- The document discusses how future climate change could impact Europe's groundwater resources. It notes that 75% of Europeans rely on groundwater as their water source.
- Climate models predict the climate will become warmer overall, with decreases in precipitation in areas like the Mediterranean of up to 20% and increases of up to 20% in higher latitudes.
- Decreased precipitation could severely reduce groundwater recharge. Some studies estimate annual runoff in Southern Europe may decrease by 50% and Mediterranean water resources may decrease by 30%.
- 25% of Europeans rely on water from karst aquifers, which are highly dependent on precipitation levels. Reduced rainfall would significantly impact the populations dependent on karst springs.
This document summarizes a study that quantifies expected hydrological responses in the Aral Sea Drainage Basin in Central Asia to projections of climate change from 20 general circulation models. The study aims to investigate how uncertainties in future climate change interact with the effects of historic human redistributions of water for irrigation. Results show that errors in single model temperature and precipitation projections can significantly influence projected river runoff trends. However, multi-model ensemble means have relatively small influence on trends. Projected climate change will considerably increase net water loss through evapotranspiration. Maintained irrigation practices will further amplify this effect and likely lead to near-total river runoff depletion with risk of ecological impacts downstream.
Climate Change and Water Resources AnalysisMichael DePue
This document summarizes a presentation given on adapting water resources technical analyses to climate change. It discusses several key climate change trends that could impact analyses, including increased precipitation intensities, a longer growing season, and increased drought risk. It outlines how these trends could influence various technical analyses and models used in areas like riverine hydrology, coastal surge modeling, and hydraulic structures. These impacts may include changes to design rainfalls, vegetation changes, erosion impacts, and combined probability issues. The presentation argues technical analyses will need to adapt to incorporate these anticipated climate change impacts.
Impact of Future Climate Change on water availability in Kupang CityWillem Sidharno
Observed climate change could affect water availability in the future. Changes also
occurred Kupang city in recent decades, an increase in the magnitude of the damage caused
by drought due to climate change. In an attempt to explore the effects of drought can be
aggravated by climate change. in this paper, the author will be analyze impact of changes in
the water balance in Kupang city. To achieve that, the author will use the procedure consists
of two procedures: Temperature and precipitation are modeled under two typical emission
A1FI and B1 scenarios evaluated in this study for future projections in Kupang, discharge
simulations using rainfall Mock generated daily rainfall and water balance monthly Data
analysis WEAP (water Evaluation and Planning System) based simulation Mock. Due to the
significant uncertainty involved in forecasting future water consumption and water yield, the
author will use the three scenarios assumed water consumption and water three outcome
scenarios. Three scenarios of water consumption, ie, "Low", "Medium" and "High" in
accordance with the expected number of water consumption. Disposal obtained from mock
simulations during the simulation period. Finally, the water balance analysis conducted by
WEAP based on a combination of the three scenarios of water consumption. With this
procedure, it is possible to explore different scenarios of water consumption and water
results and the results of this study can be used to establish the proper planning to minimize
the impact of drought on water availability to support water requirement due to climate
change in Kupang city.
This document discusses the relationships between water, climate, and energy. It makes three key points:
1) Water, climate, and energy are inextricably linked - water is used to generate energy through methods like hydropower, and energy is used to transport and treat water.
2) Climate change impacts water resources through changes in precipitation and evaporation patterns, which can exacerbate water scarcity. It also acts to intensify competition over water and energy sources.
3) Solving the interconnected challenges of water, energy, and climate sustainability will require expanded research, innovative technologies, shared responsibility, and integrated policy frameworks across sectors and geographical regions.
This document summarizes a master's thesis that evaluates the effects of precipitation extremes on watershed hydrology under current and projected future climate conditions using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The research focuses on the Cobb Creek Watershed in Georgia. Results show that high intensity precipitation events could increase watershed discharge by nearly 50% by 2060-2064 according to climate projections. Peak flows may rise by almost 30% and shifts in seasonal rainfall patterns are also possible. The study highlights the need for sustainable water management and planning that considers potential climate change impacts.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the sensitivity of a data-driven soil water balance model to estimate summer evapotranspiration along a forest chronosequence using three sites with Eddy Covariance measurements. The study explored the model's sensitivity to forest succession state, computational time step, rooting depth, and canopy interception capacity. It found that the model generally agreed with observations and was not dependent on stand age, but an optimal combination of parameters was needed to avoid underestimation of actual evapotranspiration.
This document summarizes a study that quantifies expected hydrological responses in the Aral Sea Drainage Basin in Central Asia to projections of climate change from 20 general circulation models. The study aims to investigate how uncertainties in future climate change interact with the effects of historic human redistributions of water for irrigation. Results show that errors in single model temperature and precipitation projections can significantly influence projected river runoff trends. However, multi-model ensemble means have relatively small influence on trends. Projected climate change will considerably increase net water loss through evapotranspiration. Maintained irrigation practices will further amplify this effect and likely lead to near-total river runoff depletion with risk of ecological impacts downstream.
Climate Change and Water Resources AnalysisMichael DePue
This document summarizes a presentation given on adapting water resources technical analyses to climate change. It discusses several key climate change trends that could impact analyses, including increased precipitation intensities, a longer growing season, and increased drought risk. It outlines how these trends could influence various technical analyses and models used in areas like riverine hydrology, coastal surge modeling, and hydraulic structures. These impacts may include changes to design rainfalls, vegetation changes, erosion impacts, and combined probability issues. The presentation argues technical analyses will need to adapt to incorporate these anticipated climate change impacts.
Impact of Future Climate Change on water availability in Kupang CityWillem Sidharno
Observed climate change could affect water availability in the future. Changes also
occurred Kupang city in recent decades, an increase in the magnitude of the damage caused
by drought due to climate change. In an attempt to explore the effects of drought can be
aggravated by climate change. in this paper, the author will be analyze impact of changes in
the water balance in Kupang city. To achieve that, the author will use the procedure consists
of two procedures: Temperature and precipitation are modeled under two typical emission
A1FI and B1 scenarios evaluated in this study for future projections in Kupang, discharge
simulations using rainfall Mock generated daily rainfall and water balance monthly Data
analysis WEAP (water Evaluation and Planning System) based simulation Mock. Due to the
significant uncertainty involved in forecasting future water consumption and water yield, the
author will use the three scenarios assumed water consumption and water three outcome
scenarios. Three scenarios of water consumption, ie, "Low", "Medium" and "High" in
accordance with the expected number of water consumption. Disposal obtained from mock
simulations during the simulation period. Finally, the water balance analysis conducted by
WEAP based on a combination of the three scenarios of water consumption. With this
procedure, it is possible to explore different scenarios of water consumption and water
results and the results of this study can be used to establish the proper planning to minimize
the impact of drought on water availability to support water requirement due to climate
change in Kupang city.
This document discusses the relationships between water, climate, and energy. It makes three key points:
1) Water, climate, and energy are inextricably linked - water is used to generate energy through methods like hydropower, and energy is used to transport and treat water.
2) Climate change impacts water resources through changes in precipitation and evaporation patterns, which can exacerbate water scarcity. It also acts to intensify competition over water and energy sources.
3) Solving the interconnected challenges of water, energy, and climate sustainability will require expanded research, innovative technologies, shared responsibility, and integrated policy frameworks across sectors and geographical regions.
This document summarizes a master's thesis that evaluates the effects of precipitation extremes on watershed hydrology under current and projected future climate conditions using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The research focuses on the Cobb Creek Watershed in Georgia. Results show that high intensity precipitation events could increase watershed discharge by nearly 50% by 2060-2064 according to climate projections. Peak flows may rise by almost 30% and shifts in seasonal rainfall patterns are also possible. The study highlights the need for sustainable water management and planning that considers potential climate change impacts.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the sensitivity of a data-driven soil water balance model to estimate summer evapotranspiration along a forest chronosequence using three sites with Eddy Covariance measurements. The study explored the model's sensitivity to forest succession state, computational time step, rooting depth, and canopy interception capacity. It found that the model generally agreed with observations and was not dependent on stand age, but an optimal combination of parameters was needed to avoid underestimation of actual evapotranspiration.
1. The document examines tropical hydrology and the need for further research on moisture cycling, catchment processes, and long-term data collection across the humid tropics.
2. It discusses the highly variable and intense nature of the tropical hydrological cycle compared to other regions, and how human activities are rapidly altering tropical landscapes and hydrology.
3. The research vision calls for integrated studies of water fluxes from subsurface to atmosphere across strong environmental gradients, as well as coordinated long-term monitoring networks to understand low-frequency dynamics in the context of a warming climate and continued land use change.
There is scientific consensus that rising greenhouse gas emissions from human activity will cause global warming and other climate changes. The IPCC projects an increase in average global temperatures by 2100 of 1.4-5.8°C. Climate change will affect human health in many ways, both beneficial and adverse. Research has focused on impacts of extreme heat, infectious diseases, and food security, but climate change may also disrupt societies and economies in ways that indirectly impact health. While some effects are already apparent, such as heat waves increasing mortality, estimating future health impacts involves uncertainty. Evidence of health risks will strengthen arguments for policies to reduce emissions and adapt to climate change impacts.
This document discusses how climate change impacts conservation efforts. It notes that both mitigation and adaptation strategies are needed, with adaptation involving adjustments to changing climatic conditions. Conservation practices can benefit agricultural systems, ecological systems, and reduce risks to people, but their effectiveness may need to be reevaluated under non-stationary climate conditions. The document provides examples of increasing temperatures and more extreme precipitation affecting factors like drought stress, erosion potential, and species vulnerability. It advocates testing models and strategies against different climate scenarios to better evaluate risks and promote effective conservation actions.
Animal agriculture adaptation planning guide (climate change)LPE Learning Center
This 44-page publication produced by the AACC project is a planning guide to help guide farmers through the process of future farm planning considering climate change.
Format: Factsheet or Publication - Reference: Schmidt, D., E. Whitefield, D. Smith. 2014. Produced for Animal Agriculture in a Changing Climate Project.
The document discusses climate change and its causes according to research by Team Norvergence. It finds that the planet's climate has cycled throughout history, but the global temperature has increased 1 degree Celsius in the last 120 years. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have raised greenhouse gas levels exponentially compared to natural levels, influencing the climate. The influence of human emissions on climate change is now overwhelming and causing effects like ocean acidification.
Land use-cover-trends-climate-variability-nexus-in-the-njoro-river-catchmentoircjournals
Anthropogenic activities have consequences on the land use/cover trends in the watershed and subsequently on the hydrological characteristics of rivers through intertwine of climate variability. The interplay between land use changes and climate variability are seen as contributory causes of catchment degradation in Kenya. The land use/cover changes increase impervious ground surfaces, decrease infiltration rate and increase runoff rate thereby affecting the hydrological characteristics of rivers. This study considers the interactions between climate variability and land use/cover changes in the river Njoro catchment in Kenya. The River Njoro drains into the lake Nakuru basin one of the Great Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya. The objectives of the study were: To evaluate the land-use and land cover patterns and changes in Njoro River catchment between 1996 and 2016, analyze the temperature and rainfall variations between 1996 and 2016 and compare the land use/cover changes with the variation in the rainfall and temperature. Landsat images and secondary data on water quality parameters were used in this study. The study showed that there was significant variation in rainfall and temperature trends in the Njoro river catchment and therefore the dynamics of land use/land cover in the river Njoro would be more attributed to anthropogenic activities than climate variability.
What is the difference when talking about weather versus climate? How do you measure and describe the atmosphere? How are models used in predicting weather or climate? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
What are some of the basic principles and terminology involved in climate change? Learn more about the Earth's atmosphere, energy balance, and how the greenhouse effect can alter both climate and weather. What is climate forcing? What is climate feedback? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
Nepal does not have own climate projection model. Therefore, climate change studies in Nepal completely depend on the results of available model throughout the world. Many field based studies have proven that Nepal is the most vulnerable country in the context of climate change due to limited capacity to adapt to it. On the other hand, it is a big challenge to natural scientists to demonstrate climate change physically because of limited resources. Due to the complex geography of Nepal, most of the global climate projections are not able to capture the temporal and spatial climatic variability. In consideration to this problem, the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) of Nepal has initiated a project to downscale climatic parameters regionally with technical support from the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) under the financial support of Asian Development Bank (ADB). They used three different Regional Climate Models (RCM); PRECIS, RegCM4, and WRF under AR4 scenarios. However, there is still a lot of discrepancy among these projections which have created confusion among the stakeholders. Therefore, the objective of my presentation will be to focus on the discussion over these issues among the climate experts at UNBC.
Climate change is a significant change in weather patterns over long periods of time that can be caused by both natural factors and human activities like greenhouse gas emissions. Scientists study climate change by analyzing physical evidence from various climate proxies like ice cores, sediment records, and historical documents to understand past climates and make projections about future climate change. Global warming due to increased greenhouse gases is causing sea levels to rise through thermal expansion of the oceans and melting of glaciers and ice sheets, threatening coastal areas with flooding and erosion.
1. Geospatial technology plays a key role in addressing the impacts of climate change on water supply. It facilitates analysis and visualization of data to inform policymakers and enables more adaptive water operations.
2. Technologies like satellite imagery and GRACE allow for enhanced conservation efforts through improved water budgeting and monitoring of groundwater and snow levels over time.
3. More accurate long-term weather forecasts based on geospatial data have the potential to allow water managers to implement dynamic reservoir operations instead of static rule curves, helping to better stretch limited water supplies under climate change.
The document summarizes the proceedings of the 1979 World Climate Conference (WCC) organized by the United Nations (UN) World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The conference aimed to review knowledge of climate change due to natural and human causes and assess potential future climate impacts. At the conference, Professor F. Kenneth Hare presented evidence that climate varies naturally and questioned whether human activities could significantly impact the climate. Ralph C. d'Arge argued that a 1 degree Celsius temperature drop could cost the US billions annually but that evidence of human-caused climate change was still uncertain. The conference concluded that rising CO2 levels from fossil fuel use and deforestation could cause major long-term climate changes requiring further research.
Climate change refers to significant and long-lasting changes in weather patterns over decades or millions of years that may include changes in average conditions or more extreme weather events. It is caused by both natural factors like ocean circulation, solar radiation, tectonic and volcanic activities as well as human factors currently causing global warming and climate change through human alterations of the environment. On a broad scale, the balance between incoming and outgoing energy from the sun determines Earth's equilibrium temperature and climate.
My PhD research focused on predicting the effects of future climate change on water quality in three Ontario water bodies: Hamilton Harbour, Bay of Quinte, and Lake Simcoe. I applied computational models to assess impacts on hydrodynamics and biogeochemistry from climate change. For Lake Simcoe and Hamilton Harbour, I used a one-dimensional model called DYRESM-CAEDYM, validating it with historical data and running simulations from 2000-2100 under climate change scenarios. For the Bay of Quinte, a long, narrow water body not suited to one-dimensional modeling, I used the ELCOM-CAEDYM model to similarly investigate climate change impacts from 2000-2070.
Human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation are now the dominant cause of increasing global temperatures in recent decades. To mitigate climate change, humans must minimize activities that impact the climate like CO2 emissions and instead follow the principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle in order to gradually allow the Earth to recover.
This document summarizes a study on streamflow variability and connectivity in dryland rivers under a changing climate. Electrical resistance sensors were used to measure flow permanence and connectivity across a river network in southeastern Arizona. The study found that stream drying occurred earlier and more frequently during a below-average precipitation year. Hydrologic modeling was used to project increased stream drying and loss of longitudinal connectivity under climate change, with some streams predicted to experience over 150 more days without flow annually. The findings highlight the vulnerability of temporary streams to increased water scarcity.
The document discusses evidence that human activity is causing climate change through the emission of greenhouse gases. It describes how scientific analysis of ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland reveal that climate change is occurring and that we are heading towards significant changes to the climate. While some argue that climate change is a natural phenomenon, the evidence from feedback mechanisms like chemical weathering of CO2 indicates that human emissions are disrupting these systems and accelerating climate change. The document urges that despite skepticism, the scientific evidence needs to be addressed to mitigate the risks of climate change.
Sea level rise will significantly impact Dublin's coastal wetlands like Portmarnock Saltmarsh. Analysis of sea level data from Dublin tide station shows a correlation between rising sea levels and time, with sea levels rising more sharply from 1980-2010. Coastal habitats will be threatened by both rising seas and coastal squeezing as habitats have fewer places to naturally retreat inland due to development. While some reports acknowledge these issues, Ireland currently lacks concrete adaptation plans to protect vulnerable coastal ecosystems from sea level rise.
Planning For Climate Change In The Technical Analysis 6 9 09Michael DePue
The document discusses how climate change trends should be incorporated into floodplain mapping and flood control project planning. It summarizes reports on topics like increased precipitation and sea level rise. It recommends considering a range of climate change scenarios in technical analyses, like higher sea levels and more intense storms. Adaptation strategies may include revised flood maps, upgraded infrastructure, and modified planning guidelines.
This document contains two word problems. The first asks how many total items were eaten during recess, with details that two bananas, six grapes, and six biscuits were eaten. The second asks for the total number of paper snowflakes made, with details that Stephen made five, John made four, and Conan made three. Drawings and number sentences are requested to be included for each problem.
Este documento describe los pasos para configurar una nueva cuenta de correo electrónico en Gmail, incluyendo iniciar sesión en la cuenta de Google, hacer clic en el enlace "Agregar otra cuenta" y completar el proceso de registro para crear una nueva dirección de correo electrónico con Gmail.
1. The document examines tropical hydrology and the need for further research on moisture cycling, catchment processes, and long-term data collection across the humid tropics.
2. It discusses the highly variable and intense nature of the tropical hydrological cycle compared to other regions, and how human activities are rapidly altering tropical landscapes and hydrology.
3. The research vision calls for integrated studies of water fluxes from subsurface to atmosphere across strong environmental gradients, as well as coordinated long-term monitoring networks to understand low-frequency dynamics in the context of a warming climate and continued land use change.
There is scientific consensus that rising greenhouse gas emissions from human activity will cause global warming and other climate changes. The IPCC projects an increase in average global temperatures by 2100 of 1.4-5.8°C. Climate change will affect human health in many ways, both beneficial and adverse. Research has focused on impacts of extreme heat, infectious diseases, and food security, but climate change may also disrupt societies and economies in ways that indirectly impact health. While some effects are already apparent, such as heat waves increasing mortality, estimating future health impacts involves uncertainty. Evidence of health risks will strengthen arguments for policies to reduce emissions and adapt to climate change impacts.
This document discusses how climate change impacts conservation efforts. It notes that both mitigation and adaptation strategies are needed, with adaptation involving adjustments to changing climatic conditions. Conservation practices can benefit agricultural systems, ecological systems, and reduce risks to people, but their effectiveness may need to be reevaluated under non-stationary climate conditions. The document provides examples of increasing temperatures and more extreme precipitation affecting factors like drought stress, erosion potential, and species vulnerability. It advocates testing models and strategies against different climate scenarios to better evaluate risks and promote effective conservation actions.
Animal agriculture adaptation planning guide (climate change)LPE Learning Center
This 44-page publication produced by the AACC project is a planning guide to help guide farmers through the process of future farm planning considering climate change.
Format: Factsheet or Publication - Reference: Schmidt, D., E. Whitefield, D. Smith. 2014. Produced for Animal Agriculture in a Changing Climate Project.
The document discusses climate change and its causes according to research by Team Norvergence. It finds that the planet's climate has cycled throughout history, but the global temperature has increased 1 degree Celsius in the last 120 years. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have raised greenhouse gas levels exponentially compared to natural levels, influencing the climate. The influence of human emissions on climate change is now overwhelming and causing effects like ocean acidification.
Land use-cover-trends-climate-variability-nexus-in-the-njoro-river-catchmentoircjournals
Anthropogenic activities have consequences on the land use/cover trends in the watershed and subsequently on the hydrological characteristics of rivers through intertwine of climate variability. The interplay between land use changes and climate variability are seen as contributory causes of catchment degradation in Kenya. The land use/cover changes increase impervious ground surfaces, decrease infiltration rate and increase runoff rate thereby affecting the hydrological characteristics of rivers. This study considers the interactions between climate variability and land use/cover changes in the river Njoro catchment in Kenya. The River Njoro drains into the lake Nakuru basin one of the Great Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya. The objectives of the study were: To evaluate the land-use and land cover patterns and changes in Njoro River catchment between 1996 and 2016, analyze the temperature and rainfall variations between 1996 and 2016 and compare the land use/cover changes with the variation in the rainfall and temperature. Landsat images and secondary data on water quality parameters were used in this study. The study showed that there was significant variation in rainfall and temperature trends in the Njoro river catchment and therefore the dynamics of land use/land cover in the river Njoro would be more attributed to anthropogenic activities than climate variability.
What is the difference when talking about weather versus climate? How do you measure and describe the atmosphere? How are models used in predicting weather or climate? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
What are some of the basic principles and terminology involved in climate change? Learn more about the Earth's atmosphere, energy balance, and how the greenhouse effect can alter both climate and weather. What is climate forcing? What is climate feedback? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
Nepal does not have own climate projection model. Therefore, climate change studies in Nepal completely depend on the results of available model throughout the world. Many field based studies have proven that Nepal is the most vulnerable country in the context of climate change due to limited capacity to adapt to it. On the other hand, it is a big challenge to natural scientists to demonstrate climate change physically because of limited resources. Due to the complex geography of Nepal, most of the global climate projections are not able to capture the temporal and spatial climatic variability. In consideration to this problem, the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) of Nepal has initiated a project to downscale climatic parameters regionally with technical support from the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) under the financial support of Asian Development Bank (ADB). They used three different Regional Climate Models (RCM); PRECIS, RegCM4, and WRF under AR4 scenarios. However, there is still a lot of discrepancy among these projections which have created confusion among the stakeholders. Therefore, the objective of my presentation will be to focus on the discussion over these issues among the climate experts at UNBC.
Climate change is a significant change in weather patterns over long periods of time that can be caused by both natural factors and human activities like greenhouse gas emissions. Scientists study climate change by analyzing physical evidence from various climate proxies like ice cores, sediment records, and historical documents to understand past climates and make projections about future climate change. Global warming due to increased greenhouse gases is causing sea levels to rise through thermal expansion of the oceans and melting of glaciers and ice sheets, threatening coastal areas with flooding and erosion.
1. Geospatial technology plays a key role in addressing the impacts of climate change on water supply. It facilitates analysis and visualization of data to inform policymakers and enables more adaptive water operations.
2. Technologies like satellite imagery and GRACE allow for enhanced conservation efforts through improved water budgeting and monitoring of groundwater and snow levels over time.
3. More accurate long-term weather forecasts based on geospatial data have the potential to allow water managers to implement dynamic reservoir operations instead of static rule curves, helping to better stretch limited water supplies under climate change.
The document summarizes the proceedings of the 1979 World Climate Conference (WCC) organized by the United Nations (UN) World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The conference aimed to review knowledge of climate change due to natural and human causes and assess potential future climate impacts. At the conference, Professor F. Kenneth Hare presented evidence that climate varies naturally and questioned whether human activities could significantly impact the climate. Ralph C. d'Arge argued that a 1 degree Celsius temperature drop could cost the US billions annually but that evidence of human-caused climate change was still uncertain. The conference concluded that rising CO2 levels from fossil fuel use and deforestation could cause major long-term climate changes requiring further research.
Climate change refers to significant and long-lasting changes in weather patterns over decades or millions of years that may include changes in average conditions or more extreme weather events. It is caused by both natural factors like ocean circulation, solar radiation, tectonic and volcanic activities as well as human factors currently causing global warming and climate change through human alterations of the environment. On a broad scale, the balance between incoming and outgoing energy from the sun determines Earth's equilibrium temperature and climate.
My PhD research focused on predicting the effects of future climate change on water quality in three Ontario water bodies: Hamilton Harbour, Bay of Quinte, and Lake Simcoe. I applied computational models to assess impacts on hydrodynamics and biogeochemistry from climate change. For Lake Simcoe and Hamilton Harbour, I used a one-dimensional model called DYRESM-CAEDYM, validating it with historical data and running simulations from 2000-2100 under climate change scenarios. For the Bay of Quinte, a long, narrow water body not suited to one-dimensional modeling, I used the ELCOM-CAEDYM model to similarly investigate climate change impacts from 2000-2070.
Human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation are now the dominant cause of increasing global temperatures in recent decades. To mitigate climate change, humans must minimize activities that impact the climate like CO2 emissions and instead follow the principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle in order to gradually allow the Earth to recover.
This document summarizes a study on streamflow variability and connectivity in dryland rivers under a changing climate. Electrical resistance sensors were used to measure flow permanence and connectivity across a river network in southeastern Arizona. The study found that stream drying occurred earlier and more frequently during a below-average precipitation year. Hydrologic modeling was used to project increased stream drying and loss of longitudinal connectivity under climate change, with some streams predicted to experience over 150 more days without flow annually. The findings highlight the vulnerability of temporary streams to increased water scarcity.
The document discusses evidence that human activity is causing climate change through the emission of greenhouse gases. It describes how scientific analysis of ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland reveal that climate change is occurring and that we are heading towards significant changes to the climate. While some argue that climate change is a natural phenomenon, the evidence from feedback mechanisms like chemical weathering of CO2 indicates that human emissions are disrupting these systems and accelerating climate change. The document urges that despite skepticism, the scientific evidence needs to be addressed to mitigate the risks of climate change.
Sea level rise will significantly impact Dublin's coastal wetlands like Portmarnock Saltmarsh. Analysis of sea level data from Dublin tide station shows a correlation between rising sea levels and time, with sea levels rising more sharply from 1980-2010. Coastal habitats will be threatened by both rising seas and coastal squeezing as habitats have fewer places to naturally retreat inland due to development. While some reports acknowledge these issues, Ireland currently lacks concrete adaptation plans to protect vulnerable coastal ecosystems from sea level rise.
Planning For Climate Change In The Technical Analysis 6 9 09Michael DePue
The document discusses how climate change trends should be incorporated into floodplain mapping and flood control project planning. It summarizes reports on topics like increased precipitation and sea level rise. It recommends considering a range of climate change scenarios in technical analyses, like higher sea levels and more intense storms. Adaptation strategies may include revised flood maps, upgraded infrastructure, and modified planning guidelines.
This document contains two word problems. The first asks how many total items were eaten during recess, with details that two bananas, six grapes, and six biscuits were eaten. The second asks for the total number of paper snowflakes made, with details that Stephen made five, John made four, and Conan made three. Drawings and number sentences are requested to be included for each problem.
Este documento describe los pasos para configurar una nueva cuenta de correo electrónico en Gmail, incluyendo iniciar sesión en la cuenta de Google, hacer clic en el enlace "Agregar otra cuenta" y completar el proceso de registro para crear una nueva dirección de correo electrónico con Gmail.
A Premier Software and Solution Provider for Healthcare Specialization. We are an ISO Certified Organization who Produces Hospital and Industrial ERP Solution, Pathology Laboratory Software, Hospital Information Management System(HIMS) and also Developers of Decision Support System for Management and Expert System for Specialists.
This document contains Ahmed Mohamed Elhady's curriculum vitae. It outlines his personal information, education, language and computer skills, courses taken, and work experience. For education, it notes he graduated from Helwan University in 2007 with a degree in social work. For work experience, it details his roles as a kitchen manager from 2014 to present, restaurant manager from 2013 to 2014 in Bahrain, head chef from 2012 to 2013 in Bahrain, and various kitchen roles from 2007 to 2012 for an Italian restaurant chain. It aims to demonstrate his qualifications for employment.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshows.
Industrial Training at Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Plant pptMSHRISTISAHU
Summer training in Suratgarh Thermal Power Station Rajasthan, India. Situated near Biradhwal Railway Station with a Power Generation Capacity Of 1500 MW. Presentation is for students who have done there traning from this plant
Six Reasons You Need Event Content StrategyOpus Agency
This document outlines six reasons why event content strategy is important: 1) Create internal alignment, 2) Target your content, 3) Attract your audience, 4) Enhance audience engagement, 5) Improve brand recognition, and 6) Increase purchase intent. It discusses how each reason is important and provides strategies and benefits for implementing an effective event content strategy, such as customizing content by audience segments to increase engagement. The overall message is that a strong content strategy can deliver an engaging experience that builds brand affinity and drives business outcomes.
The document profiles an assistant professor of integrated strategic communication named Maureen Schriner and her career path from journalist to public relations professional to professor, highlighting how her curiosity has led her through various roles and her research focuses on analyzing strategic communication approaches. It then introduces the new integrated strategic communication program at UW-Eau Claire and emphasizes the importance of gaining experience across various areas of communication for success in an integrated strategic communication career.
This document provides an overview of modeling approaches used to study climate-induced changes in hydrology. It discusses how general circulation models (GCMs) are used to simulate global climate change but have coarse resolution, so regional climate models (RCMs) are used to downscale GCM output through statistical or dynamical downscaling. RCMs provide higher resolution climate projections to inform hydrological modeling at regional and local scales. The document also examines how hydrological models are incorporated with climate projections from GCMs and RCMs to analyze potential impacts of climate change on hydrology and water resources at catchment scales.
This document summarizes the results of modeling exercises that simulate the impact of climate change on two types of surface aquifers: lakes and rivers. For lakes, it focuses on the impact of global warming on the thermal structure of two Italian lakes, Lake Como and Lake Pusiano, using a hydrodynamic model. The model projects an increase in average yearly lake temperature of 0.04°C per year from 1970-2000 and 0.03°C per year from 2001-2050 according to IPCC climate change scenarios. These increases are expected to reduce mixing between lake layers and impact phytoplankton growth and cyanobacteria blooms. For rivers, it describes a methodology using models to estimate changes in nutrient loads in
Climate Change & Anthropogenic Impact On Water ResourcesVempi Satriya
Human activities are clearly influencing the climate system and causing changes that are affecting water resources in several ways. According to the IPCC, over half of the increase in surface temperatures since the 1950s is due to human greenhouse gas emissions. As the climate continues to warm, precipitation patterns are projected to change in ways that will impact water availability and quality. Infrastructure like dams and reservoirs has altered water flows, and building more could help address issues like declining storage capacity but also risks impacts on environmental flows. Managing these tradeoffs between human and environmental water needs is an ongoing challenge.
Modelling climate change impacts on nutrients and primary production in coast...Marco Pesce
The document describes an integrated modelling approach used to project the impacts of climate change on nutrient loadings and phytoplankton communities in coastal waters. The approach combines climate models, a hydrological model, and an ecological model. Climate models project increases in winter precipitation and summer temperatures. The hydrological model shows increases in winter nutrient loads and decreases in summer. The ecological model then projects changes in nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton biomass, and species composition in the coastal waters.
Introducing climate change in river basin managementLia Romano
3rd International Meeting on Meteorology and Climatology of the Mediterranean
POSTER
ABSTRACT
Within an increasing sensibility of international scientific community and public opinion about the issue, the recent European Directives in water policy, the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and the Floods Directive 2007/60/EC - that provide legal instruments for protecting and restoring the water environment, as well as for reducing risks to human health, cultural heritage and economic activity - require the States Member to take into account the eventual trend induced by climate change, from which major changes in yearly and seasonal precipitation and water flow, flooding, coastal erosion and water quality arise.
The effects of the climate change on the hydrological cycle are usually carried out by means of climatic models working on a planetary scale and most of all forecast an drying trend in Southern Europe, unlike a wetting trend in the Northern Europe. On the other hand, at regional scale, the expected changes can be rather different, indeed forecast of precipitation and flow changes at river basin scale are less certain, due to large natural variability in these quantities, as well as the limitation of climate models, and assumptions used to downscale information from climate to hydrological models.
It follows that an important role of water managers would be to adopt plans to climate change impacts, individuating methodologies for evaluation of climate variability scenarios in the basins management, both for water scarcity management and for flood risk management in order to apply efficiently long term measures.
This document summarizes a study that investigates the effects of irrigation on hydro-climatic change through a literature review and comparative analysis of two river basins. The study compares the Aral Sea region in Central Asia, where irrigation has led to severe surface water changes, to the Mahanadi River Basin in India, which drains into the ocean and is less dependent on local runoff. The results show that irrigation may drive greater changes to surface temperature, evapotranspiration, and heat fluxes in basins with small relative runoff changes compared to basins with more severe surface water changes. Accurately assessing interconnected hydrological changes requires accounting for actual water balance constraints.
Is stationarity dead whither water managementDhiraj Gyawali
This document discusses how the assumption of stationarity in water resource management is no longer valid due to climate change altering historical hydrologic patterns. Stationarity assumed natural systems fluctuate within an unchanging envelope, but warming is causing means and extremes of precipitation and river flows to change. While human activities and natural variability previously challenged stationarity, climate change driven by greenhouse gases is causing substantial changes that push beyond the natural range. New approaches are needed that use nonstationary probabilistic models incorporating climate projections to optimize water infrastructure and management under continuing climate change.
Groundwater is an important natural resource under threat from increasing population and development. Current groundwater models have limitations due to subsurface heterogeneity and lack of data. Assessing climate change impacts on groundwater and managing resources during droughts are significant challenges. Improving data collection and developing more realistic models are needed for effective groundwater management.
Eco1.Do you think it is appropriate that the consumer bears part.docxjack60216
Eco
1.Do you think it is appropriate that the consumer bears part of the burden of pollution fees in the form of higher prices? Why or why not?
2.In the U.S., landowners have the mineral rights to all minerals that might be found under their property (e.g, oil and natural gas). In most European countries, the government, not the property owner, has the rights to any minerals found in the ground. Fracking occurs in several U.S. states, but remains unpopular in Europe. If national governments in other nations agreed to share the profits from fracking with the landowners on whose property the drilling takes place, how might that change attitudes toward the fracking process?
3.Do you think we are a throwaway society? Are your attitudes towards consumption of goods the same as your parents? Your grandparents? (Think of how goods have changed over the years.)
4.A few years ago we became aware that disposable diapers were a major item being put into U.S. landfills. Some communities discussed banning disposable diapers from their landfills. There were protests from parents groups whose members found disposable much more convenient than cloth diapers. Rationally evaluate this policy from both the community environmentalists and the parents groups’ viewpoints.
5.Should income in the U.S. be distributed equally? If not, should there be at least a greater degree of equality than we presently have? What are the advantages and disadvantages of greater equality?
6.Which do you feel is more effective in reducing poverty: government poverty programs or economic growth of a nation? How do private charities fit in? Are you an economic conservative or economic liberal when it comes to addressing poverty?
O R I G I N A L P A P E R
Wetlands and global climate change: the role of wetland
restoration in a changing world
Kevin L. Erwin
Received: 15 April 2008 / Accepted: 24 September 2008 / Published online: 7 November 2008
� Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008
Abstract Global climate change is recognized as a
threat to species survival and the health of natural
systems. Scientists worldwide are looking at the
ecological and hydrological impacts resulting from
climate change. Climate change will make future
efforts to restore and manage wetlands more com-
plex. Wetland systems are vulnerable to changes in
quantity and quality of their water supply, and it is
expected that climate change will have a pronounced
effect on wetlands through alterations in hydrological
regimes with great global variability. Wetland habitat
responses to climate change and the implications for
restoration will be realized differently on a regional
and mega-watershed level, making it important to
recognize that specific restoration and management
plans will require examination by habitat. Flood-
plains, mangroves, seagrasses, saltmarshes, arctic
wetlands, peatlands, freshwater marshes and forests
are very diverse habitats, with different str ...
impactos del cambio climatico en ecosistemas costerosXin San
Anthropogenically induced global climate change has profound implications for marine
ecosystems and the economic and social systems that depend upon them. The
relationship between temperature and individual performance is reasonably well
understood, and much climate-related research has focused on potential shifts in
distribution and abundance driven directly by temperature. However, recent work has
revealed that both abiotic changes and biological responses in the ocean will be
substantially more complex. For example, changes in ocean chemistry may be more
important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many
organisms. Ocean circulation, which drives larval transport, will also change, with
important consequences for population dynamics. Furthermore, climatic impacts on one
or a few leverage species may result in sweeping community-level changes. Finally,
synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing
pressure, will likely exacerbate climate-induced changes. Efforts to manage and conserve
living marine systems in the face of climate change will require improvements to the
existing predictive framework. Key directions for future research include identifying key
demographic transitions that influence population dynamics, predicting changes in the
community-level impacts of ecologically dominant species, incorporating populations
ability to evolve (adapt), and understanding the scales over which climate will change and
living systems will respond.
Imagining The Unimaginable Synthesis Of Essays On Abrupt And Extreme Climate...Lisa Olive
This document summarizes five essays that explore potential impacts of and responses to an abrupt disruption of the Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation. The summary discusses the key findings and perspectives of each essay, which cover legal, institutional, sectoral, economic, and multi-sectoral lenses. The legal perspective essay argues that governments have an important role to play in managing climate risks through flexible adaptation policies and financial mechanisms. It explores responsibilities and liabilities of governments and citizens. The summary synthesizes that the essays highlight complex challenges around responsibilities, policies, and financial mechanisms for responding to an unforeseen abrupt climate change event.
Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater ResourcesC. P. Kumar
This document summarizes the impact of climate change on groundwater resources. It discusses how climate change can affect factors like precipitation, temperature, and evapotranspiration, which then impact groundwater recharge and levels. Higher temperatures and variability in rainfall from climate change could mean more fluctuations in groundwater levels and potential saline intrusion in coastal aquifers. Quantifying the full impact on groundwater requires downscaling climate models and coupling them with hydrological models to estimate changes in groundwater recharge over time. Key concerns are potential decreases in groundwater supplies and quality issues, as groundwater serves as a major global source of potable water.
DSD-INT 2017 Global modelling of hydrology and water resources: current state...Deltares
Presentation by Marc BIerkens (Deltares) at the Symposium on catchment hydrology and WFlow, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2017. Tuesday, 24 October 2017, Delft.
Impacts of climate change on the water availability, seasonality and extremes...asimjk
Projecting future hydrology for the mountainous, highly glaciated upper Indus basin (UIB) is a challenging task, because of uncertainties in the future climate projections and issues with the coverage and quality of available reference climatic data and hydrological modelling approaches. This study attempts to address these issues by utilizing tranthe semi-distributed hydrological model SWAT with new climate datasets with better spatial and altitudinal representation as well as a wider range of future climate forcing models (GCM_REG) from the CORDEX- project, to assess different aspects of future hydrology (mean flows, extremes and seasonal changes). Contour maps for the mean annual flow and actual evapotranspiration as a function of the downscaled projected mean annual precipitation and temperatures are produced which can serve as a “hands-on” forecast tool of the future hydrology. The overall results of these future SWAT- hydrological projections indicate similar trends of changes in magnitudes, seasonal patterns and extremes of the UIB- streamflows for almost all climate scenarios/models/periods -combinations analysed. In particular, all but one GCM_REG- model – the one predicting a very high future temperature rise - indicate mean annual flow increases throughout the 21st century, wherefore, interestingly, these are stronger for the middle (2041-2070) than at its end (2071-2100). The seasonal shifts as well as the extremes follow also similar trends for all climate scenarios/models/periods – combinations, e.g. an earlier future arrival (in May-June instead of July-August) of high flows and increased spring and winter flows, with upper flow extremes (peaks) projected to drastically increase by 50 to >100%, and this with significantly decreased annual recurrence intervals, i.e. a tremendously increased future flood hazard for the UIB. The future low flows projections also show more extreme values, with lower than nowadays-experienced minimal flows, occurring more frequently and also with much longer annual total duration.
The document summarizes key findings from the 5th Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It discusses the IPCC's assessment of evidence that human activity is the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950. It also notes that future warming is projected to cause sea level rise, ocean acidification, and further changes to glaciers, Arctic sea ice, and oceans. While some adaptation is possible, there are limits, and increasing impacts pose growing challenges.
Global Warming Effect Groundwater Proposalmahfoodhshuely
1. The study aims to evaluate the amount of groundwater available in Oman's Al Batinah coast region under different climate change scenarios over the next 10-20 years.
2. Global warming is affecting water resources through changes in precipitation and temperature, which can impact groundwater recharge, levels, and quality.
3. The study will use data on climate, geology, and hydrogeology to model how climate change may impact groundwater recharge and discharge in the region, and influence the freshwater-seawater interface.
This document presents the progress of a research thesis evaluating the impacts of climate change on irrigated agriculture in the North Gojjam Sub-basin of Ethiopia. The study aims to assess climate trends, estimate current and future crop water demand under climate scenarios, and quantify climate change impacts on evapotranspiration, temperature, and rainfall. Methods include analyzing observed meteorological data, bias-correcting future climate projections, evaluating climate model performance, and using the CROPWAT model to estimate reference evapotranspiration and crop water requirements. Preliminary results show increasing temperature trends but decreasing rainfall trends in historical data, and future projections also indicate potential decreases in precipitation under climate change scenarios.
Assessment of climate change impact on water availability of bilate watershed...Alexander Decker
This document assesses the impact of climate change on water availability in the Bilate watershed in Ethiopia. It uses the HadCM3 climate model and Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) to develop climate change scenarios for precipitation and temperature. These scenarios are input into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model to simulate future streamflow. SWAT simulations indicate streamflow may decrease slightly by 3.7% for the 2011-2040 period under an A2a emissions scenario but increase up to 3.7% for the 2041-2070 period under a B2a scenario. Adopting water storage options could help address potential future water demand and flow issues.
A safe operating space for humanity (Rockstrom 2009) Lecturas recomendadas S...Ecologistas en Accion
- A new framework is proposed called "planetary boundaries" to define environmental thresholds that should not be crossed to maintain a stable state similar to the Holocene era.
- Nine key Earth system processes are identified that have potential tipping points, and three (climate change, biodiversity loss, and nitrogen cycle interference) have already exceeded their proposed boundaries.
- Crossing certain biophysical thresholds through human activities could have disastrous consequences by pushing the Earth system into a new state less suitable for human development.
The document summarizes a study analyzing water resources availability and demand in the Mahanadi River Basin in India under projected climate change conditions from 2000 to 2100. The key findings are:
1) A hydrological model is used to project increases in peak runoff during wet months and decreases in average runoff during dry months over the study period, indicating increasing flood risk and drought.
2) Water demand is projected to increase until 2050 due to population growth, then decrease as population growth slows.
3) Some sub-catchments are projected to experience water stress by 2100 based on decreasing availability and demand projections.
1. How might future climatic change affect Europe’s groundwater resources? Page 1
How might future climate change affect Europe’s
groundwater resources?
The security of groundwater has traditionally been viewed from a humanitarian aspect; and
rightly so with 75% of European residents relying on this as their source of water (European
Commission, 2008). However, there is an increasing effort to understand the environmental and
ecological implications of near-future groundwater alterations (Skinner, 2008). Furthermore, as
the scientific community continues to examine the potential impacts of future climatic change –
there is a concerted effort being made by hydrologists to understand how groundwater resources
might alter due to these climatic variations. Although, as stated by Green et al (2011), these
studies have only recently been conducted, as the attention of hydrologists has previously been
focused on how climactic change might influence surface waters.
It must be stated from the outset that the ways in which this essay states that the climate might
change, are much diluted. The complexities of this subject of unfathomably extensive, and
compressing them into this essay is simply impractical. This essay serves as a summation on the
current understanding of how future climatic change might influence groundwater resources
within Europe. It begins by establishing how the climate is predicted to change. From this, it is
examined how the earth’s basic hydrological processes might alter due to these climatic changes;
and how this will influence groundwater resources. Various aspects of groundwater’s importance
are also discussed; and how detrimental it could be if this resource was to be irreversibly
damaged. The essay concludes with a brief summary of what has gone before, adjoined by some
comments on Europe’s future groundwater resources.
One will note that speculative words such as ‘could’ and ‘might’ are extensively used throughout
the essay. Due to the fact that hydrologists cannot explicitly predict the future of groundwater
(and the climate), there is a presence of uncertainty within the science as to the extent of the
changes that are expected to affect groundwater resources. However, it is fundamentally clear,
through the use of mathematical modelling and extensive studies, groundwater resources are
extremely sensitive and must be maintained via a significant anthropological effort.
2. How might future climatic change affect Europe’s groundwater resources? Page 2
It’s estimated that there is 1.4 billion km3 of water on earth: of which 98.3% is ‘unusable’ as it is
either in the oceans (as salt water), or is locked up in the cryosphere as ice and snow (Maidment,
1993). As ~69% of the earth’s fresh water is stored in ice and snow within the mentioned
cryosphere, only ~30% is realistically accessible to humans as it is stored as groundwater (with
~1% being stored within the atmosphere, biosphere etc). From these statistics, it is obvious why
understanding and protecting our groundwater resources is of a fundamental importance.
Climatic change sensu lato is without doubt, the single-most debated topic across the academic
spectrum; with multiple scientific disciplines and a multinational organisation, namely the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), being concerned with it. With atmospheric
carbon dioxide levels seen as the driver for climatic change; the consensus is that as these CO2
levels increase, so will the earth’s temperature. In general, the models used by the IPCC (2007)
conclude that the climate will become warmer as time advances. However, there is a great
variation as to how precipitation will alter due to the predicted climatic fluctuations. For example,
the Mediterranean may see a 20% decrease in precipitation; whereas there may be precipitation-
increases as great as 20% within the higher latitudes of the globe (Rowell and Jones, 2006; Emori
and Brown, 2005). This predicted decrease for Mediterranean precipitation will have severe
consequences for water resources – a region renowned for having extremely scarce and fragile
water resources. Garcia-Ruiz et al (2011) examine how the water resources in the Mediterranean
might alter with climatic change via the application of multiple simulations.
Fig. 1 – The change in annual precipitation (mm) for the Mediterranean between
1990 – 2002 (Garcia-Ruiz et al, 2011).
3. How might future climatic change affect Europe’s groundwater resources? Page 3
From Fig. 1 it can be deduced that the Mediterranean has seen a dramatic decrease in annual
precipitation – particularly in the coastal regions. As stated, these rates of precipitation are
simulated to decrease. The average annual precipitation in Europe varies from 500mm to
3,000mm (European Environmental Agency, 2000); if this were to decrease, groundwater
recharge would be severely affected – which would be detrimental to Mediterranean
groundwater. A simulated scenario by Garcia-Ruiz et al (2011) also found that annual run-off in
Southern Europe could decrease by as much as 50%; with the possibility of Mediterranean water
resources decreasing by 30%. These situations would have a substantial indirect impact on
European groundwater resources. Klove et al (2014) highlights how we’re already dependent on
groundwater resources; and if the annual discharge of European rivers were to decrease, this
would only increase our dependency upon groundwater. Furthermore, with the predicted
increase in human-dependency on groundwater, coupled this with the potential recharge
reduction; European groundwater resources may be detrimentally and irreversibly damaged. This
is echoed by Eckhardt & Ulbrich (2003), who found that summer groundwater recharge could
reduce by 50%, and that reduced streamflow will lead to a net increase of pollutants entering into
the hydrological system.
Recently, hydrologists have begun to develop an understanding of the human interaction with
karst aquifers and their respective water resources. It’s stated by Hartmann (2014), that 25% of
the European population are reliant (whether partially or fully) on water that is derived from
these karst aquifers. Karst landscapes predominantly occur on soluble limestones that contain
massive fracturing - it is extremely effective at transmitting water from the surface to deep
underground cave systems. These sub-surface drainage systems allow for mass volumes of water
to be stored and eventually resurface as a karst spring (Karimi, 2012); which as previously stated,
is a lifeline for a vast quantity of humans. The entire hydrological cycle of karst landscapes is
intimately inter-linked with precipitation, and as one can deduce: a severe reduction in rainfall
would have profound implications for those who are dependent on karst springs as a source of
groundwater.
4. How might future climatic change affect Europe’s groundwater resources? Page 4
It is evident that a significant and perpetual change in groundwater levels, as a result of climatic
change, will undoubtedly cause serious repercussions for the agricultural and industrial sectors;
as well as particular ecosystems and natural environments. Potential future climatic changes are
simulated on sophisticated computer models known as General Circulation Models (GCMs). With
these GCMs being used for the last six decades, they are constantly evolving and being enhanced
by climatologists to generate a more-accurate picture of climatic change. Although their
projections are used with some confidence, there are still some recognised errors within them and
the conclusions drawn from GCMs are not necessarily absolute. There is a multitude of varying
GCMs used by differing organisations and research institutes to examine and predict how certain
aspects of the climate might change. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SALT) is GCM
predominantly used by hydrologists in an attempt to understand how the earth’s limited
groundwater will be influenced by future climatic change (Erturk, 2014).
Bloomfield (2006) concluded that groundwater contamination by nitrates is already a serious
issue within the UK; and this is only going to be exacerbated by climatic change. This conclusion is
echoed by Stuart et al (2011), which states that summer precipitation rates in the UK are expected
to decrease by 40% by the year 2080, according to the climate simulations. Groundwater and
society are heavily interlinked; whether it is for industry, agriculture, sanitation or domestic
purposes. Valverde et al (2015) states that by 2070: Portuguese agriculture, primarily due to
climatic change, will demand more water resources than will be physically available. This
conclusion is essentially synonymous for Europe: our future demands for freshwater will far
exceed the supply.
The security of groundwater resources is such a complex and multi-dimensional issue that all of
its aspects could not be contained within this essay. However, this work has attempted to
summarise and present some of the crucial recent studies that have attempted to explore how
groundwater may be influenced by climatic change. It cannot be stressed enough that European
groundwater resources are heading towards breaking point and future climatic change my serve
to intensify and accelerate the decline in this resource. Alternatively, some studies suggest that
5. How might future climatic change affect Europe’s groundwater resources? Page 5
forthcoming climatic change may rejuvenate and enhance groundwater resources; although these
are based on unlikely ‘best case scenario’ simulations (Armandine Les Landes et al, 2014).
Whether we as a society want to accept or deny our impact on the climate, it is irrelevant on the
grand scale of ‘things’. The climate is changing, and the security of our groundwater with it.
Furthermore, there is currently a scientific debate as to whether human influence upon the
climate has become so significant, that it warrants for us to be classified as now living in the
Anthropocene (Braje and Erlandson, 2013). It is of the upmost importance that humanity
develops an unyielding effort to ensure the security of this precious resource – regardless of our
political or personal beliefs. If some of the climatic predictions are correct then a bleak future
awaits for our groundwater resources: now is the time to act to ensure these unsettling
predications do not come to fruition.
Word Count: 1,494
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