This document summarizes a study estimating the spatial variability of carbon cycle components in Helsinki, Finland using the SUEWS modelling tool. The study found that CO2 emissions from human metabolism accounted for 45% of local anthropogenic emissions, while net biogenic CO2 exchange accounted for 25% of anthropogenic emissions. Spatial maps showed traffic emissions were concentrated along ring roads, building heating emissions in residential areas, and human metabolism emissions in city centers. Vegetation uptake and emissions from human metabolism were comparable to or exceeded emissions from traffic and building heating in some areas of Helsinki.
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Exploring the impact of Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) on ecosystem carbon storage is of great significance for promoting low-carbon development. Based on the land cover data from 2000 to 2020 interpreted by remote sensing, this study uses the InVEST model to analyze the relationship between the spatial and temporal changes of carbon storage in the ecosystem of Zhaoqing City and land cover. The results show that: 1) In the past 20 years, the area of land cover types in Zhaoqing City has not changed much; the area of cultivated land, forest land, and grassland has decreased; and the area of water area, construction land, and unused land has increased. 2) The carbon storage volume in 2000, 2010, and 2020 were 296.74×106t, 297.00×106t, and 290.50×106t, respectively. Carbon storage increased at first and then decreased, showing an overall downward trend. 3) High carbon reserves are distributed in the central and northern mountainous areas of Zhaoqing City; medium carbon reserves are distributed in the western basin of Huaiji County; and low carbon reserves are distributed in the southern area of Zhaoqing. 4) From 2000 to 2010, the conversion between forest and grassland resulted in relatively stable carbon storage and an increase of 201,200 tons. The conversion of forest land and cultivated land into construction land and water has reduced carbon storage by 6.5745 million tons.
Presentation by ICOS DG Werner Kutsch at the UNFCCC Earth Information Day in UN COP22 on Tue 8 November 2016.
See the Earth Information Day programme: http://unfccc.int/science/workstreams/items/9949.php
Impact of Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) on Carbon Storage in Zhaoqing by using...AI Publications
Exploring the impact of Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) on ecosystem carbon storage is of great significance for promoting low-carbon development. Based on the land cover data from 2000 to 2020 interpreted by remote sensing, this study uses the InVEST model to analyze the relationship between the spatial and temporal changes of carbon storage in the ecosystem of Zhaoqing City and land cover. The results show that: 1) In the past 20 years, the area of land cover types in Zhaoqing City has not changed much; the area of cultivated land, forest land, and grassland has decreased; and the area of water area, construction land, and unused land has increased. 2) The carbon storage volume in 2000, 2010, and 2020 were 296.74×106t, 297.00×106t, and 290.50×106t, respectively. Carbon storage increased at first and then decreased, showing an overall downward trend. 3) High carbon reserves are distributed in the central and northern mountainous areas of Zhaoqing City; medium carbon reserves are distributed in the western basin of Huaiji County; and low carbon reserves are distributed in the southern area of Zhaoqing. 4) From 2000 to 2010, the conversion between forest and grassland resulted in relatively stable carbon storage and an increase of 201,200 tons. The conversion of forest land and cultivated land into construction land and water has reduced carbon storage by 6.5745 million tons.
Presentation by ICOS DG Werner Kutsch at the UNFCCC Earth Information Day in UN COP22 on Tue 8 November 2016.
See the Earth Information Day programme: http://unfccc.int/science/workstreams/items/9949.php
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2013 REPORT - Green growth in the Benelux - Indicators of local transition to a low-carbon economy in cross-border regions.
SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS DISPERSION IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAM Publications
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2021 Åbo-Aurum Open Symposium on Inorganic Materials and RecyclingFisehaTesfaye1
The 2021 Åbo-Aurum Open Symposium on Inorganic Materials and Recycling was held on October 8, 2021, at Åbo Akademi University. These slides were presented in the symposium and shared on the symposium's page at: https://bit.ly/3E1Mxz0
RPN Manila 2022: Session 2.6 Raffaele della Croce OECD.pdfOECD Environment
This presentation was delivered during the 6th Meeting of the OECD Southeast Asia Regional Programme’s Regional Policy Network on Sustainable Infrastructure, which took place on 25-26 April 2022 in Manila, the Philippines. The OECD’s Public Governance Directorate and Environment Directorate teamed up with the OECD Korea Policy Centre to organise the event. The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) of the Philippines co-chaired the event alongside the United States, and the Public Private Partnership Centre of the Philippines graciously provided the venue. For more details about the meeting, including the agenda and a short summary record, please visit: https://www.oecd.org/site/sipa/events/sipa-searp-philippines-2022.htm.
Presented by Choi Hyung Soon, Director of Global Forestry Research Division, National Institute of Forest Science (NIFoS) – Republic of Korea, on the ITPC side event “Could a virtual collaborative platform help to preserve tropical peatlands?” at the XV World Forestry Congress, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 5 May 2022.
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Natural resources points towards sustainable development. Since a large proportion of human consumption is linked to buildings and construction, this means managing the construction process in more sustainable ways. Strategies that target greater material efficiency and which promote circular economy concepts are among several approaches that are gaining in popularity. The adoption of life-cycle thinking and practices in design, construction and end of life through the reuse of construction components and materials is one such action to achieve a sustainable built environment. Reuse is not a new concept and technical solutions do exist; however, practical realization is hampered by many interrelated challenges. This review paper is the result of a literature review for an exploratory study that aims to identify obstacles to the reuse of building components and materials. The context is industrializedhousing, particularly timber-based construction, as this is a sector where modern manufacturing and onsite practices have become established. The main obstacles identified and corroborated in the literature, along with their potential solutions, are summarized and conclusions drawn on the future direction of research needs.
Ariane König - Indicators of local transition to a low carbon economy -The cr...OECD CFE
Presentation by Ariane König, Ph.D., Head of Sustainability and Senior Researcher, University of Luxemburg.
OECD LEED Report on "Green growth in the Benelux - Indicators of local transition to a low-carbon economy in cross-border regions" presented in Brussels on 29 May 2013.
For more info http://www.oecd.org/cfe/leed/lowcarbon.htm
OECD LEED Benelux report on green growth - Ariane KönigOECD CFE
Presentation by Ariane König, Head of Sustainability and Senior Researcher, University of Luxemburg.
.
2013 REPORT - Green growth in the Benelux - Indicators of local transition to a low-carbon economy in cross-border regions.
SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS DISPERSION IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAM Publications
Interest in air pollution investigation of urban environment due to existence of industrial and commercial activities along with vehicular emission and existence of buildings and streets which setup natural barrier for pollutant dispersion in the urban environment has increased. The air pollution modelling is a multidisciplinary subject when the entire cities are taken under consideration where urban planning and geometries are complex which needs a large software packages to be developed like Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM), California Line Source model (CALINE series) etc. On overviewing various works it can be summarized that the air pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons and all linked phenomenon such as wind flow, pollutant concentrations, temperature distribution etc. generally depend on wind speed and direction, building heights and density, road width, source and intensity of air pollution, meteorological variables like temperature, humidity etc. A unique and surprising case is observed every time on numerous combinations of these factors. The main aim of this study is to simulate the atmospheric pollutant dispersion for given pollutant like carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and given atmospheric conditions like wind speed and direction. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation for analysing the atmospheric pollutant dispersion is done after natural airflow analysis. Volume rendering is done for variables such as phase 2 volume fraction and velocity with resolution as 250 pixels per inch and transparency as 20%. It can be observed that all the three pollutant namely nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide the phase 2 volume fraction changes from 0 to 1. The wind velocity changes from 3.395×10-13 m/s to 1.692×102 m/s. The dispersion of pollutants follow the sequence Sulphur dioxide>Carbon monoxide>Nitrogen dioxide.
2021 Åbo-Aurum Open Symposium on Inorganic Materials and RecyclingFisehaTesfaye1
The 2021 Åbo-Aurum Open Symposium on Inorganic Materials and Recycling was held on October 8, 2021, at Åbo Akademi University. These slides were presented in the symposium and shared on the symposium's page at: https://bit.ly/3E1Mxz0
RPN Manila 2022: Session 2.6 Raffaele della Croce OECD.pdfOECD Environment
This presentation was delivered during the 6th Meeting of the OECD Southeast Asia Regional Programme’s Regional Policy Network on Sustainable Infrastructure, which took place on 25-26 April 2022 in Manila, the Philippines. The OECD’s Public Governance Directorate and Environment Directorate teamed up with the OECD Korea Policy Centre to organise the event. The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) of the Philippines co-chaired the event alongside the United States, and the Public Private Partnership Centre of the Philippines graciously provided the venue. For more details about the meeting, including the agenda and a short summary record, please visit: https://www.oecd.org/site/sipa/events/sipa-searp-philippines-2022.htm.
Presented by Choi Hyung Soon, Director of Global Forestry Research Division, National Institute of Forest Science (NIFoS) – Republic of Korea, on the ITPC side event “Could a virtual collaborative platform help to preserve tropical peatlands?” at the XV World Forestry Congress, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 5 May 2022.
Challenges facing componentsreuse in industrialized housing: A literature reviewIEREK Press
Natural resources points towards sustainable development. Since a large proportion of human consumption is linked to buildings and construction, this means managing the construction process in more sustainable ways. Strategies that target greater material efficiency and which promote circular economy concepts are among several approaches that are gaining in popularity. The adoption of life-cycle thinking and practices in design, construction and end of life through the reuse of construction components and materials is one such action to achieve a sustainable built environment. Reuse is not a new concept and technical solutions do exist; however, practical realization is hampered by many interrelated challenges. This review paper is the result of a literature review for an exploratory study that aims to identify obstacles to the reuse of building components and materials. The context is industrializedhousing, particularly timber-based construction, as this is a sector where modern manufacturing and onsite practices have become established. The main obstacles identified and corroborated in the literature, along with their potential solutions, are summarized and conclusions drawn on the future direction of research needs.
Ariane König - Indicators of local transition to a low carbon economy -The cr...OECD CFE
Presentation by Ariane König, Ph.D., Head of Sustainability and Senior Researcher, University of Luxemburg.
OECD LEED Report on "Green growth in the Benelux - Indicators of local transition to a low-carbon economy in cross-border regions" presented in Brussels on 29 May 2013.
For more info http://www.oecd.org/cfe/leed/lowcarbon.htm
Similar to Havu, Minttu: Spatial variability of local carbon emissions and sinks in Helsinki (20)
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
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Havu, Minttu: Spatial variability of local carbon emissions and sinks in Helsinki
1. Spatial variability of local carbon emissions
and sinks in Helsinki
Minttu Havu1
, Liisa Kulmala2,3
, and Leena Järvi1,4
1Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research /Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
2Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
3Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research /Forest, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
4Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
1
14/09/22
Spatial variability of local carbon emissions and sinks in Helsinki
2. Introduction
➢
Several cities have taken actions to strive for
carbon neutrality in the coming decades
➢
Atmospheric observations can be used to
monitor CO2 emissions from cities but they
often do not provide information on sources
➢
Modelling tools are needed to separate the
different CO2 components and assist with the
monitoring of anthropogenic emissions in
cities
ICOS associated ecosystem station FI-Kmp
in Helsinki, Finland
Spatial variability of local carbon emissions and sinks in Helsinki 14/09/22 2
3. Aim
Estimate the spatial variability of different carbon
cycle components
Estimate the magnitude of
biogenic components and human metabolism
compared to local anthropogenic emissions
in the city of Helsinki, Finland
Spatial variability of local carbon emissions and sinks in Helsinki 14/09/22 3
CO2
flux components in urban areas (Oke, 2018)
FCO2
= Net CO2
exchange
C = Combustion from traffic and building heating
P = CO2
uptake by photosynthesis
R = Vegetation and soil respiration
Human metabolism
ΔS = Storage change (not considered)
5. Methods – Human metabolism
In SUEWS, input data needed to simulate
human metabolism are
➢ population density
➢ CO2 release per person
(120-280 umol CO2 s-1 cap-1 Ward et al., 2013,
Moriwaki and Kanda 2004)
➢ population profile for weekdays and
weekends
Population densities and profiles for each
250x250 m2 grids are obtained from a 24-
hour population distribution dataset based on
mobile phone data for Helsinki (Bergroth et
al., 2022) Bergroth et al., 2022
Spatial variability of local carbon emissions and sinks in Helsinki 14/09/22 5
6. The CO2 uptake by photosynthesis is modelled with
canopy conductance model
➢
depends on solar radiation, air temperature,
humidity and soil moisture
Vegetation and soil respiration
➢
depend exponentially on air temperature
In our study, both submodules used the local simulated
2 m air temperatures (Tang et al., 2021)
Vegetation cover is divided into urban forests, street
trees and parks depending on the dominant vegetation
type in each grid
Each vegetation cover having their own parametrisation
Spatial variability of local carbon emissions and sinks in Helsinki 14/09/22 6
Urban
forest
Street
trees
Park
areas
Methods – Biogenic CO2
exchanges
8. CO
2
flux
(umol
m
-2
s
-1
)
SUEWS has been shown to perform well in Helsinki
Evaluated against
➢ Eddy covariance
measurements
(Järvi et al., 2019)
➢ Tree level
measurements
(Havu et al., 2022)
Time (h)
Summer 2012 Kumpula
Summer 2012 Torni
Spatial variability of local carbon emissions and sinks in Helsinki 14/09/22 8
9. Results – Spatial variability of net CO2
exchange
Cumulative annual sums for different
components for the whole city of
Helsinki in 2019
Total 91.3
kt C year-1
Local
%
Net
%
Photosynthesis -193.1
-30.1 -25 -5
Respiration 163.0
Metabolism 54.3 45 9
Traffic 67.0 55 11
Buildings 0.1 0* 80
Spatial variability of local carbon emissions and sinks in Helsinki 14/09/22 9
*0.08%
Emissions from power plants in Helsinki 470 kt C ekv.
10. Spatial variability of local carbon emissions and sinks in Helsinki 14/09/22 10
Traffic Human metabolism
Building heating Net biogenic CO2
CO2
exchange of different
components
➢
Traffic emissions
concentrated on the ring
road
➢
Building heating emissions
concentrated in residential
areas
➢
Emissions from human
metabolism concentrated in
the city centrum
➢
Net biogenic exchange
strongest in urban forests
11. Results – Spatial variability
How the CO2 emissions from human metabolism and vegetation compare
to the emissions from traffic and building heating
Spatial variability of local carbon emissions and sinks in Helsinki 14/09/22 11
CO2
emissions/sinks from vegetation
compared to anthropogenic emissions
CO2
emissions from human metabolism
compared to anthropogenic emissions
12. Results – Spatial variability
Spatial variability of local carbon emissions and sinks in Helsinki 14/09/22 11
CO2
emissions/sinks from vegetation
compared to anthropogenic emissions
CO2
emissions from human metabolism
compared to anthropogenic emissions
How the CO2 emissions from human metabolism and vegetation compare
to the emissions from traffic and building heating
13. Conclusions
➢
The spatial variability of different carbon cycle components were
estimated with SUEWS in the city of Helsinki
➢ The CO2 emissions from human metabolism were 45 % of the local
anthropogenic emissions
➢ The net biogenic CO2 exchange was 25 % compared to the local
anthropogenic emissions
Spatial variability of local carbon emissions and sinks in Helsinki 14/09/22 12
14. Thank you!
13
14/09/22
Spatial variability of local carbon emissions and sinks in Helsinki
Bergroth, Claudia, et al. "A 24-hour population distribution dataset based on mobile phone data from Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Finland." Scientific data 9.1 (2022):
1-19.
Havu, Minttu, et al. "Carbon sequestration potential of street tree plantings in Helsinki." Biogeosciences 19.8 (2022): 2121-2143.
Järvi, Leena, et al. "Spatial modeling of local-scale biogenic and anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in Helsinki." Journal of Geophysical Research:
Atmospheres 124.15 (2019): 8363-8384.
Moriwaki, R., and M. Kanda. "Seasonal and diurnal fluxes of radiation, heat, water vapor, and carbon dioxide over a suburban area." Journal of Applied Meteorology
43.11 (2004): 1700-1710.
Tang, Yihao, et al. "Urban meteorological forcing data for building energy simulations." Building and Environment 204 (2021): 108088.
Ward, H. C., Jonathan G. Evans, and Christine Susan B. Grimmond. "Multi-season eddy covariance observations of energy, water and carbon fluxes over a
suburban area in Swindon, UK." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13.9 (2013): 4645-4666.
Contact: minttu.havu@helsinki.fi