Tanya Appuhn-Crates, Product Manager at Daimler Trucks North America gave this presentation at Forth's networking event on September 21, 2017.

1. The Future of Freight
Tanya Appuhn-Crates, Product Manager – Active Safety
Daimler Trucks North America
Confidential and Proprietary

2. Alternative Fuels
Autonomous Vehicles & Platooning

3. Daimler AG
• High energy density of Diesel
• Easy to refill
• Readily available
• Established distribution network
PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY
Diesel Engine is Our Workhorse
Diesel Emissions Challenge
• NOx, PM
• GHG-C02

4. Daimler AG
ENERGY DENSITY OF FUELS - Normalized to Diesel Fuel
4
Diesel Gasoline LNG CNG
(@3626 psi)
H2
(@3626 psi)
Li-Ion Battery
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
ThousandBtuperft3
Source: U.S. Department of Energy
100%
87.2%
60.0%
25.1%
6.4%
3.6%
0
DoE 2022 target

5. Daimler AG
Notes: (1) 1 day’s worth of driving for a heavy duty long haul application
(2) sizing assumes doubling the efficiency increase of a BEV powertrain vs. diesel
(3) cost/weight includes diesel and DEF tank systems + $3/gallon diesel + $2/gal DEF
Source: U.S. Department of Energy Quadrennial Technology Review (2015), Daimler
DIESEL VS BATTERY - One Day of Driving (600miles)
Battery Pack (2022 forecast)
11,022 lbs
$156,239
Diesel Fuel and Tank
840 lbs (3)
$1162 (3)

6. Daimler AG
19881990
1991
199419982002/2004
0.6
ParticulateMatter
[g/bhp-hr]
0.25
0.1
0.01
2007
NOx [g/bhp-hr]
10.76.05.04.02.41.20.
22010
NOX AND PM EMISSIONS
1988 to Today

7. Daimler AG
GHG / CO2 – FUEL EFFICIENCY SINCE 1988
10 mpg will become the
new normal for tractor
trailer combinations
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
1988 1990 1991 1994 1998 2004 2007 2010 2014 2017 2021 2024 2027
FuelEconomy(mpg)
Year - Emission Change

8. Daimler AG
Coal
39%
Petroleum
1%
Natural Gas
28%
Nuclear
20%
6%
2%
4%
(2014)
Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
Geothermal
Biomass
Solar
Wind
Other
Source: U.S. Department of Energy Quadrennial Technology Review (2015)
U.S. Energy Mix for Electricity
PROPULSION – Well to Wheel
Significant amount of electricity comes from fossil based fuels…

9. Daimler AG
Bio
Renewables
Drive the Future
Truck Technology in Light of Environmental Needs
BOTTOM LINE … THERE IS NO SIMPLE ANSWER!
Do not discount it!
Have a closer look
Ŋ = 95%
requires major
investments & commitment
Diesel?
Electric

10. SELF DRIVING CARS AND AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE
TECHNOLOGY ARE CAUSING A LOT OF BUZZ LATELY

11. Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 5Level 4
AUTOMATED VS AUTONOMOUS…

12. WHAT IS AN AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE?
Current truck safety
systems fall within
SAE level 1.
The driver remains in
full control of all
driving.
Source: SAE International

13. FIRST LICENSED OPERATION OF AN AUTONOMOUS
COMMERCIAL TRUCK ON AN OPEN U.S. PUBLIC HIGHWAY

14. 14 © 2017 Lytx, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
LEVEL 0
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 4
LEVEL 5
to overcome
LEVEL 3
activation/workload
optimal
underload overload
EVOLUTION TO FULLYAUTONOMOUS TRUCKS
Potential Challenges…
Operating
Conditions
Dynamic Driving
Tasks
Handover and
Decision Making

15. 15 © 2017 Lytx, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
OPERATING CONDITIONS & DYNAMIC DRIVING TASKS
Operating Conditions
Time of day (day, night,..)
Weather (sun, rain, snow)
Road users (bicycle, pedestrians,..)
Road attributes (markers, gravel,..)
Road events (construction,..)
Vehicle events (blown tire,..)
Dynamic Driving Task
Highway driving (lane change,
exit/entry ramps,..)
Rural driving (railroad crossing,
no lane markers,..)
Urban driving (cross traffic,
traffic signs,..)
Driving on private grounds (on
closed roads) ENTER
DO
NOT

16. HURDLES ALONG THE WAY TO AUTONOMOUS DRIVING

17. PAIRING AND PLATOONING - will we see L3 or L4 here
first?

18. THANK YOU!