Advanced technologies can significantly improve vehicle fuel efficiency. Direct injection, cylinder deactivation, turbocharging and valve timing improve engine efficiency by 1-8%. Additional transmission gears and continuously variable transmissions improve efficiency by 2-4%. Hybrid technologies like start-stop systems, mild hybrids and full hybrids provide efficiency improvements of 2-35%. Reducing vehicle weight and using low rolling resistance tires each improve efficiency 1-3%. Future technologies may further boost efficiency but have not been widely commercialized.

1. Advanced Technology to
Improve Fuel Efficiency
Presented By
Md. Abdullah
Roll No. 1905506
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
KUET
Submitted to
Dr. Kazi Mostafijur Rahman
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
KUET

2. Outline
Fuel Economy Understanding
Fuel Efficient Technology
 Future Technology
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3. Fuel Economy Understanding
 Fuel efficiency is a form of thermal efficiency, meaning
the ratio from effort to result of a process that
converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier
(fuel) into kinetic energy or work.
 In the context of transport, fuel economy is the energy
efficiency of a particular vehicle, given as a ratio of
distance traveled per unit of fuel consumed.
 It is dependent on engine efficiency, transmission design,
and tire design.
 Fuel economy is expressed in miles per gallon (mpg).
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4. Fuel Economy Understanding…
Improvements to spark ignition engine efficiency have the
potential to improve the fuel economy by up to 25 percent.
Engine efficiency can be improved by:
increasing the thermodynamic cycle efficiency
reducing pumping and throttling loss during normal driving
and
reducing internal friction losses from moving parts.
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5. Fuel Efficient Technology
Advanced
Engine
Technologies
• Direct-Injection
• Cylinder Deactivation
• Turbocharging with Engine Downsizing
• Valve Timing and Lift Technologies
Hybrid
Technologies
• Start- Stop Systems
• Mild Hybrids
• Full Hybrids
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Advanced
Engine
Technologies
• Additional Gears
• Continuously Variable Transmission
(CVT)
• Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT)

6. Technology Explanation
Reduction in
Fuel
Consumption
Efficiency
Improvement
1. Direct
Injection
Fuel is injected into the intake
port and mixed with air while the
air-fuel mixture is drawn into the
cylinder.
Over 10 years, a vehicle with
direct fuel injection can deliver
fuel savings of $120 to $840, and
lower carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by 280 to 1,930 kg.
1 to 3% 1%1
Fuel Efficient Technology…
Advanced Engine Technologies
Source1. National Academy of Sciences. 2015. Cost, Effectiveness and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles.
The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. To be conservative, most values have been rounded down to the nearest percent.
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7. Fuel Efficient Technology…
Advanced Engine Technologies
Technology Explanation
Reduction in
Fuel
Consumptio
n
Efficiency
Improvement
2. Cylinder
Deactivation
System (CDS)
"turns off" some of the
engine's cylinders when they
are not needed.
Over 10 years, a CDS can
save you $480 to $2,800 in
fuel costs and lower your
carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by 1,100 to 6,440
kg.
4 to 10%2 Up to 5%1
Source1. National Academy of Sciences. 2015. Cost, Effectiveness and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles.
The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. To be conservative, most values have been rounded down to the nearest percent.
2. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/efficiency/transportation/21012
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8. Technology Explanation
Reduction in
Fuel
Consumption
Efficiency
Improvemen
t
3. Turbocharging with
Engine Downsizing
Turbochargers are compressors
that force additional air into the
engine's cylinders, allowing more
fuel to be injected as well.
Over 10 years, a turbocharger
can save you $240 to $1,680 in
fuel costs and lower your carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions by 550 to
3,860 kg.
2 to 6%2 Up to 8%1
Fuel Efficient Technology…
Advanced Engine Technologies
Source1. National Academy of Sciences. 2015. Cost, Effectiveness and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles.
The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. To be conservative, most values have been rounded down to the nearest percent.
2. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/efficiency/transportation/21012
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9. Technology%% Explanation
Reduction in
Fuel
Consumption
Efficiency
Improvemen
t
4. Valve Timing and
Lift Technologies.
Engine valves control the intake of
fresh air and fuel, and the exhaust of
combustion gases.
VVT and lift systems adjust the timing
of the valves to match the operating
conditions of the engine. This
improves efficiency over a wide range
of engine operating speeds.
Over 10 years, a VVT can save you
between $120 to $1,680 and lower
your carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
by 280 to 3,860 kg.
1 to 6%2 3 to 4%1
Fuel Efficient Technology…
Advanced Engine Technologies
Source1. National Academy of Sciences. 2015. Cost, Effectiveness and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles. The
National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. To be conservative, most values have been rounded down to the nearest percent.
2. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/efficiency/transportation/21012
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10. Fuel Efficient Technology…
Advanced Transmissions Technologies
Source1. National Academy of Sciences. 2015. Cost, Effectiveness and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles. The
National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. To be conservative, most values have been rounded down to the nearest percent.
No. of Gears
Efficiency
Improvement
6 2%
7 2%–3%
8 3%–4%
Efficiency Improvement: 2%–4%
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1. Additional Gears
• Adding gears allows your engine to operate at
a more efficient speed more often. The more
gearing options your vehicle has, the more
efficient it can be.
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11. Fuel Efficient Technology…
Advanced Transmissions Technologies
Source1. National Academy of Sciences. 2015. Cost, Effectiveness and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles. The
National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. To be conservative, most values have been rounded down to the nearest percent.
Efficiency
Improvement:
3%–4%
1
2. Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)
• CVTs use a pair of variable-diameter pulleys
connected by a belt or chain that can produce an
infinite number of engine-to-wheel speed ratios.
Advantages :
Seamless acceleration without the jerk or jolt from changing gears
No frequent downshifting or "gear hunting" on hills
Better fuel efficiency (benefits stop-and-go driving more than steady-speed
highway driving).
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12. Fuel Efficient Technology…
Advanced Transmissions Technologies
Source1. National Academy of Sciences. 2015. Cost, Effectiveness and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles. The
National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. To be conservative, most values have been rounded down to the nearest percent.
Efficiency
Improvement:
3%–4%
1
3. Duel Clutch Transmissions Systems (DCTs)
• Dual clutch transmissions (DCTs) combine the
efficiency of manual transmissions with the
convenience of automatics.
• Automatic transmissions are less efficient
than manuals due to parasitic losses.
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13. Fuel Efficient Technology…
Hybrid Technologies
Source1. National Academy of Sciences. 2015. Cost, Effectiveness and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles. The
National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. To be conservative, most values have been rounded down to the nearest percent.
1. start-stop system
• CVTs use a pair of variable-diameter pulleys
connected by a belt or chain that can produce an
infinite number of engine-to-wheel speed ratios.
2. Mild Hybrid
• Regenerative braking is also used to convert
mechanical energy lost in braking into electricity.
The electricity is stored in a battery and used to
power the automatic starter and to aid in
acceleration for very short distances.
Technology
Efficiency
Improvement
start-stop system 2%1
Mild Hybrid 3 to 6%1
Full Hybrid 27 to 35%1
3. Full Hybrid
• Compared to mild hybrids, they use a larger
battery and a more powerful electric motor.
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14. Fuel Efficient Technology…
Vehicle Technologies
Source1. National Academy of Sciences. 2015. Cost, Effectiveness and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles. The
National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. To be conservative, most values have been rounded down to the nearest percent.
1. Reducing Vehicle Weight
• Less energy taken to propel lighter
vehicle.
2. Low Rolling Resistance Tires
• When rolling, a tire is continually
deformed by the load of the vehicle
on it. This causes energy loss.
Vehicle
Technology
Efficiency Improvement
1. Reducing
Vehicle Weight
1%–3% per 5% reduction
in weight1
2. Low Rolling
Resistance Tires
1%–3%1
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15. Future technologies
Technologies that may improve fuel efficiency, but are not yet on the market,
include:
 HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) combustion
 Scuderi engine
 Compound engines
 Two-stroke diesel engines
 High-efficiency gas turbine engines
 BMW's Turbosteamer – using the heat from the engine to spin a mini turbine to
generate power
 Vehicle electronic control systems that automatically maintain distances between
vehicles on motorways/freeways that reduce ripple back braking, and consequent re-
acceleration.
 Time-optimized piston path, to capture energy from hot gases in the cylinders when
they are at their highest temperatures
 sterling hybrid battery vehicle
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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles#Future_technologies

16. Fuel Consumption Plot
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Source: Thomas E. Reinhart, Institute Engineer, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1200 New Jersey
Avenue SE. “Commercial Medium- and Heavy-Duty (MD/HD) Truck Fuel Efficiency Technology Study – Report #1”.

17. 17
Fuel Consumption Plot…
Source: Thomas E. Reinhart, Institute Engineer, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1200 New Jersey
Avenue SE. “Commercial Medium- and Heavy-Duty (MD/HD) Truck Fuel Efficiency Technology Study – Report #1”.

18. 18
Fuel Consumption Plot…
Source: Thomas E. Reinhart, Institute Engineer, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1200 New Jersey
Avenue SE. “Commercial Medium- and Heavy-Duty (MD/HD) Truck Fuel Efficiency Technology Study – Report #1”.

19. Thank
You
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