This document provides guidance on first aid treatments for various common injuries and medical conditions. It discusses what to do in cases of dog bites, snake bites, insect bites, sprains, fractures, dislocations, cuts, burns, electric shocks, foreign bodies, nosebleeds, fevers, headaches, toothaches, fainting, allergic reactions, and more. For each issue, it lists steps like cleaning wounds, applying pressure, immobilizing injuries, taking pain medications, consulting a doctor if symptoms worsen, and other basic first aid actions.
STERILISATION AND DISINFECTION QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERSMINANI Theobald
STERILISATION AND DISINFECRION IS MOST IMPORTANT IN PHARMACY FIELD WHILE SOME MEDICINES SUCH AS OPHTALMIC , INJECTION NEED TO BE STERILISED MAKING SURE THAT ALL HARMFUL MICROORAGNISM ARE KILLED . SO WHY STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION IS ALMOST NECESSARY IN PHARMACY FIELD
Mastering the Art of Setting up an IV Drip: A Step-by-Step GuideShivankan Kakkar
This lecture will provide a comprehensive guide on setting up an IV drip. Participants will learn the importance of IV therapy, the different types of IV fluids and equipment used, and the step-by-step process of setting up an IV drip. The lecture will also cover troubleshooting common problems and potential complications of IV therapy. By the end of the lecture, participants will have a thorough understanding of how to safely and effectively set up an IV drip.
STERILISATION AND DISINFECTION QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERSMINANI Theobald
STERILISATION AND DISINFECRION IS MOST IMPORTANT IN PHARMACY FIELD WHILE SOME MEDICINES SUCH AS OPHTALMIC , INJECTION NEED TO BE STERILISED MAKING SURE THAT ALL HARMFUL MICROORAGNISM ARE KILLED . SO WHY STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION IS ALMOST NECESSARY IN PHARMACY FIELD
Mastering the Art of Setting up an IV Drip: A Step-by-Step GuideShivankan Kakkar
This lecture will provide a comprehensive guide on setting up an IV drip. Participants will learn the importance of IV therapy, the different types of IV fluids and equipment used, and the step-by-step process of setting up an IV drip. The lecture will also cover troubleshooting common problems and potential complications of IV therapy. By the end of the lecture, participants will have a thorough understanding of how to safely and effectively set up an IV drip.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
2. BITES
Dog bites
Bruise, breaks,puncture,cuts
What to do?
Assure ,wash hand.
Wash wound with running water(atleast 5min) and soap.
Puncture wound-irrigate.
Alcohol (40-70%) or betadine.
Anti-rabies,(0,3,7,14,28) anti-tetanus serum, antibiotics.
Delay suturing.
Observe animal.
3. Snake bite
TYPES
BITES
SYMPTOMS- swelling ,burning ,diarrhea ,blurred
vision, numbness, vomiting, fever ,convulsion .
What to do?
Assure.
Apply pressure on bitten area.
Bandage around the limb.
Immobilize the affected limb.
Wash the wound with soap-water or betadine.
Lying on one side
DONTS-Incise, suck, apply, elevate, cool.
4. Insect bite
WHAT TO DO ?
Remove sting.
Wash with soap-water.
Place ice wrapped in a cloth in every 10 min.
Apply antiseptic cream.
Take pain killer.
Take antihistaminics.
Remove rings from finger ,nose, ear.
Check for sudden anaphylactic attack.
5. SPORTS INJURIES
Common types of injuries:-
sprain, fracture, dislocation.
SPRAIN
What ? When ?
What to do ?
Pain killers.
Immobilize till heal.
Cold compression -20 min 4-8 times.
Elevation.
Crepe bandage.
Remember always start with warming exercise.
6. DISLOCATION & FRACTURE
What ? When ?
What to do ?
Medical condition?
Pain killers.
Immobilize the joint.
Ice.
Splinting in original position.
Don’t-massage ,move without support.
7. CUTS
Clean wound with water.
Remove debris/dirt .
Apply antiseptic ointment.
Apply pressure if bleeding don’t stop.
Bandage.
Take ATT(<5yrs).
Consult doctor if –fever ,pus ,healing delayed.
8. R.T.A. & INJURY
safeguard ,align & immobilize.
Fracture ,shock ,sever e bleeding ,heart arrest,
Spinal injury.
FRACTURE
SHOCK & SEVERE BLEEDING.
What is shock?
What to do ?
Lie down, elevate leg.
Check breathing ,heart rate, consciousness.
Severe bleeding - stop bleeding and shock.
Spinal injury & head trauma -align limbs,
immobilize spine (carry),check consciousness.
10. Burns
Categories .
What to do ? X
First degree.
Run cool water.
Dry gently.
Apply sos /silverex cream.
Sterile bandage.
Pain killers ,ATT
Second degree.(blister & scare)
Clean area, apply cream ,pain killers, rehydrate.
Third degree.
All skin layers, no pain ,dehydration ,eschar severe.
CHEMICAL BURNS-wash, ointment, bandage & consult.
11. Electric shock
Save yourself.
Switch off main fuse.
Move the victim through insulation.
Assess victim for pulse & breathing.
Treat if minor burn.
12. FOREIGN BODIES
Foreign bodies in ear.
If object is protruding use tweezers.
If small shake head with ear facing downward with
straight canal and with ear bud.
If insect --put baby oil in ear &flush with water
Foreign bodies in nose
Breath through mouth.
Blow gently through affected nostril after closing
the unaffected nostril.
Don’t use tweezers if FB is not protruding.
13. FOREIGN BODIES IN EYES
Avoid rubbing the eyes.
Flush with normal saline.
Remove by wet cotton bud.
If not ,cover the eyes.
15. NOSE BLEEDING
Sit & Lean forward.
Pinch nose for 10 min.
If not then for another 10 min.
Place ice pack on nose bridge.
Drink cold water.
Don’t sneeze ,suck or lean backward.
16. COMMON AILMENTS
Fever
Monitor temperature .
Remove excess clothing.
Keep in cool place.
Plenty fluid .
Sponging.
Take needed dose of PCM.
Don’t give asprin.
Consult doc. If!
17. Headache
Most headaches are treatable.
If tension headache take cool shower.
Consult doc. If !
Gastric problems.
If chronic take DIGENE/Gelusil .Rentac
/pantaprozole
Timely food.
Gastroenteritis.
sufficient fluid & ORS.
Take carbohydrates .
Take PCM if pain.
Avoid dairy products.
18. Oral problems
Toothache
Remove any food particle or anything lodge between
teeth.
Take any pain killer. (avoid aspirin)
Apply clove oil or benzocain containing antiseptic.
Tooth loss.
Gently hold the fallen tooth by top.
Don’t touch the roots.
Rinse the tooth gently (avoid running water)
Try to replace tooth in socket.
If you cant place in whole milk/your saliva/salt soln.
19. Bleeding gum.
Apply pressure using ice pack.
Mouth rinse- pinch of salt in lukewarm water-
twice daily.
Massage regularly .Avoid aspirin.
Consult DENTIST if bleeding continue.
20. Poisoning
Identify poison.
Check for burning around mouth ,breathing difficulty.
If unconscious position victim on one side.
21. Incidents
Fainting
Make him/her sit down or lie down.
Position on back.
Clear airway .
Elevate feet loose collar or belt.
Consult doc.
Epilepsy. -assess
Make person safe.
Lie him/her on one side.
Don’t put anything in mouth.
22. Anaphylaxis /allergic attack
same as fainting, but if breathing difficulty sit up.
asthma.
Heart attack.