus sea ice loss alone, Geophysical Research Letters, DOI:10.1029/2020GL088583, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020GL088583
Peings, Y., Cattiaux, J., Vavrus, S. J., & Magnusdottir, G. (2018). Projected squeezing of the wintertime North-Atlantic jet. Environmental Research Letters, 13(7), 074016, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aacc79/meta
A knowledge-based model for identifying and mapping tropical wetlands and pea...ExternalEvents
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DSD-INT 2019 Elbe Estuary Modelling Case Studies-StanevDeltares
Presentation by Emil Stanev (HZG Institute of Coastal Research, Germany), at the DANUBIUS Modelling Workshop, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2019. Friday, 8 November 2019, Delft.
This document summarizes the findings of a long-term study on the impacts of land management practices on runoff and water quality in the Black Brook watershed in Atlantic Canada. The study monitored various variables including land use, hydrology, water quality, weather, and agricultural operations from 1992 to 2013. Key findings include: (1) increased terrace coverage is the most effective practice at reducing soil erosion and sediment load at the watershed level; (2) sediment load and concentration decrease with increasing terrace area and snow depth; and (3) over 60% of the annual nutrient, sediment and runoff loads occur during the snowmelt season from December to April.
The document analyzes water eutrophication in the Sulejow Reservoir in Poland using coupled CFD and WASP models. A 3D CFD model was developed to simulate hydrodynamics, which was then verified with field measurements. The WASP model was used to simulate nutrient transport and cycling factors like phytoplankton growth, considering hydrodynamics from the CFD model. The results showed proper correlation between measured and calculated values, indicating the models realistically captured the distribution of temperatures, velocities and nutrient concentrations contributing to eutrophication in the reservoir. The methodology can be applied to other reservoir systems to analyze ecological status.
The document analyzes changes in thermokarst lake dynamics in two study areas in Siberia using satellite imagery from 1986, 1998, and 2010. In the continuous permafrost region, lake area consistently increased as small lakes combined, while the discontinuous permafrost region first saw lake area decrease then increase as some lakes drained and others expanded. Climate trends like increasing temperatures, rather than atypical weather, appeared to influence these lake changes by degrading permafrost.
Forecasting monthly water resources conditions by using different indicesAI Publications
Sharp changes in the SWSI are an obstacle for accurate estimation of this parameter. In addition, providing all of the information needed to determine the SWSI is not always possible. The SWE because of effective role in the calculation of the SWSI, it is a viable alternative to forecast instead the SWSI. The obtained results showed that the ARIMA model forecasted the SWE values for January to June successfully. Using these forecasted data and by non-linear regression can be estimated the SWSI values for all points of each basin except in cases that the amounts of SWSI and SWE are very low (drought conditions).
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An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
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Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
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1. Eco-hydrological modeling
in a mountain laboratory:
the LTSER site Matsch/Mazia
Bertoldi
G.,
Cordano
E.,
Brenner
J.,
Notarnicola.
C.,
Niedrist
G.,
Tappeiner
U.
Workshop
on
coupled
hydrological
modeling,
23-‐24
September
2015,
University
of
Padova,
Italy.
2. Outline
Overview
of
the
research
area
and
of
the
collected
data
Modelling
approach:
the
GEOtop
2
-‐
DV
model.
Applica=ons
:
1.
Plot
scale
experiment
Modelling
snow,
soil
moisture,
ET,
biomass
along
an
elevaOon
gradient.
2.
Catchment
scale
applica=on
Modelling
impacts
of
climate
change
on
snow,
evapotranspiraOon
and
soil
moisture
spaOal
paPerns.
3.
Comparison
with
remote
sensing
data
EsOmaOon
of
soil
moisture
paPerns
by
means
of
SAR
images.
Discussion:
Limita=ons
and
uncertain=es
of
the
results.
Opportuni=es
hydrological
modelling
in
mountain
areas.
3. Matsch/Mazia,
Vinschgau,
South
Tyrol,
Italy
3
Area:
ca.
100
km2.
AlOtudinal
range:
920–
3738
m
a.s.l.
Mean
annual
precipitaOon
(Mazia,
1580
m
a.s.l.):
525
mm
4. Matsch
|
Mazia
A
dry
inneralpine
valley
4
low
precipitaOon
human
land-‐use
closed
catchment
alOtudinal
transect
Eco
hydrological
monitoring
since
2009,
LTSER
since
2015
5. Research
topics
5
climate change & elevation
evapotranspiration
soil moisture dynamics
water and runoff
agriculture productivity
land use change ecosystem services
biodiversity
snow and ice
grasslands and forest ecosystems
6. Alps
Ecosystem
Plot
Global
Future
History
Present
Region
5
research
sites
4.
Saldur/Saldura
river
3.
Saldur/Saldura
catchment
network
5.
Glacierforefield
of
Weisskugel/Palla
Bianca
1.
Muntatschinig/
Monteschino
In
collabora=on
with:
University of Bolzano
Hydrographic
Office
(Province
BZ)
Biological
Laboratory
(Province
BZ)
Chemical
Laboratory
(Province
BZ)
In
collabora=on
with:
Hydrographic
Office
(Province
BZ)
University
of
Bolzano
University
of
Padova
University of Innsbruck (AT)
In
collabora=on
with:
University
of
Innsbruck
(AT)
BoKu
Vienna
(AT)
Duke
University
(USA)
In
collabora=on
with:
University of Innsbruck (AT)
Forest
department
(Province
BZ)
LTER
Matsch/Mazia:
Major
research
sites
2.
Al=tudinal
transect
of
Matsch/Mazia
In
collabora=on
with:
University
of
Innsbruck
(AT)
IRSTEA
Grenoble
(FR)
2000m
1500m
1000m
ΔT~
3.5K
ΔT~
3.5K
T
P
8. Data
recorded
intervalic
8
Soil determinations
and analyses
Water quality
analyses
Vegetation
transplantation
experiments
Vegetation
surveys and
biomass
estimation
Diversity
analyses
9. Mapping
and
spaOal
data
Mapping of soil moisture: ground
spatial campaigns, remote
sensing (SAR, thermal, UAV).
Mapping of vegetation/landuse:
current and hystorical changes.
Mapping of soil type / properties.
10. ApplicaOon
1:
modelling
along
an
elevaOon
gradient
Mo=va=on
• Mountains
Region
are
considered
parOcularly
vulnerable
to
CC
1,
esp.
considering
the
alteraOons
of
the
water
cycle
2
• In
dry
inner-‐alpine
regions,
managed
grasslands
are
irrigated.
Climate
change
raises
issues
about
future
water
availability.
Which
are
the
effects
of
the
eleva=on
gradient
on
water
budget?
(SWE,
SWC,
ET)
and
grassland
produc=vity
?
Della
Chiesa
et
al.,
Modeling
changes
in
grassland
hydrological
cycling
along
an
eleva6onal
gradient
in
the
Alps,
Ecohydrology,
2014
.
1
Bruneb
et
al.
(2006).
Temperature
and
precipitaOon
variability
in
Italy
in
the
last
two
centuries
from
homogenised
instrumental
Ome
series.
InternaOonal
Journal
of
Climatology,
26(3),
345–381.
2
Bates
et
al.
(2008).
Climate
Change
and
water.
IPCC
Technical
Paper
VI
(p.
214).
Geneva,
Switzerland:
IPCC
Secretariat.
Retrieved
from
hPp://www.ipcc.ch
11. An
experimental
elevaOon
transect
Eleva=on
as
a
proxy
of
climate
change
Sta=on
B2000
m
Hs,
SWC,
Biomass,
GAI
Sta=on
B1500
m
Hs,
SWC,
Biomass,
GAI,ET
Sta=on
B1000
m
Hs,
SWC,
Biomass,
GAI
ΔT~
3.5K
ΔT~
3.5K
12. The
GEOtop
2.0
–
DV
model
€
LWa tm
↓
V
€
D0V
€
I
€
LWs ur r
↓
1−V( )
€
SWs ur r
↓
1−V( )
€
εsσTs
4
Shortwave
radiatio n(yell ow)
Lo ngwave radiatio n
(red )
€
SW r ef l
Complex
topography
Bertoldi
et
al.,
J
of
Hydromet,
2006.
s
Snow
module
Endrizzi
et
al.,
GMDD,
2014
Zanob
et
al.,
Hydrol
Proc,
2004
Water
budget
Rigon
et
al.,
J
of
Hydromet,
2006.
Figures
adapted
from
VIC
model
(Liang
et
al.,
1994)
Energy
budget
Bertoldi
al.,
Ecohydrol,
2010.
Vegeta=on
dynamics
Della
Chiesa
et
al.,
Ecohydrol.,
2014
From
SHE
model
(Abbot
et
al.,
1986)
TRIBS-‐VEGGIE
FaOchi
et
al.,
2012
Montaldo
et
al.,
2005
Eagleson,
2002
Alpine3D,
Lenhing
et
al.,
2006
CROCUS,
Brun
et
al.,
1992
SNTHERM,
Jordan,
1991
CLM,
Dai
et
al.,
2003
SEWAB,
Megelkamp
et
al.,
1999
Noah
LSM,
Chen
et
al.,
1996,
LSM,
Bonan,
1996
BATS,
Dickinson
et
al.,
1986,
Corripio,
2010.
Erbs
et
al.,
1983.
Iqbal,
1981.
tRIBS,
Ivanov
et
al,
2004
Cailow,
Zehe
et
al.,
2001
InHM,
VanderKwaak,
and
Loague,
2001
WaSim-‐ETH,
Shulla
1997
Hydrogeosphere,
Therrien
and
Sudicki,
1996
Parflow,
Asby
an
Falgout,
1996
Cathy,
Paniconi
and
Pub,
1994
DHSVM,
Wigmosta
et
al.,
1994
SHE,
Abbot
et
al.
1986
Freeze
and
Harlan,
1969
13. Coupling
GEOtop
2.0
with
a
DV
model
Rigon
et
al.,
JHM,
2006;
Endrizzi
et
al.
GMDD,
2014.
Processes
Dynamic vegetation
model (for grasslands)
From
Montaldo
et
al.,
2005;
Della
Chiesa
et
al.,
2014
14. ElevaOon
gradient:
validaOon
MulOple
variables
validaOon:
SWE,
SWC,
above
ground
biomass
(Bag),
ET
Two
years
of
data:
calibra=on
in
B1500,
valida=on
in
B1000,
B2000
B2000
m
B1500
m
B1000
m
Snow
Height
[cm]
SWC
5cm
[]
ET
[mm]
Not
Measured
Not
Measured
r2=0.66
RMSE=7.1
r2=0.57
RMSE=5.9
r2=0.55
RMSE=2.9
r2=0.80
r2=0.78
r2=0.82
Bag
[gDMm-‐2]
RMSE=0.04
RMSE=0.05
RMSE=0.04
r2=0.93
RMSE=58.39
15. Simula=on
extension
to
20
year
Coupling
snow
–
veg
–
ET
-‐
SWC
Water
limitaOon
below
1500
m
SWC
along
the
year
SWC
[]
2000
m
1500
m
1000
m
SWC
along
the
year
Water
source
Water
sink
CriOcal
elevaOon
ElevaOon
gradient:
soil
moisture
and
ET
16. ElevaOon
gradient:
implicaOons
at
catchment
scale
It
exists
a
cri=cal
eleva=on
below
which
most
of
the
precipitaOon
is
used
for
ET.
Will
climate
change
move
this
cri=cal
eleva=on
upward?
2000
m
1500
m
1000
m
SWC
along
the
year
17. ApplicaOon
2:
modelling
impacts
of
CC
in
Venosta
Downscaling
of
RCMs
to
Venosta
Valley
Mapping
cri=cal
varia=ons
in
water
budget
(ET,
SMC,
snow)
Hydrological
experiment
along
an
elevaOon
gradient
as
proxy
of
CC
(Mazia,
Venosta)
18. ApplicaOon
2:
impacts
of
CC
on
sinw
ET
and
SWC
Research
ques=ons
Which
are
the
major
impacts
of
CC
on
snow,
evapotranspira=on,
soil
moisture
in
a
dry
alpine
valley?
How
to
iden=fy
the
most
vulnerable
areas
in
terms
of
topography/land
cover?
Which
are
the
major
uncertain=es?
Main
issues
Complex
topography
à
scale
vs.
computa=onal
effort
Model
parameteriza=on,
boundary
condi=ons
Brenner.,
Modeling
impacts
of
climate
change
on
evapotranspira6on
and
soil
moisture
spa6al
paTerns
in
an
alpine
catchment,
Thesis,
2014.
.
19.
ApplicaOon
2:
Study
Area
Venosta
Valley,
Upper
Adige
River
1000
km2
20.
• RCM
ensemble
based
on
SRES
A1B
(ESEMBLES
project)1
• Ctrl:
1990-‐2010,
Scen2100:
2080-‐2100
• ∆
approach
(30
day
moving
average)
• ∆
change
signals
at
daily
scale
for
air
temperature
and
precipitaOon
Downscaling
Technique
TopoSUB
Tool
GEOtop
Model
Simula=on
set-‐up
1
Van
der
Linden,
P.,
&
Mitchell,
J.
(2009).
ENSEMBLES:
Climate
change
and
its
impacts
at
seasonal,
decadal
and
centennial
6mescales
(p.
160).
Exeter,
UK.
Retrieved
from
hPp://ensembles-‐eu.metoffice.com/docs/Ensembles_final_report_Nov09.pdf
ApplicaOon
2:
Methods
21.
Downscale
Technique
TopoSUB
Tool
GEOtop
Model
Simula=on
set-‐up
1
Fiddes,
J.,
&
Gruber,
S.
(2012).
TopoSUB:
a
tool
for
efficient
large
area
numerical
modelling
in
complex
topography
at
sub-‐grid
scales.
Geoscien6fic
Model
Development
Discussions,
5(5),
1245–1257.
2
HarOgan,
J.
A.,
&
Wong,
M.
A.
(1979).
A
K-‐Means
Clustering
Algorithm.
Journal
of
the
Royal
Sta6s6cal
Society.
Series
C
(Applied
Sta6s6cs),
28(1),
100–108.
Clustering
• sampling
of
most
important
aspects
of
land
surface
heterogeneiOes
and
land
cover
• K-‐Means
clustering
algorithm
2
• based
on
20m
grids
GEOtop
• 1-‐dimensional
simulaOons
for
cluster
centroids
Mapping
• Crisp
memberships
ApplicaOon
2:
Methods
22.
Downscale
Technique
TopoSUB
Tool
GEOtop
Model
Simula=on
set-‐up
• GEOtop
model
• DistribuOng
meteorological
input
• Energy
and
mass
conservaOon
• Soil
volumetric
water
content
• Actual
evapotranspiraOon
• Snow
accumulaOon
&
melt
• ApplicaOon
in
mountain
areas
1
Rigon
et
al.
(2006).
GEOtop:
A
Distributed
Hydrological
Model
with
Coupled
Water
and
Energy
Budgets.
Journal
of
Hydrometeorology,
7(3),
371–388.
2
Endrizzi
et
al.
(2014).
GEOtop
2.0:
simulaOng
the
combined
energy
and
water
balance
at
and
below
the
land
surface
accounOng
for
soil
freezing,
snow
cover
and
terrain
effects.
Geoscien6fic
Model
Development
6(4),
6279–6341.
ApplicaOon
2:
Methods
27.
∆abs
(scen2100-‐ctrl)
Change
in
Mean
Annual
ETA
(mm)
Aspect
Forest:
South-‐east
Major
impact
Pasture:
East
Bare
Soil:
South-‐east
Grassland
&
Agriculture:
No
effect
of
aspect
ApplicaOon
2:
Results
Climate
Change
Impact
–
Actual
Evapotranspira=on
29.
ApplicaOon
2:
Results
Climate
Change
Impact
–
Soil
Mositure–
Severe
Water
Stress
CriOcal
soil
moisture
level
is
refered
to
plant
available
water
1
1
Jasper
et
al.
(2006).
Changes
in
summerOme
soil
water
paPerns
in
complex
terrain
due
to
climaOc
change.
Journal
of
Hydrology,
327(3-‐4),
550–563.
30.
ApplicaOon
2:
Results
Climate
Change
Impact
–
Soil
Water
Content
–
Severe
Water
Stress
31.
ApplicaOon
2:
Conclusions
Conclusions
• General
decrease
in
snow
cover
duraOon
(max
9
weeks),
which
drives
major
increase
in
evapotranspira=on
in
winter
and
spring
(+25%).
• LiPle
decrease
of
catchment-‐averaged
soil
moisture
(except
for
some
rainfall
scenarios).
• Specific
sites,
which
are
already
characterized
by
water
stress,
show
an
increase
in
drought
days
(esp.
pastures
and
forests
~
1500
m
a.s.l.).
32.
Major
uncertainOes
and
perspecOves
Clima=c
scenarios
• Temperature
-‐>
Depends
on
concentraOon
scenarios
(IPPC,
2013)*
• PrecipitaOon
-‐>
No
clear
trend.
RCMs
do
not
reproduce
local
climatology.
• No
info
on
trends
of
air
humidity,
wind,
radiaOon
(clouds).
Hydrological
model
(GEOtop
2.0)
• ComputaOonal
limitaOons
(full
3D
vs.
1D)
for
soil
water
distribu=on
and
runoff
simulaOon.
• Full
dynamic
vegetaOon
and
glaciers.
• Land
cover
scenarios.
Data
availability
• PrecipitaOon
in
high
elevaOon
regions
(>
2000
m)
(Mair
et
al.,
2013)**
• InformaOon
on
soil
properOes
(IRKIS).
*IPPC
(2013).
Climate
Change
2013:
The
Physical
Science
Basis.
IPCC
Working
Group
I
ContribuOon
to
AR5.
**
Mair,
et
al..
(2013).
ESOLIP;
esOmate
of
solid
and
liquid
precipitaOon
at
sub-‐daily
Ome
resoluOon
by
combining
snow
height
and
rain
gauge
measurements.
Hydrology
and
Earth
System
Sciences
Discussions,
10(7),
8683–8714.
33.
Summer
2015
Courtesy
od
Andrea
Debiasi,
27
Luglio
2015
34. ApplicaOon
3:
remote
sensing
of
soil
moisture
Mo=va=on
Limited
availability
of
reliable
soil
moisture
high
resoluOon
products
on
mountain
areas.
Heterogeneity
in
soil
type,
land
cover,
topography
limits
distributed
models
parameteriza=on.
How
far
can
SAR
remote
sensing
help
for
improving
modelling
surface
soil
moisture
in
mountain
grassland
areas?
Bertoldi,
G.,
et
al.
Es6ma6on
of
soil
moisture
paTerns
in
mountain
grasslands
by
means
of
SAR
RADARSAT2
images
and
hydrological
modeling.
J.
Hydrol.
(2014)
RADASAT2
SAR
Distributed
models
are
“hungry”
of
spa=ally
distributed
informa=on1
1Grayson
et
al.,
1998
35. Soil
moisture:
observaOons
Fixed
Sta=ons
Field
surveys
Mazia,
South
Tyrol,
Italy
~
100
km2
RADASAT2
SAR
images
20m
res
Surface
SWC
retrieval
(SVR
Pasolli
et
el.,
2011)
36. Ground
observaOons:
mobile
surveys
• Monitoring
SMC
spa=al
paserns
at
hillslope
scale;
• Survey
planned
to
map
land
cover/topographic
features;
• Good
correspondence
with
staOon
values.
• More
than
10
surveys
between
2010
and
2014;
• More
than
1000
points
with
mobile
Delta-‐T
wet
sensor
(TDR)
0
–
5
cm
depth;
10
%
50
%
SWC
38. Methodological approach
GEOtop
Model
(Rigon
et
al.,
2006)
Support
Vector
Regression
(Pasolli
et
al.,
2011)
gsr QQQETP
t
SMC
−−−−=
∂
∂
ET
Qr
QrQs
Qs
Qg
P
Mass
and
enegy
budget
3D
Richard
3D
equa=ons
SMC
es=ma=on
@
5cm
HH HV
NDVI
Modis
Elev.DEM
Land
use
Radarsat polarizations
Features
SMC
observations
Target
SVR
Param.
SVR
Regression
Analysis
SVR
Map Estimation
Estimated
SMC
Estimation
Training
39. GEOtop
validaOon
in
staOons
locaOons
Model
validated
for
SMC
for
staOons
located
both
in
pastures
and
irrigated
meadows
Bias -0.047 m3/m3
RMSE 0.054 m3/m3
Bias -0.016 m3/m3
RMSE 0.041 m3/m3
40. SAR
SMC
validaOon
Outcome:
1. The
proposed
es:ma:on
system
is
effec:ve
in
handling
the
challenging
soil
moisture
retrieval
problem
in
Alpine
areas.
2. Mul:ple
polariza:ons
and
ancillary
data
are
needed
to
disentangle
the
effects
of
local
scale
vegeta:on
and
roughness.
RADARSAT 2 ASAR WS
R2=0.89
R2=0.88
ValidaOon
on
a
different
ground
observaOons
subset
41. Soil
moisture:
Radarsat
2
maps
Wettest locations are along the valley bottom and in irrigated areas.
Driest locations are south-facing low elevation pastures.
43. Results:
Radarsat
–
GEOtop
differences
• Major
differences
in
in
irrigated
meadows;
• Too
coarse
scale
model
soil
and
land
cover
parameterizaOon.
• Radarsat
captures
the
small
scale
variability
related
to
land
cover/irrigaOon
44. What
controls
the
observed
SMC
paPerns?
Coupling
between
(surface)
soil
type
and
land
management.
Model
helps
to
understand
physical
reasons
of
observed
paserns.
Topography, soil type or land use?
45. SAR
soil
moisture
esOmaOon:
conclusions
Modelling:
GEOtop
+ conOnuous
spaOal
and
temporal
coverage;
+ good
capability
to
capture
temporal
paPerns;
- limitaOons
due
land
cover
/
soil
/
irrigaOon
parameterizaOon.
SAR:
RADARSAT
2
+ good
capability
to
capture
fine
scale
spaOal
paPerns;
+ strong
signature
of
land
cover
/
vegetaOon
/
irrigaOon
paPerns;
+ High
spaOal
resoluOon,
limited
temporal
coverage;
- Possible
ambiguity
due
soil/land
cover
coupling;
- limited
to
surface
layer
(~5
cm)
and
grassland
areas.
46. PerspecOves:
toward
an
integraOon
strategy
…
temporal
Possible
integra=on
strategy:
temporal
driving
from
the
model,
spaOal
paPerns
SAR
imaging
Average
and
std
ASAR
and
GEOtop
SMC
47. Toward
an
integraOon
strategy
…
spaOal
ASAR
GEOtop
Use
model-‐derived
data
as
addiOonal
input
feature
for
a
SVR
approach
in
areas
where
limited
ground
truth
is
available.
49. Come
and
visit
us,
we
are
waiOng
for
you
J
Matsch
|
Mazia
49
Our data need modellers !
50. Acknowledgments
This
study
is
supported
by
the
projects
“and
“HydroAlp”
and
“HiResAlp”
financed
by
Provincia
Autonoma
di
Bolzano,
Alto
Adige,
Ripar=zione
Diriso
allo
sudio,
Università
e
ricerca
scien=fica.
We
hereby
would
like
to
thank:
M.
Dall´Amico,
Mountaneering
s.r.l.
S.
Endrizzi,
University
of
Zurich.
R.
Rigon,
University
of
Trento.
G.
Wohlxart,
University
of
Innsbruck
Thank
you
for
your
aGen:on!
51.
52. Opportunites
and
challenges
Ø Using
physically
models
in
real
contexts
is
someOmes
more
Ome-‐consuming
than
doing
real
experiments.
Ø A
deep
knowledge
of
the
system
is
needed
for
set-‐up
proper
assumpOons
in
model
parameterizaOon
(a
lot
on
unknown
informaOon).
Ø
Great
tools
for
tesOng
hypotheses
and
generalize
results.
53. Opportunites
and
challenges
Ø The
parOcularly
dry
area
represents
a
unique
chance
to
study
climate
change
allowing
predicOons
of
future
climate
on
mountain
ecosystems.
Ø The
eleva=on
transect
allows
for
experimental
and
numerical
invesOgaOon
on
effects
of
elevaOon
on
eco-‐hydrological
processes.
Ø The
site
allows
interdisciplinary
observaOons
of
relevant
eco-‐hydrological
processes
in
a
human-‐
influenced
mountain
region.
Ø The
climaOc
condiOons
of
Val
Mazia
may
allow
interesOng
comparisons
among
different
mountain
sites
of
the
MRI
/
LTER
network.
Ø Chance
to
be
part
of
a
well
organized
and
good
structured
scien=fic
network.
54.
55. ElevaOon
gradient:
results
B2000
m
B1500
m
B1000
m
Coupling
snow
–
veg
–
ET
-‐
SWC
SWC
along
the
year
IrrigaOon
below
1500
m
56. GEOtop validation in stations locations
Model
validated
for
SMC
for
staOons
located
both
in
pastures
and
irrigated
meadows
57. Study
Area:
meadows
57
Mazia
Valley,
South
Tyrol,
Italy
Meadows
Up
to
~
1700m
a.s.l.
Intensively
managed:
-‐
cubng
-‐
manuring
-‐
irrigaOon
Homogenous
soil
surface
VegetaOon
dominated
by
grasses
58. Study
Area:
pastures
58
Mazia
Valley,
South
Tyrol,
Italy
Pastures
Located
at
1700
to
2400m
a.s.l.
Steep
terrain
Heterogeneous
soil
surface:
-‐
bare
soil
-‐
stones
-‐
large
rocks
VegetaOon
dominated
by
grasses
59. Study
area:
soil
properOes
Kolmann and Tasser, 2012
• Two
main
soil
types:
1. Haplic
Leptosol
(ranker)
mainly
in
pastures;
2. Dystric
Cambisol
(braunerde)
mainly
in
meadows
(Kollman,
M.
Th.,
2013).
• Observed
soil
parameters
are
in
the
typical
range
of
loamy
sand
(Leptosoil)
and
sandy
loam
(Cambisoil).
Kollmann,
K..
Klima-‐
und
landnutzungsbedingte
Bodenverteilung
im
Matschertal,
SüdOrol.
Ms.
Thesis,
Universität
Innsbruck.(2012).
60. Ground
observaOons:
fixed
staOons
Network
of
14
staOons
with:
•
Meteorological
data
•
SMC
5
and
20
cm
depth
(Decagon
capaciOve
sensors
10Hs)
Transect
sta=ons
Catchment
sta=ons
Run-‐off
measurements
Area
~100
km2
• Monitoring
SMC
temporal
dynamic
at
catchment
scale.
61. Ground
observaOons:
mobile
surveys
• Monitoring
SMC
spa=al
paserns
at
hillslope
scale;
• Survey
planned
to
map
land
cover/topographic
features;
• Good
correspondence
with
staOon
values.
• More
than
10
surveys
between
2010
and
2014;
• More
than
1000
points
with
mobile
Delta-‐T
wet
sensor
(TDR)
0
–
5
cm
depth;
10
%
50
%
SWC
62. Hydrological
modeling:
GEOtop
SMC
simulaOon
GEOtop
model
Rigon
et
al.,
JHM,
2006.
Endrizzi
et
al.,
GMDD,
2013.
∂SMC
∂t
= P − ET −Qr −Qs −Qg
ET
Qr
Qr
Qs
Qs
Qg
P
Plot
scale
water
budget
Catchment
scale
SMC
@
5cm
3D
Richard’s
eq.
Endrizzi,
S.,
et
al.
GEOtop
2.0:
simulaOng
the
combined
energy
and
water
balance
at
and
below
the
land
surface
accounOng
for
soil
freezing,
snow
cover
and
terrain
effects.
Geosci.
Model
Dev.
Disc.
6,
6279–6341
(2013).
Rigon,
R,
et
al.
GEOtop:
a
distributed
hydrological
model
with
coupled
water
and
energy
budgets.
J.
Hydrometeorol.
7
(3),
371–388
(2006).
63. GEOtop
–
DVM
coupling
GEOtop
VDM
-‐
Rad,Rh,PAR,T,
Wind
-‐ Ini=al
Condi=ons
-‐ Meteo
input
-‐ Soil
and
topography
Montaldo
et
al.,
2005
Endrizzi
et
al.,
2013
Canopy
Frac=on
Canopy
Height
Leaf
Area
Index
Senescence
Respira=on
Trasloca=on
Biomass
Budget
Photosynthesis
Evapotranspira=on
Intercep=on
Energy
Balance
Throughfall
Infiltra=on
Soil
Water
Balance
Runoff
Drainage
Rain/Snowfall
Rigon
et
al.,
2006
Della
Chiesa
et
al.,
2014
64. Data
recorded
with
high
frequency
(15´since
2009)
Matsch
|
Mazia
64
precipitation (mm)
global radiation (W/m²)
soil temperature (°C) and soil moisture (Vol%)
logger
air temperature (°C)
and humidity (%)
Snow/Vegetation height (cm)
Photosynthetic active radiation (µmol s−1W*−1)
Radiation balance (W/m²)
Soil surface temperature (°C)
Soil heat flux (W/m²)
Latent and sensible fluxes (W/m²)
Soil water potential (hPa)
wind speed and direction (m/sec, °)
65. Coupled ecohydrological modelling
How
to
use
experimental
observa=ons
to
validate
a
distributed
ecohydrological
models?
How
to
use
model
results
to
improve
our
knowledge
of
the
ecohydrological
behavior
of
mountain
catchments?