This document summarizes key points from a presentation on meeting environmental and fuel efficiency goals. It discusses various technologies that can improve fuel economy, such as digital valve actuation, HCCI engines, and lightweight materials. It also covers consumer behavior factors that impact adoption of more efficient vehicles and the implications of electric vehicles. The real cost of driving on consumers is low currently but could increase with higher gas prices. A variety of solutions will be needed, including efficiency improvements, hybrids, and developing alternative fuels and vehicles.
By Lee Schipper, Project Scientist, Global Metropolitan Studies, University of California, Berkeley, and Senior Research Engineer, Precourt Energy Efficiency Center, Stanford University. Presented at the World Resources Institute. January 22, 2010.
Electric Vehicles Cost/Benefit Analysis by Dick WanderscheidForth
Dick Wanderscheid, Director Renewable Energy Special Projects, Renewable Energy Group at Bonneville Environmental Foundation gave this presentation at Forth's webinar on January 14, 2020.
Electric vehicles and electric utilities – a clear opportunity with many shapesCarlo Stella
While several stakeholders are supportive of the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, we have looked specifically at electric utilities to understand the opportunities that such a change in the transportation landscape can generate, and define the key questions to be addressed in order to embrace them. We have identified four business models – by no means evolutionary – that can be looked at independently, and eventually combined to fit the company’s strategy and the specific market conditions (e.g., regulation, competition, ecosystem, customer readiness). We strongly believe electric utilities are ideally positioned to leverage the opportunities offered by the adoption of electric vehicles on a mass-market scale, but they need to act fast, as many other players are addressing the same opportunity
By Lee Schipper, Project Scientist, Global Metropolitan Studies, University of California, Berkeley, and Senior Research Engineer, Precourt Energy Efficiency Center, Stanford University. Presented at the World Resources Institute. January 22, 2010.
Electric Vehicles Cost/Benefit Analysis by Dick WanderscheidForth
Dick Wanderscheid, Director Renewable Energy Special Projects, Renewable Energy Group at Bonneville Environmental Foundation gave this presentation at Forth's webinar on January 14, 2020.
Electric vehicles and electric utilities – a clear opportunity with many shapesCarlo Stella
While several stakeholders are supportive of the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, we have looked specifically at electric utilities to understand the opportunities that such a change in the transportation landscape can generate, and define the key questions to be addressed in order to embrace them. We have identified four business models – by no means evolutionary – that can be looked at independently, and eventually combined to fit the company’s strategy and the specific market conditions (e.g., regulation, competition, ecosystem, customer readiness). We strongly believe electric utilities are ideally positioned to leverage the opportunities offered by the adoption of electric vehicles on a mass-market scale, but they need to act fast, as many other players are addressing the same opportunity
Advances in Technologies for Electrically Powered Vehicles and the opportunities for industry and education - presented at an IET meeting in December 2009
Beaverton Living Greener Electric Vehicle Roadmap. Presented April 10th, 2010 at Beaverton Oregon City Hall.
Presented by:
George K Beard
Executive Leadership Institute
Hatfield School of Government
See the 27 minute video of the presentation here:
http://tinyurl.com/y6k3c9s
Experience Mazda Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and Culture by Visiting and joining the Official Mazda Community at http://www.MazdaCommunity.org for additional insight into the Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and special offers for Mazda Community Members. If you live in Arizona, check out CardinaleWay Mazda's eCommerce website at http://www.Cardinale-Way-Mazda.com
Climate Policy Initiative's analysis shows that states can see greater cost savings by making a long-term commitment to clean energy. New business models - with help from policy - can make clean energy the lowest cost solution. In addition, there are state-level policy options to reduce the risk of stranding fossil fuel power plants.
Jillian Anable, The Centre for Transport Research, University of Aberdeen
Christian Brand, The Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford
Nick Eyre, The Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford
Electric vehicles market is a hot topic today because of its strong link with environmental regulations fixed by governments of all developed countries,
Cannon is taking part in this significant change.
For more infos, read the following article
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/future-electric-vehicles-market-cannon-s-p-a-
CALSTART Van Amburg Mobility 2030 8 18 09 FinalCALSTART
CALSTART's senior VP Bill Van Amburg presented at Mobility 2030: Transportation Technologies & Lifestyles of the Future, San Francisco, CA August 18, 2009
Advances in Technologies for Electrically Powered Vehicles and the opportunities for industry and education - presented at an IET meeting in December 2009
Beaverton Living Greener Electric Vehicle Roadmap. Presented April 10th, 2010 at Beaverton Oregon City Hall.
Presented by:
George K Beard
Executive Leadership Institute
Hatfield School of Government
See the 27 minute video of the presentation here:
http://tinyurl.com/y6k3c9s
Experience Mazda Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and Culture by Visiting and joining the Official Mazda Community at http://www.MazdaCommunity.org for additional insight into the Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and special offers for Mazda Community Members. If you live in Arizona, check out CardinaleWay Mazda's eCommerce website at http://www.Cardinale-Way-Mazda.com
Climate Policy Initiative's analysis shows that states can see greater cost savings by making a long-term commitment to clean energy. New business models - with help from policy - can make clean energy the lowest cost solution. In addition, there are state-level policy options to reduce the risk of stranding fossil fuel power plants.
Jillian Anable, The Centre for Transport Research, University of Aberdeen
Christian Brand, The Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford
Nick Eyre, The Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford
Electric vehicles market is a hot topic today because of its strong link with environmental regulations fixed by governments of all developed countries,
Cannon is taking part in this significant change.
For more infos, read the following article
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/future-electric-vehicles-market-cannon-s-p-a-
CALSTART Van Amburg Mobility 2030 8 18 09 FinalCALSTART
CALSTART's senior VP Bill Van Amburg presented at Mobility 2030: Transportation Technologies & Lifestyles of the Future, San Francisco, CA August 18, 2009
Electric Vehicles (EV) use a battery to store the electric energy that powers the motor. EV batteries are charged by plugging the vehicle into an electric power source. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and all-electric vehicles (EVs)—also called electric drive vehicles collectively—use electricity either as their primary fuel or to improve the efficiency of conventional vehicle designs.
Reduced fuel consumption and emissions, optimized fuel efficiency and performance, lower operational cost, rising conventional fuel costs are some factors that make use of EVs advantageous. However, tech and other challenges are in front of EVs to make them popular selling asset among masses. High EV price limit the current customer group to consist of primarily tech savvy and environmental ideologists, however, new research indicates that charging time and driving range are most influencing the purchase decision. Due to scale of production and technological development, it seems likely that there will be significant price erosion related to EV batteries over the next 10 years. This will most likely influence EV prices and increase sales.
Moreover, along with the gradual emergence of EVs- innovators and entrepreneurs are introducing new and visionary business models. Incidentally, EVs are sold on subscription- and rental companies are beginning to include EVs as part of their fleet of program. For example, as integrators or mobility service providers, the EV value chain creates opportunities for newcomers to participate and create value on mobility market. The integrators are the future industry actors, who will handle the integration between EV charging and intelligent home billing etc. Reportedly, ECOtality partnered Sprint Nextel and Cisco to deliver wireless connectivity for charging stations and home energy management solutions/controllers.
This report aims to highlight the drivers and inhibitors that influence the roll-out of electric cars in terms of adoption speed, cost and user acceptance. The report is largely based on the general market data, which has been analysed and correlated with the data from fleet test of electric vehicles which was conducted in and around the metropolitan area of Copenhagen (Denmark). The report also explores an analysis of comparative advantages of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles over EVs.
CALSTART Fuels Program Manager, Dr Jasna Tomic, presented on vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology at Plug-In 2009, Long Beach, CA "Plug-in Vehicles as Sources of Power"
Experience Mazda Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and Culture by Visiting and joining the Official Mazda Community at http://www.MazdaCommunity.org for additional insight into the Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and special offers for Mazda Community Members.
Sustainable fleet program becoming a leader - calstart - 4-15-15CALSTART
Bill Van Amburg Joined Phil Russo and Claude Masters of NAFA to give fleets their first glimpse of a new standard for sustainability at the NAFA 2015 Institute & Expo in April 2015. This overview covers the new program which will offer accreditation and recognition for fleets of all types and sizes to achieve fuel efficiency, benefiting the environment and their own bottom lines.
Interested in adding EV charging infrastructure at your workplace? Want to learn best practices and hear from companies with practical experience? CALSTART and Clean Fuels Ohio organized this free informational webinar on January 27, 2015. This 1.5 hour session covered a wide range of important topics, including:
Discussion Topics
• Best practices for workplace charging
• Internal company incentives supportive of EVs
• Case studies from successful workplace charging installations
• Q & A
These industry experts presented and were available for interaction with attendees:
Webinar Speakers
• Jasna Tomic, Research Director – CALSTART
• Cynthia Maves, Director of Grant Administration – Clean Fuels Ohio
• Andrew Gilmore – BookFactory
• Tom Harrington – Intuit
• Grant Dawdy – Disney
Annual meeting Blue Sky Award summary slide show finalCALSTART
CALSTART held its Annual Meeting and Blue Sky Award Ceremony on December 9, 2014 at the Westin Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angeles, CA. Among the many dignitaries present were representatives from the US EPA, DOE's ARPA-E, California Air Resources Board and the California Energy Commission. Blue Sky Award winners were Senator Fran Pavley, California State Senate District 27
Senator Ricardo Lara, California State Senate District 33
Assemblyman Henry T. Perea, California State Senate District 31; General Motors; Frito-Lay; and Caterpillar Inc.
Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Vehicle Roadmap September 2014CALSTART
Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Vehicle Roadmap September 2014 created by the California High-Efficiency Advanced Truck Research Center (CalHEAT) found NG a Significant Enabler for California and the SoCalGas region to enable a reduction in the use of petroleum as well as reduce criteria emissions in heavy duty vehicles
Collaboration. Decision. Action. The High-Efficiency Truck Users Forum represents the process for making change happen in the high efficiency truck and bus arena. The HTUF 2014 National Meeting is built around action, engagement, and collaboration. Industry and military thought leaders will gather to identify and address the barriers to the adoption of high-efficiency truck and bus technologies. This year's National Meeting was held at Argonne National Lab. Generous sponsors included Southern Company and Hino Trucks. Many thanks to our speakers, panelists, media partners and all who attended.
Htuf national meeting preview webinar 8 19-14CALSTART
Steve Sokolsky, the High-Efficiency Truck Users Forum Program Lead, gave a brief preview of the upcoming 2014 National Meeting, scheduled for September 23-24 in Argonne, IL. At the meeting, attendees will hear about the latest policies and technologies for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles from government, industry and fleet professionals. Attendees will also get tours of the Argonne National Lab and participate in the famous HTUF Ride & Drive.
CARB California Hybrid & Zero Emission Truck Voucher Incentive Project (HVIP)CALSTART
Steve Sokolsky, Senior Project Manager, CALSTART, gave this presentation on the Air Resources Board's California Hybrid & Zero Emission Truck Voucher Incentive Project (HVIP) at the Northern California Green Airport Fleet Partnership Workshop and Expo, June 25, 2014. Co-hosted by East Bay Clean Cities and CALSTART, the event gathered representatives from area airports to discuss clean fleet technologies and funding opportunities.
US EPA, West Coast Collaborative Funding, Partnership Opportunities Airport G...CALSTART
John Mikulin Regional Lead, Electric Vehicle Deployment Public Fleets Sector Lead, West Coast Collaborative Clean Energy & Climate Change Office – Air Division US EPA, Region 9 gave this presentation on funding opportunities at the Northern California Green Airport Fleet Partnership Workshop and Expo, June 25, 2014. Co-hosted by East Bay Clean Cities and CALSTART, the event gathered representatives from area airports to discuss clean fleet technologies and funding.
East Bay Clean Cities, US Clean Cities OverviewCALSTART
Richard Battersby, East Bay Clean Cities Coalition gave this presentation on the US Department of Enegy (DOE) Clean Cities Coalitions at the Northern California Green Airport Fleet Partnership Workshop and Expo, June 25, 2014. Co-hosted by East Bay Clean Cities and CALSTART, the event gathered representatives from area airports to discuss clean fleet technologies and funding.
Laura Rigney, SFO Shuttle Bus, gave this presentation on its operations--a fleet of CNG shuttles for the San Francisco International Airport--at the Northern California Green Airport Fleet Partnership Workshop and Expo, June 25, 2014. Co-hosted by East Bay Clean Cities and CALSTART, the event gathered representatives from area airports to discuss clean fleet technologies and funding.
Doing Well by Doing Good Alaska Airlines & Horizon Air Green Airport FleetsCALSTART
Janet Baad, Alaska Airlines presented on Alaska and Horizon Airlines' sustainability efforts at the Northern California Green Airport Fleet Partnership Workshop and Expo, June 25, 2014. Co-hosted by East Bay Clean Cities and CALSTART, the event gathered representatives from area airports to discuss clean fleet technologies and funding.
FedEx Connecting the World in Responsible and Resourceful WaysCALSTART
Allison Bird, FedEx, gave this overview of the company's sustainability efforts at the Northern California Green Airport Fleet Partnership Workshop and Expo, June 25, 2014. Co-hosted by East Bay Clean Cities and CALSTART, the event gathered representatives from area airports to discuss clean fleet technologies and funding.
Best Practices & Lessons Learned: Clean Fleets San Diego International Airpor...CALSTART
Brett K. Caldwell, AICP, San Diego International Airport, presented on the airport's experiences and best practices for adopting clean vehicles at the Northern California Green Airport Fleet Partnership Workshop and Expo, June 25, 2014. Co-hosted by East Bay Clean Cities and CALSTART, the event gathered representatives from area airports to discuss clean fleet technologies and funding.
Bay Area Air Quality Management District Green Airport Fleets Funding Opportu...CALSTART
Michael Neward, Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD), spoke on the agency's role in protecting air quality, as well as funding opportunities for public agencies at the Northern California Green Airport Fleet Partnership Workshop and Expo, June 25, 2014. Co-hosted by East Bay Clean Cities and CALSTART, the event gathered representatives from area airports to discuss clean fleet technologies and funding.
San José International Airport (SJC) Clean Fleets ProgramCALSTART
Bob Guerra, Regulatory Environmental Compliance Officer, City of San José presented on the San José International Airport (SJC) alternative fuels and electric vehicle programs at the Northern California Green Airport Fleet Partnership Workshop and Expo, June 25, 2014. Co-hosted by East Bay Clean Cities and CALSTART, the event gathered representatives from area airports to discuss clean fleet technologies and funding.
Oakland International Airport (OAK) Environmental InitiativesCALSTART
Susan Fizzell, Oakland International Airport (OAK), gave a presentation on the airport's environmental initiatives at the Northern California Green Airport Fleet Partnership Workshop and Expo, June 25, 2014. Co-hosted by East Bay Clean Cities and CALSTART, the event gathered representatives from area airports to discuss clean fleet technologies and funding.
Sacramento International Airport (SMF) Green Fleet OverviewCALSTART
Alfredo Cortez and Bree Taylor, Sacramento International Airport (SMF), offered an overview of the airport's alternative fuel vehicle and infrastructure programs at at the Northern California Green Airport Fleet Partnership Workshop and Expo, June 25, 2014. Co-hosted by East Bay Clean Cities and CALSTART, the event gathered representatives from area airports to discuss clean fleet technologies and funding.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...
Advanced clean-vehicles-john-german-icct
1. Meeting Environmental and Fuel Efficiency Goals John German, ICCT CALSTART Workshop on Advanced Clean Vehicles: Working to Ensure Sustainability September 27, 2011 Diamond Bar, California
2. 2025 SNOI Proposed Requirements and Global Context Technology Development and Costs Consumer Behavior Real Cost of Driving EV Implications
3.
4. A/C efficiency: 5 g/mi (.000563 gal/mi) for cars; 8 g/mi (.000810 gal/mi) for LDT
9. 2025 SNOI Proposed Requirements and Global Context Technology Development and Costs Consumer Behavior Real Cost of Driving EV Implications
10. Fiat MultiAir Digital Valve Actuation HCCI Engine Improvement in fuel economy: 30% Honda Prototype Engine Base( Electro-magnetic valve ) 20 Heat release rate HCCI SI 10 dQ/dθ[J/deg] 0 -40 0 -20 40 20 Crank angle [ATDC deg] Requires increasing the self-ignition region Next-generation Gasoline Engines Dual-loop high/low pressure cooled exhaust gas recirculation
11. Turbo-Boosted EGR Engines Highly dilute combustion – considerable efficiency improvement Advanced ignition systems required Terry Alger, Southwest Research Institute, “Clean and Cool”, Technology Today, Summer 2010
12. Lightweight materials offer great potential Material composition of lightweight vehicle body designs: Approximate fuel economy improvement 10% 25% 27% 37% Also incremental improvements in aerodynamics and tire rolling resistance Slide 9
13. 10 Lotus Phase 2 Status – Feb. 2011 Low Mass Body Status Body in White CAD Model Status Mass: 234 kg (230 kg target) Materials: Aluminum – 75% Magnesium – 12% Steel – 8% Composite – 5%
14. US Joint-Agency TAR: Mass Reduction In 2020-2025 timeframe, mass-reduction will be a core technology Looked at many studies (e.g., US DOE, Sierra Research, MIT, Lotus) Mass reduction typically deployed before hybrid; with increasing cost Various technical studies suggest feasible levels of mass reduction of 20-35% Every TAR scenario for 2025 found average vehicle mass reduction of 14-26% 11
15. Hybrid Technology Advances Synergies with other technologies and optimized control strategies Engine (Atkinson, Miller, lean-cruise, digital valve); optimization of engine and transmission operation; mass-reduction; automated manual transmission New P2 hybrid – single motor with two clutches Pre-transmission clutch: engine decoupling and larger motor Nissan, VW, Hyundai, BMW, and Mercedes Approximately 1/3 lower cost than input powersplit with 90-95% of benefits High-power Li-ion batteries – smaller, lighter, and lower cost 12 VW Touareg hybrid module Nissan Fuga/M35 parallel hybrid layout
16. Joint-Agency TAR: Technology Packages Major CO2-reduction potential from emerging technologies by 2025 US EPA’s OMEGA used many technology packages, 19 vehicle classes to evaluate scenarios Increasing costs from incremental efficiency, to hybrid, and to electric technology Electric EV150 EV100 PHEV40 Plug-in hybrids Grid-charging EV75 PHEV20 Hybrid Optimization Regenerative braking Gasoline efficiency Motor-assist Stop-start Aerodynamics Variable valve lift/lift Advanced materials/designs Tires Dual-clutch Direct injection 6+ speed Turbocharging Price in figure refers to the incremental cost to the consumer due to the new technology packages; technology packages include many different technologies; technology labels are approximate for illustration; grid electricity applies US EPA assumptions and accounting method for US electric grid (558 gCO2e/kWh) for electric and plug-in hybrids 13
17. EPA/NHTSA 2025 Technology Assessments EPA/NHTSA Joint NOI Regarding Light-duty Vehicle Standards for the 2017-2025 Model Years 14
22. Sonata and F150 need 2.1% to 2.8% annual improvements1.7% 2.8% 1.0% 2.1% 2.6% 2.1% Standard powertrains for Prius, Elantra, Sonata 3.5L Eco-boost for F150 with most common wheelbase
23. 2025 SNOI Proposed Requirements and Global Context Technology Development and Costs Consumer Behavior Real Cost of Driving EV Implications
25. Turrentine & Kurani, 2004 In-depth interviews of 60 California households’ vehicle acquisition histories found no evidence of economically rational decision-making about fuel economy. Out of 60 households (125 vehicle transactions) 9 stated that they compared the fuel economy of vehicles in making their choice. 4 households knew their annual fuel costs. None had made any kind of quantitative assessment of the value of fuel savings.
31. What will I give up or pay to get better MPG?“A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.” Causes the market to produce less fuel economy than is economically efficient
32. The implications of a 3-year payback requirement and uncertainty+loss aversion are the same.
33. New Customer Profile Early Majority Majority Hanger- On Early Adopter Innovator Increasingly risk averse
34.
35.
36. Real Gasoline Price $3.82/gal AEO2009 April 2009 update Motor Gasoline Retail Prices, U.S. City Average, adjusted using CPI-U
37. New Vehicle Fuel Economy 34.8 in 2016 plus 4% per year 2008 EPA FE Trends Report
39. $19/gal $11/gal Real Fuel Cost - % of Disposable Income $3.82/gal Forecasted Per Capita Disposable Income from AEO2009 April 2009 update
40. 2025 SNOI Proposed Requirements and Global Context Technology Development and Costs Consumer Behavior Real Cost of Driving EV Implications
41. Significance of Fuel Cell and Electric Vehicles Fuel cell and electric vehicle technology have the potential to concurrently help solve the problems of air pollution, global warming, and limited energy resources Developing alternative fuel technology (vehicles and infrastructure) to address energy sustainability Energy Sustainability Fuel cell and electric technology Further advancing fuel efficiency through conventional engine hybrid and other technologies ③ Climate Change Reducing air pollution with conventional engine technology ② Hybrid and internal combustion engine technology ① Air Quality Today past future present
42. In gauging the potential for advanced vehicles, remember that the competition is changing…. What looks good against today’s (conventional) car may not look so good against tomorrow’s. Slide from Steve Plotkin, Argonne National Lab, based on ANL’s Multi-Path project 31
43. Uncertainties Larger Barrier for PHEVs How much am I going to save on fuel? How much will I pay for electricity? How often do I need to plug in? How much hassle will it be to plug in? Can I be electrocuted in the rain or if I work on my vehicle? What will it cost to install recharging equipment? How long will the battery last? And how much will it cost to replace it? How reliable will the vehicle be? What will the resale value be? Especially since the next owner also has to install recharging equipment What kind of PHEV is best for me? Would a blended strategy be better than electric-only operation? What amount of AER would be best for my driving? What if I move or change jobs? It’s bad enough to spend $300 on a Betamax - but $30,000+ ?
44. Electricity versus Hydrogen Both are energy carriers – can be dirty or clean, depending on how created Advantages and needed improvements are very different ??? 15 min = 440v x 1,000 amp
45. Natural Market Barriers Need for technological advances Learning by doing Scale economies Resistance to novel technologies Lack of diversity of choice Chicken or egg? Lack of fuel availability Lack of vehicles to use new fuel DOE’s hydrogen study estimated transition costs of$25-40 billion
46. Realty CAFE/feebates needed to fill gap between value of the fuel savings to new vehicle purchasers and to society 2025 proposed standards are aggressive, but can be met with conventional technology at reasonable cost EV credits strong incentive to introduce EVs anyway Mainstream customer risk/loss aversion challenges Most customers will continue to value performance, features, and utility higher than fuel savings Significant barrier to advanced technology, especially PHEVs For BEVs, battery recharge time larger barrier than range Fuel prices will not be a driver of advanced technology Real cost of driving is low and will drop in future
52. Support development of hybrids, lightweight materials, batteries, fuel cells, and alternative fuels
53.
54. No single solution – multi-pronged approach Research for mass production Fleet tests EV/FCV development for future Efficiency/CO2 reduction HEV expansion Clean diesel High efficient gasoline engine HCCI DI turbo Cylinder deactivation Base engine and vehicle improvements weight Aero, tires Trans- missions Friction reduction Variable valves Efficiency/CO2 Reduction Strategies
55. Are We Looking the Wrong Way? Combustion work focuses on raising output efficiency over typical driving cycles From roughly 20% to 35% Heat losses are the 800-pound gorilla in the closet
56. Synergies Between Parallel Hybrid and DCTDCT: Dual-clutch automated manual The electric motor is mounted parallel to the transmission shafts and is connected via an electro-magnetic clutch that allows it to connect to either of the two gear sets.
60. Large impact on size & performance Little impact on vehicle technology (same size vehicles had similar efficiency) Impacts of Fuel Price and Congestion Even 3 years into the European CO2 requirements (1998) and despite 3 x higher fuel prices in Europe, US efficiency still matched that of Europe. Source: Saving Oil and Reducing CO2 Emissions in Transport, IEA, 2001
65. Net benefits are not clear to purchasers, especially since most new vehicle purchasers severely discount future fuel savings
66.
67. Technology du jour 25 years ago – Methanol 15 years ago – Electric vehicles 10 years ago – Hybrid/electric vehicles 6years ago – Fuel cell vehicles 4years ago – Ethanol Today – BEVs and PHEVs What’s next? Extremely disruptive and wasteful