The document provides a list of 30 potential questions that may be asked during a speak test for caregiver applicants in Canada. The questions cover a wide range of topics including personal details, experiences, interests, reasons for applying as a caregiver, memories, and descriptions of recent events.

1. Speak Test Reviewer
General questions which you may encounter during your speak test:
1. What is your full name and LCP filenumber?
2. What can you say aboutCanada?
3. What do you do in your free time?
4. Why did you apply as a caregiver?
5. What is you funniest moment? Who is with you? Explain.
6. Why do you liketo go to Canada? Explain and defend your answer.
7. What is your favouritemovie? Why is ityour favourite?
8. From what school did you graduate and give us the fondest memories you have there.
9. What is your initial reaction when you received the speaktest letter?
10. How did you feel when you received the speaktest letter?
11. Where were you when you received the speaktest letter?
12. How did you celebrate your Valentine’s Day? With whom?
13. Last valentine’s day,what did you do? Explain….
14. What is your memorable experience with your…
15. Tell about the lastmovie you watched.
16. What was the recent movie you watched? Tell something about it.
17. What is your most memorable birthday?
18. When was the lastwedding you attended?
19. How did you celebrate your lastbirthday? With whom?
20. Describeyour lastvacation
21. What is your most memorable vacation?
22. Where did you spend your lastsummer vacation,who were with you? How was it?
23. What did you eat this morning?
24. What is your scariestexperience/moment?
25. What is your happiestmoment?
26. How did you spend your lastChristmas? With whom? Whathappened?
27. Tell something about your employer.
28. What experience encouraged you to take up caregiving?
29. From what city or town do you came from?
30. What areyour skillsin caregiving?
What is the treatment for Asperger’s Disease?
The ideal treatment for AS coordinates that address the three core symptoms of the disorder:poor communication
skills,obsessiveor repetitive routines, and physical clumsiness.There is no singlebesttreatment packagefor all children with
AS, but most professionals agreethat the earlier the intervention, the better.
 An effective treatment program builds on:
o The child’s interests,offers a predictableschedule,
o Teaches tasks as a series of simplesteps,
o Actively engages the child’s attention in highly structured activities,
o Provides regular reinforcement of behaviour.
Give signs that a child is under stress?
Children become stressed when there are threats to their security and familiarroutines,or when they are sick or
there is illnessathome. You may notice:
 Refusal to followfamiliarhousehold routines

2.  Shyness
 Fear
 Withdrawal
 Aggressive behaviour
 Jealousy
 Nightmares and fears
 Denial of condition
 Overdependence
 Bed-wetting (enuresis)
 Regression – loss of skillslearned
What is Insomnia? How can you help a patient with insomnia?
Insomnia is theinability to fall or remain asleep when a person wants to be sleeping.It is due to changes in sleep
patterns that occurs with aging.Certain behaviors can also causeor contributes to insomnia,these are: drinkinglargeamount
of fluids duringevening, takingdrugs that have a stimulatingeffect, and smoking. Itcould also be a symptom of a physical,
mental disorder or sleep disorder.We can help a patient with insomnia by:
 Encouraginghim to refrain from nappingduringthe day
 Eat dinner 2-3 hours before going to bed
 Avoid beverages that contains caffeineduringlateafternoon and evening
 Engage in relaxation activities such asreadingor listeningto music
 Providea quiet room with dim light,and warm comfortable bed sheets
 Dress your patient in comfortable sleep wear
 A warm relaxation bath before bedtime may help
 Give foods that have natural sleep inducingsubstances(banana,milk,tuna,sal mon)
How can you avoid spoilage of food in the refrigerator?
 Keep your refrigerator clean
 Check the shelf lifeof your food regularly
 Cooked food usually spoilsafter 48 hours.
 Clean and wash rawfoods likefruits and vegetables before placingthen in the refrigerator
 Fish,pork and beef should be placed in separate clean containers
How do you manage eye infection?
 Apply warm or cold compresses several times a day to relievediscomfort
 Don’t wear contact lenses until the infection is gone
 Antibiotics as prescribed
 Wear protection eye pad or eyeglasses
What food should you give to a 2 year old child to prevent choking?
 Food for toddlers should be soft and easy to chew and swallowto avoid choking.
 Avoid givinghard candies
 Do not give popcorn, nuts to children below3 years old.
A cancer patient wants to die. What will you do?
 Offer emotional supportby offering yourself to listen with an open heart and mind but with a closed mouth.
 Listen to her wishes and concerns.
 Encourage other persons to visitthe cancer patient.

3.  Tell funny stories and encourages himto go out and enjoy his lifeby visitingfriends,havinglunch dates or simply
watchingmovies.
What is frostbite?
Frostbite is a localized coolingof the body resultingto tissuedamage. It happens when the body is exposed to
extreme negative temperature. Commonly affected parts includethe ears, facefingers and toes.
Sy/sx
 White and waxy skin that turns greyish blue as frostbiteworsens
 Skin feels cold and soft becoming hard as frostbite worsens
 Pain in early stages followed by numbness in the affected area
First aid for frostbite:
 Prevent further heat lost
 Rewarm the frost-bitten part gradually with the heat of your body
o Firm steady pressureon a warm hand
o Breathing on the frost-bitten part
o Placingthefrost-bitten area in closecontactwith your body
 Do not apply directheat
 Do not rub or put snowon a frost-bitten area
What is eye infection?
The most common eye infection in Conjunctivitis(Red eye/ soreeyes/ pink eye) caused by viruses or bacteria.It
causes inflammation of the conjunctiva and can be very contagious.It also called pink eye.
Symptoms include:
 Redness in the white of the eyes
 Red and swollen eyelids
 Lots of tears
 Itchingor burningsandy sensation in the eyes
 Sensitivity to light
 Eye discharge
How do you prevent spread of pink eye?
 Do not sharetowels, handkerchiefs,pillow,makeup or contacts lens
 Wash your hands before and after handlingpatients with pink eyes
 Wear safety glasses.
What is motion sickness? Give some signs and symptoms.
Motion sickness or kinetosis (movement), also known as travel Sickness,is a condition in which a disagreement exist
between visually perceived movement and the vestibular system’s senseof movement.
Symptoms:
 Paleness of the skin
 Yawning
 Restlessness
 Cold sweat
 Malaiseand drowsiness

4.  Excessivesalivation
 Nausea and vomitingmay follow.
What is the treatment for motion sickness?
 Non-prescription antihistaminetreatments are believed to block signals fromthe inner ear to the vomiting center.—
Dramamine, stugeron, bonamine
o Most effective if taken 30 minutes to an hour before travelingand as directed.
o Should not be taken by children under 12 or by persons with other health problems without a doctor’s
consent.
 Anti-nausea and anti-vomitingdrugs are available.
 Ginger may be effective in prevention of motion sickness.
Prevention of Motion Sickness:
 Placeyourself where motion is least.In a car,sitin the front seat, lookingahead.In an airplane,choosea seat over
the wing. On a ship,remain at the middleof the ship (preferably on deck). In a bus,take a seat justbehind the front
door.
 Keep your head still and focus on the distanthorizon.Closeyour eyes to avoid lookingatfastmoving scenery or
waves. Attention should be focused away from the motion of the vehicle. Readingis not recommended.
 Avoid over indulgence in food or alcohol for atleast24 hours prior to travel.
What are skin boils? How do you treat skin Boils?
Skin Boils arestaphylococcal bacterial infection of the skin causing local inflammation with production of pus.
 Wash boil-proneareas with soapy water. Use anti-bacterial soap
 Avoid clothingthat is too tight
 Do not squeeze, scratch,drain or open boil
 Apply warm compress to the boil 20-30 minutes, 3-4 times a day
 Continue applyingwarmcompress for 3 days after the boil opens.
 Apply bandage to keep drainingmaterial fromspreading,and change bandagedaily.
 Seek medical help for drainingand antibiotics.
What are the signs and symptoms of depression?
Depression is extra-ordinary sadness thatinterferes with the ability to function.
Sy/sx:
 Feeling of emptiness or absenceof emotion
 Absence of pleasureor interest in activities
 Sleeping difficulty
 Loss of appetite
 Feeling of hopelessness,worthlessness
 Guiltfeelings
 Withdrawal symptoms
 Feeling tired all thetime
 Moves slowly gains weight
What are the importance of back rub (massage)?
Backrub refreshes client’s muscles and stimulates circulation becauseof pressurecauseby the bedclothes and lack of
movement to stimulatecirculation.
Procedure: How do you perform backrub massage?

5. 1) Assemble all equipment
2) Wash hands
3) Provideprivacy to your client
4) Tell the clientyou are going to give him a back rub
5) Raisethe bed to the highest horizontal position and lower the siderails on the sideyou areworking.
6) Warm the lotion by placingitin a basin of warm water. Put on gloves.
7) Expose the client’s back and buttocks.
8) Pour a small amountof lotion into the palmof your hand
9) Rub your hands together, usingfriction to warm the lotion.
10) Apply lotion to the entire back with the palm of your hands.Use firm longstrokes from the buttocks to the shoulder
and the back of the neck and shoulders.
11) Use circular motion on each bony area (1-3 minutes)
12) Pat dry the client’s back.
13) Assistthe clientin putting back his clothes
14) Wash hands and remove gloves.
Differentiate sterilization and disinfection?
STERILIZATION is the process of killingmicroorganisms includingspores,in a certain area while DISINFECTION is the
process of destroyingas many harmful organisms as possible.Italso means slowingdown the growth and activity of the
organisms thatcannotbe destroyed.
Your 6 month old client is on teething period, what will you do to promote comfort?
To easediscomfortto a teething baby, try the ff:
1) Rub or massagethe gums usingone of your fingers. Make sure that your hands areclean.
2) Give cold rubber teething or teething rings.
3) Give acetaminophen for pain and fever.
Michelle is a 3 year old girl who is active. Give the stages of development of Michelle:
Physically, a 3 year old has better control of gross motor (walking& running) and finemotor skills(hand & finger)
than a 1-2 year old child.She can ridea 3 wheel bike (trike), can walk up and down the stairs alternatingsteps,can run without
losingbalance.She can hold crayons with fingers and can drawa circlewhen ask to drawa man.
Mentally, she is imaginative,talks loud and with fear. She may be physically aggressive.
Socially there is still attachment to mothers and caregivers.Says no and shows food likes and dislikes.Shecan
understand simpleexplanation,may or may not sharetoys.
Give 3 physical activities for a 3 year old boy that you can play with him.
Activities: indoor- storytelling,pull toys,stackableobjects,simplepuzzles and ball games.
Outdoor- simpleball games,ridinga trike, runningin playgrounds.
Simon is 5 years old, what are the characteristics of his age of development?
Simon, is lean and can stand more erect than a 3-4 year old child.He can run, skip and hop without losingbalance.
Can ridea bike and can throw/ catch a ball.He can draw a face with more details.He learns to sharethings and is more
sociable.He may be imaginativeand loves to role play.He begins to have friends,show appropriatemanners and separates
easily frommother. May showaffection and jealousy of parents.
Activities: Indoor—simplepuzzles,ball games,roleplaying
Outdoor—playgrounds,play tags,bike, skates ball games.

6. What is the first aid for electrical burns/electrical shock?
 Scene survey.
 Shut off the current and get victimfrom the electrical source.
 Perform primary survey and give life-savingfirstaid
 Cover the entry and exit wounds with clean dry dressing.
 Steady and support fractures and/or dislocations.
 Obtain medical help.
What things should be placed at the bedside of an elderly?
 Medications
 Pitcher/glass of water
 Aids likes eyeglasses and hearingaids
 Telephone if available
 Bell
 Assistivedevices
 Lamp/ flashlight
 Bedpan/ urinal
What is the procedure for back clapping/ chest tapping?
- Back clappingor chest tapingis done to patient with cough. It helps move thick mucus from the smaller airways
of your lungs into the larger airways.The procedure is as follows:
o Let the patient sitor turn on his sideif bedridden.Postural drainageposition is also recommended. If
the patient cannot do this,stack 2-3 pillows on the bed and let the patient lay facedown across them so
that the pillows areunder his hips and pelvis.
o Put your hands in a cupped shape,with your finger flexed and thumbs pressed tightly againstthe sideof
your index fingers.
o Rhythmically patthe back of the patient 3-5 mins,alternatingyour cupped hands.You can starton one
sideof the back, justabove the waistand percuss upward,changingsides as you continue. Percussion
should feel firmbut should not hurt. You should hear a hollowsound likehorse galloping.
How do you promote the self-esteem and independence of an elderly who lives alone?
- Teach the elderly self-reliancethrough activities thatneed minimal supervision.
- Acknowledge the contribution of the elderly to the family.
- Make the elderly feel important
- Teach the elderly self-hygiene.
- Give the elderly instructions for medications and rangeof motions exercises.
- Enrol the elderly in supportgroups
- Give the elderly activities for recreation and self-improvement.
What is the management for Croup?
Croup is a viral infection affectingthe respiratory tract, usually affectingchildren from6 months- 4 years old.
Symptoms includea barkingcough that usually worsens atnightand fever.
Management includes:
1) Calmthe child.Cryingmakes breathingmore difficult.
2) Use a cool humidifier to moisten the air.

7. 3) If he doesn’t improve after several minutes, bringthe child to the bathroom and turn on the hot water faucet to
create steam. Closethe door, and sitwith your child whilehe breathes in the moistair for several minutes.
4) If the child still does not improve, bundle him up and go outside into the cool nightair.
When do you automatically take the rectal temperature instead of oral temperature? Give at least two conditions.
1) When the clients is an infantor a child who cannot safely usean oral thermometer.
2) When the clientis havingwarmor cold applications on his faceand neck.
3) When the clientcannotkeep his mouth closed around the thermometer.
4) When the clientfinds ithard to breathe through his nose.
5) When the client’s mouth is dry and inflamed.
6) When the clientis restless,delirious,unconsciousor confused.
7) When the clientis getting oxygen by cannula,catheter or face mask.
8) When the clienthas had major surgery in the areas of his faceor neck
9) When the client’s faceis partially paralysed,as froma stroke.
Give at least 2 outdoor activities (sports) for a 14 year old.
1) Ball games- basketball,baseball,soccer,volleyball
2) Biking
3) Swimming
4) Ice Hockey, Iceskating
5) Roller Blading,Roller Skating
6) Tennis, Badminton
How do you teach discipline to a 5 year old child inside the house?
 Treat child as an individual
 Discuss with the child the expectations related to is behaviour or a particular task.
 Encourage and praisea child whenever possible.
 Use positivesuggestions—avoid saying“don’t” rather, say “pleasemake your bed."
 Explain the limits thatare set upon the behaviour before the child makes mistake.
 Encourage parents to take an activepart in makingdecisions.
 Do not take sides in arguments.
 Suggest that people separateduringan argument before harsh words aresaid or physical punishmenttakes place.
 Do not be judgemental.
How do you promote intellectual development in a child?
 Give activities thatstimulates mental skills likereadingbooks,jigsawpuzzles,crossword puzzles,scrabble,chess
 Give nutritious food (tuna, salmon,nuts,banana,milk)
What are the 5 food groups?
The 5 food groups are:
 Carbohydrategroup- examples: bread, cereal,rice,pasta (GO foods)
 Protein Group- examples: meat, poultry, fish,eggs, milk and milk products (GROW foods)
 Vegetable group- examples: broccoli,cabbage,carrots,lettuce
 Fruits Group- examples: apples,orange, strawberries
 Fats- Examples: oil,butter, lard

8. What are proteins and give 3 examples of protein sources?
 Proteins are nutrients that build and renew body tissues,regulatebody functions and supply energy.
 They are also known as “grow food”
 Examples: meat, milk, eggs, fish,poultry, cheese
What are carbohydrates and give 3 examples of carbohydrates?
 Carbohydrates arenutrients that provides work energy for body activities
 They give heat energy for maintenance of body temperature
 They are also known as “GO food”
 Examples: cereal grains and their products (bread, pasta)
What are fats and their sources?
 Fats are nutrients that give work energy for body activities
 They give heat energy for maintenance of body temperature
 They act as carriersof fatsolublevitamins likeA, D, E, K
 Examples: lard (animal fat),vegetable fats, oils,butter
What does calcium do to your body? Sources of Calcium.
 Calciumbuildsand renews bones, teeth and other tissues
 It regulates the activities of the heart muscles, heart and nerves, prevent of osteoporosis
 It also control the clottingof blood
 Examples: milk and milk products,except butter, dark green vegetables, canned salmon
What is the role of iron? Sources of iron.
 Iron build and renews haemoglobin ( carrier of oxygen)
 Examples: eggs, meat, liver and kidney, deep yellow and dark green vegetables
What does thiamine do to our body? Sources?
 Maintain a healthy condition of nerves
 It fosters good appetite and helps the body use carbohydrates
 Examples: whole grain,eats (especially pork,liver and kidney), dried beans and peas,brown rice.
What is the role of iodine and it sources?
 Iodineis associated with thyroid
 It Is for the normal function of thyroid
 Sources: seafood, iodized salt
What is the role of vitamin C? Sources of vitamin c (ascorbic acid).
 Acts as a cement between body cells,strengthen the immune system and is a good anti -oxidant
 It also maintainsa sound condition of the bones, teeth and gums
 Examples: fresh, rawcitrus fruits and vegetables
What is vitamin D? Its function and source.
 Vitamin D enables the body to use Calciumand Phosphorus to build bones and teeth.

9.  Examples: milk,margarine,fish,liver oil,eggs and sunshine
Give 5 importance of water:
 Water regulates body processes
 It aids in regulatingbody temperature
 It carries nutrients to body cells
 It carries wasteproducts through the stool,urine and sweat
 It helps lubricatejoints
How can you keep your client hydrated?/ how do you prevent dehydration?
 To keep my clienthydrated and prevent dehydration,I will encouragehimto drink 8-10 glasses of water a day.
 Other sources of water are milk,milk drinks,soups,vegetables,fruits and fruit juices.
What is a BLAND diet? What is the indication for a BLAND diet? Give example.
 BLAND diet is a diet that is mild in flavour,easy to digest and does not contain spices
 It is given to patients with ulcer and colitis to prevent irritation of the gastro intestinal tract
 Examples: puddings,creamed dishes,milk,eggs and plain potatoes,gelatine unsweetened
What type of meal is given to malnourished patients?
 For underweight and malnourished patients,high caloriedietor food high in protein, minerals and vitamins ar egiven
 Examples: eggnog, icecream. Frequent snacks,peanutbutter, milk
What meal is recommended for patients with heart disease?
 For patients with heart disease,a low fat, low cholesterol and lowsaltdiet is recommended.
 A lowfat diet has limited amounts of butter, cream, fats and eggs. Examples: veal, poultry,fish,skimmilk,fresh fruits
and vegetables
 A lowcholesterol diet is lowin eggs, whole milk,cheese and meats. Examples: fruits,vegetables, cereals,grains,nuts
and vegetable oil
 A lowfat diet is a dietcontaininglimited amounts of sodium. Examples:puffed wheat/ riceor shredded wheat, fruits,
fruitjuices.
What is hydration?
A state of the body wherein there is enough water to regulate body processes.
What meal is given to a patient with Liver and Gall Bladder disease?
A lowfat diet is recommended to patients who have difficulty digestingfats as with patients with liver and gall
bladder problem.
What is a Diabetic diet? Give example.
 A diabetic dietcontains a balanceof carbohydrates,proteins and fats devised accordingto the insulin and nutritional
needs of the client.
 Examples; fresh fruit and vegetables, low-sugar products
What should a diabetic avoid?
 A diabetic should avoid high-sugar foods,alcohol and carbonated beverages.

10. What meal is recommended to patients with kidney problem?
 A lowsaltdiet is recommended to patients with water retention as in patients with renal disease.
How can you help an elderly with poor vision?
 Keep her eyeglasses within reach atall times
 Keep her room and home well-lit.
 Keep the floor free from clutter to avoid accidents.
A man had fall and cannot move his left. You suspect a sprained ankle? what will you do?
 Assistthe man and the followingfirstaid would behelpful:
o Rest the sprained limb
o Apply icecompress (cold compress) to reduce swellingand pain
o Put a soft splintbandageto help immobilizethe sprained limb
o Elevate the leg
What is the first aid for sunburn?
 For MINOR sunburn
o Sponge the burned area with cool water or cover the area with a cloth soaked in cool water.
o Apply sunburn ointment or cream accordingto the direction on the label
o Protect burned areas from the sun
o Do not break blisters- becauseitprovides protection.
 For MAJOR sunburn
o Give firstaid sameas for minor burns
o Monitor for signs of shock
o Monitor for signs of heatstroke
o Get medical help immediately
AGREE or DISAGREE- is it okay to put a soiled diaper cloth in the same hamper where you put dirty clothes and why?
I disagreebecause soiled diaper cloth is contaminated with microorganisms fromthe stool and mixingit with the
other dirty clothes will contaminatethem. It should be soaked and washed separately and immediately. Wafter washing,they
should be sterilized or ironed to kill themicroorganisms.
What are the signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s?
Parkinson’s diseases is a slow,progressive,chronic degenerativecondition affectingthe partof the brain that controls
movements and balance.
 Tremors of the hand and legs
 Difficulty of walking
 Slowness of movements
 Change in vision
 Drooling
 Difficulty of swallowing
 Inability to control bowel and bladder function
How do you take care of a patient with Parkinson’s disease?
 Provideemotional and psychological supportto the patient and his family

11.  Encourage the clients to be as independent as possiblean usecopingskills
 Help him identify activities thathe can continue to participate.
 Establish a routinefor activities
 Provideassistivedevices as appropriate.
 Assistwith medications and report any reactions to medication
 Give regular exercises such as walking,swimmingor ridinga bike.
 Providerest periods in between activities
 Give meals that are high in nutrition and fibber
 Give foods that are easy to chew and swallow.
 Monitor fluids intake.
Which of the following is not the signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis?
a. TB is caused by bacteria
b. TB is spread by droplets
c. TB can be seen only among poor people ( anybody can be infected of this diseases)
d. TB can be prevented
What are the signs and symptoms of tuberculosis?
 Weight loss
 Loss of appetite
 Feeling sick,weak or tired
 Low grade fever-usually in the afternoon
 Night sweats
 Chest pain
 Chronic cough
 Coughing up blood
 Unexplained pain in any body part
How is tuberculosis diagnosed?
Tuberculosis isdiagnosed by medical history and physical examination,skin test,an x-ray and sputum sample
examination.
What is the importance of hand washing? (Significance)
 Microorganisms will getinto your hand as you touch clients and handlesupply and equipment used in the treatment
and care. They could also bemoved from your own faceand mouth. Constant washingof hand can prevent transfer
and contamination of microorganisms.
What are the guide lines for hand washing?
 Hand washingmust be done before and after each task and before and after directclientcontact.
 The water faucet is always considered dirty and my contains pathogens. Use paper towels to turn the faucet on and
off.
 If your hands accidentally touched the insideof the sink,startover. Do the whole procedure again.
 Take soap from a dispenser rather than usingbar soap.
 Hand washingshould bedone before you put on gloves for a procedure and again after you remove the gloves.
How do you change linen in an occupied bed?

12.  Change linen after givingthe clienta bed bath.
 Cover the clientwith a bath blanket whilemakingthe bed
 Get the sheets smooth and tight under the clientso there will beno wrinkles to rub againstthe skin.
 Dividethe bed in two parts- the sidethe clientis lyingon and the sideyou are making.
 The sheet must be placed so the rough seam edges are kept facingthe mattress and away from the client’s side.
 Always keep the siderails up on the client’s side
 Talk to your clientwhile you aremaking the bed.
What are the safety measures in taking care of a child?
 Small children should never be left unattended.
 Articles used in childcareshould bekept out of reach of a toddler.
 Toys should never be left carelessly on the floor.
 The sides of a child’s crib should beup atall times except when someone is givingdirectcare to the child.
 Doors to stairways and thekitchen should be closed and locked.
 Venetian blind cords should bekept out of the reach of children.
 Be surethere are no small toys or objects in the bed/crib that could be swallowed
 Be surethere are no largeobjects in the bed or crib that the child could stand on.
 Keep all poisonoussubstances in a high placebehind locked doors.
How do you prevent colic?
 In order to prevent colic,burp the baby every feeding 2 ounces of milk or halfway through feeding and after feeding.
 Make surethat the neck of the bottle is always full of milk to prevent swallowed air.
What will you do with a colicky baby?
 Try to burp the baby to get rid of swallowed air
 Warm compress over the tummy may help to relieve colic pain
What is wet heat sterilization?
1. Assemble all equipment.
2. Wash your hands
3. Placethe equipment in the pot so that the water touches all parts of it. If there areglass parts,puta clean pieceof
cloth in the bottom of the pot to protect them.
4. Cover the contents of the pot with cold water;
5. Put the pot on a sourceof heat that is bigenough to heat it. Turn handles away from the edge of the burner.
6. Bringwater to boil.Do not open the pot. Note the steam escapingunder the cover.
7. Boil the contents undisturbed and cover for 20 minutes.
8. Turn off the heat.
9. Allowthe contents to cool undisturbed.Leave the equipment on the pot until you are ready to use it.
10. With the sterilized thongs,remove the contents to a sterilized holder.
How do you feed a patient on chemotherapy and radiation therapy?
 Decrease intake of red meats; give fish,chicken,turkey and other non-meat foods high in protein
 Decrease intake of sweets intakeand fried or fatty foods; this will decreasenausea and decreaseintake of empty
calories.
 Eat non-gas producingfoods.
 Vary the diet

13.  Eat small frequent meals; chew food well,eat warm not hot food
 Maintain adequatefluid intakeof cool,clear liquids
 Use plastics utensils- somepeople complain of bitter taste from metal utensils
 Maintain patientin a sittingposition for 2 hours after meals
 Providea pleasant,quiteatmosphere
How do clean a client’s dentures?
1. Assemble all equipment
2. Wash hand
3. Provideprivacy to the client
4. Tell the clientyou will clean his dentures
5. Put on clean gloves
6. Spread the towel across theclient’s chestto protect his bedclothes.Put on gloves.
7. Ask the clientto remove his dentures and be ready to receive the dentures with an emesis (kidney) basin
8. Take the dentures to the sink in the basin.Fill thesink with water.
9. Apply toothpaste or denture cleaner to the dentures and brush them until they are clean.
10. Rinsethe dentures thoroughly under cool water.
11. Fill thedenture cup with denture soakingsolution,cool water,or some mouth wash or water. Placethe dentures in
the cup, and cover it.
12. Help the clientrinsehis mouth with water and /or mouthwash
13. Have the clientreplacethe dentures in his mouth if that is what he wants
14. Remove gloves and wash your hand
How do you assist with dressing/undressing?
 Allowa clientto choose his own clothes if he wishes to do so.
 If a clienthas a method of dressinghimself thatsuits himand is safe,allowhimto continue usinghis personal method
 Do not expose the clientunnecessarily asyou assisthimto avoid chillingand embarrassinghim.
 An injured or inflexiblearmor leg is firstthe garment and lastout.
How do you take the rectal temperature (using glass thermometer)
1. Assemble all equipment
2. Wash your hands
3. Provideprivacy to your client
4. Tell your clientyou are goingto measure this temperature rectally
5. Put on gloves
6. Lower the backrestof the bed
7. Inspectthe thermometer for cracks or chips and shakedown the mercury below calibrations
8. Put a small amountof lubricatingjelly on a pieceof tissue.Lubricate the bulb of the thermometer with the jell y
9. Ask the clientto turn on his side.If he is unableto turn, position himon his side.
10. With one hand, raisethe upper buttock until you see the anus.With the other hand, gently insertthe bulb 1 inch
through the anus into the rectum.
11. If the clientis an infant,lay the baby on his back and raisehis legs with one hand.
12. With the other hand, insertthe thermometer ½ inch into the rectum. Always hold the thermometer while itis in the
child’s rectum.
13. Hold the thermometer in placefor 3 minutes. Do not leave the clientwith a thermometer in the rectum.
14. Remove the thermometer from the client’s rectum. Wipe itwith a tissuefrom stem to bulb.
15. Read the thermometer. Remove gloves and wash hands.

14. How do you take tympanic temperature?
1. Assemble all equipment
2. Wash your hand
3. Provideprivacy to your client.
4. Tell your clientthat you are going to take his tympanic temperature.
5. Cover the probe with a disposablecover.
6. Select the correctsetting on the thermometer
7. Put on gloves if appropriate.
8. Position the patiently correctly
9. Gently pull the top of the ear up and back
10. Placethe probe correctly
11. Quickly presses the button to measure the temperature
12. When the buzzer signal thatthe temperature has been reached, remove the probe. Read the thermometer
13. Throw the disposablesheath cover in the trash.
14. Remove gloves and wash hands
15. Turn off the thermometer.
What are the guidelines for changing diapers?
 Change the diaper often to decrease odor and irritation of the baby’s skin.
 Clean the baby’s genital area each time you change the diaper and apply barrier creamto prevent diaper rash
 If you userubber pants on top of cloth diapers,be sure the elastic is looseenough to allowair to circulatein the
pants.
 Do not use rubber pants over disposablediapers,as they already havea rubberized protection.
 Observe the skin of the baby each time you change the diaper for changeof color,texture and discharge.
How do you clean a circumcised penis?
 Keep the penis protected from rubbingon a diaper.
 Ask the physician aboutbathinginstructions
 Keep the pines clean and free of fecal matter
 Observe for bleeding and drainage
How do you give tub bath to a baby?
1. Assemble the equipment.
2. Wash your hands
3. Wash the sink or tub with a disinfectantcleanser and rinsethoroughly
4. Line the sink or tub with a bath towel
5. Placea towel on the counter next to the sink or tub
6. Fill thetub or sink with 1-2 inches of warm water
7. Undress the infant, wrap him in a bath towel or blanket, and bringhim to the tub or sink
8. Usinga cotton ball moistened with warm water, gently wipe the infant’s eyes from the nose toward the ears.Use a
clean cotton ball for each eye.
9. To wash the hair,hold the infantin the football hold,with the baby’s head over the sink or tub.
10. Apply a small amountof shampoo and rinsethe hair.
11. Dry the infant’s head with a towel
12. Unwrap the baby and gently placehimon the towel in the sink or tub
13. Wash the infant’s body with the soap and the washcloth
14. Rinsethe infantthoroughly with warm water

15. 15. Lift the infantout of the water and onto the towel
16. Dry the infantwell
17. Diaper and dress the infant.
Mrs Grey has a baby, how will you help her with bottle feeding?
 Make surethat the formula is fresh and the bottles have been properly stored
 Followthe mother’s wishes as to the temperature of the bottles when the baby is fed.
 Check the temperature of the formula before you feed the baby.
 Babies should be held while they are given bottles. Do not prop bottles. Do not leave babies unattended whilethey
are drinkingbottles.
 Hold the bottle so that the nippleis full of formula and the baby does not suck air.
What are the guidelines for storing milk formula?
 Formula can be refrigerated for 2 days without spoiling.After 2 days,it must be thrown away.
 If you do not know how long the formula has been in the refrigerator,discard it.
 Formula will begin to spoil within 2 hours when left at room temperature. Keep the bottle refrigerated until 10
minutes before feeding.
Do you agree or disagree in giving leftover milk?
 I disagreein givingleft over milk becausemilk formula should always befresh. Contaminatingthe milk with the baby’s
salivawill spoil it.
What is the importance of burping?
 Bottle-fed babies swallowsomeair whiledrinkingmilk.Air in the gastro-intestinal tractcan causevomitingand
abdominal pain.Feedingthe infantslowly and stoppingafter 2 ounces to burp the baby can prevent build-up of air.
What are the methods of burping?
There are 2 methods of burping:
1. Method A—Cover your shoulder with a clean cloth.This could be a small towel or a cloth diaper.Hold the baby in
a vertical position so his head is restingon your shoulder.Gently rub and/or pat the infant’s back until you hear
the burp.
2. Method B – sitthe infanton your leg so his feet aredanglingon your side. Put one of your hands,on the infant’s
chest, and lean the baby over so your hands supporthim. Gently rub the baby’s back with your other hand until
you hear the burp.
What are the signs of aging?
 Physical Signs
o Reflexes slow
o Circulation becomes less efficient
o Hair turns gray and change in texture
o All bodily processes slowdown
o Skin loses elasticity and fats,becomes thin and fragile
o Senses becomes less cute and aids areneeded
o Posture becomes stooped and walkingbecomes difficult.
o Muscles loses strength,and familiartasks becomedifficult
o Sensingof temperature of water and air becomes less accurate.

16. o Healingtakes longer
o Short-term memory decreases so directions haveto be repeated often
 Mental Changes
o Dementia—the gradual decreasein a person’s ability to make judgment or loss of mental powers may occur.
 Social Changes
o Retirement
o Change in income
o Change in level of activity
o Fear of illness
o Isolation fromfriends and family
o Death of a spouse
o Change in housing
o Increased dependence on others
What are the benefits of exercise?
 A feeling of well-being
 Increased strength of bones
 Increased cardiacand respiratory capacity
 Increased strength and tone of muscles
 Decrease of weight
 Decrease blood pressure
 Decrease of anxiety
 Better sleep habits
 Regularization of bowel movement
Differentiate Discipline from punishment.
 DISCIPLINE is a set of rules that govern conduct and actions,resultingin orderly behaviour.Itcan be strictor loose.It
can be accepted or followed for fear of punishment. PUNISHMENT is a harsh actgiven as a resultof an offense or
wrongdoing, as when a rule or disciplineis broken.
What is a splint?
A splintis a deviceused to immobilizeor prevent an injured body part from moving to avoid further injury.
Describe the physical characteristics of a 10 year old—
Boy:
o Stands erect and shows great agility of gross motor skills and well-coordinated finemotor skills.
o At beginning puberty, he starts to develop lower and deeper voice,broadening and widening of shoulders
and chest, hairs starts to grow on the face, armpitand genital area, starts producingsperm,pimples starts
to appear and sweat glands become active.
Girl:
o Stands erect and shows great agility of gross motor skills and well-coordinated finemotor skills.
o At the beginning puberty, breaststarts to develop, tone of voice becomes higher,body starts to take shape
at the waistand hips,hair starts to grow in the armpitand genital area, ovulation starts and menstruation
starts,pimples begin to appear and sweat glands become active.

17. Guidelines when feeding a bedridden client:
 Placethe bed in the highesthorizontal as possibleto prevent aspiration
 Allowclients to feed themselves as much as possible,only giveassistanceas needed
 Do not rush the feeding
 Be gentle with the fork and spoons; strawmay help in feeding liquids.
 Keep the conversation pleasantand make the meal a highlightof the day.
 Feed the foods separately rather than mixed together.
 When offeringa glass or cup,firsttouch it to the lips.
 Record the intake and output
 Record your observations aboutthe clientwhen you were feeding him.
Safety Factors:
 Be surethe patient swallowbefore you put food in his mouth. Some clients will beableto swallowonefood and not
another.
 Pay special attention to the temperature of the food. If the food is hot, tell the clientand offer hima small amount.If
the food is cold,do the same.
 Keep food on a tableaway from the client’s bed so that the clientcan change position without spillingthe food.
 If the clientis blind, nameeach mouthful before offer itto him.
The frying pan caught fire. What will you do?
 Keep calm.Do not panic
 Turn off the burner and remove the pan from the stove.
 Cover the pan with a pot cover or wet rag.
 If this is not available, usea chemical type fireextinguisher or bakingsoda to smother the fire.
How do you store flammable materials?
 Disposeof articles in well-ventilated containers.
 Do not keep used rags in closed containers
 Do not store flammableliquidsnear any sourceof heat. Keep them in the garagebut away from cars.Useflammable
liquidsin a well-ventilated area.
 Do not keep piles of newspaper.
What are the common cause of fire?
 Smoking and matches
 Misuseof electricity
 Defects in heating systems
 Improper rubbish disposal
 Improper cookingtechniques
 Improper ventilation
You and your client are inside a burning building. What will you do?
 If a fireis behind a closedoor,do not open it.
 Take the shortestroute or exit out of the buildingto safety
 If you must go through a smoke-filled room, put a cloth over your mouth and nose and one over those of your client
 Crawl alongthe floor to safety and keep your clientas closeto the ground as possible

18.  Remove/get your clientout of the building
 Keep your clientwarm and comfortable
 Stay with your client.
Describe the recovery position?/ what & how do you position a client in recovery position?
The recovery position is the position where an unconscious victimwho is breathingand with pulseis placed.It helps
keep the airway open because itprevents the tongue from fallingback to the throat. It also allows fluids to drain from
the mouth and prevents aspiration in casethe victimvomits.
The followingarethe steps in recovery position:
1. Position the victimleft arm above the head
2. Move the victimright armacross the chest and againstthe cheeks.
3. Keep the victimhand under the cheek to supportthe head
4. Bend the victimrightleg and roll over the victimonto his side
5. Adjust the victim’s position as needed to ensure the airway remains open.
What happens during suffocation?
Duringsuffocation,normal breathingis prevented when there is obstruction over the mouth or nose, a weight in a
victim’s chestor abdomen or when the victimis breathingin smoke or fume-filled air.There is an accumulation of carbon
dioxidein the lungs which may lead to difficulty of breathing and unconsciousness.
The followingis doneto victims of suffocation:
1. Remove the obstructingobject to restore breathing as quickly as possibleor remove him from the smoke or fume
filled air.
2. Call 911 or send for medical help
3. Perform primary survey and monitor the victim’s ABC
4. Treat any lifethreatening condition,and give Rescue Breathing or CPR when necessary.
5. If the victimis unconscious butbreathingand with pulse, placehimin the recovery position.
6. Continue monitor his ABC until medical help arrives
How do you serve hot soup?
Hot soup should be served carefully to clients in order to prevent burn and scalding.Itshould never be serve too hot.
When servinghot soup, set itor placed iton the tablefirst,before callingyour clientto eat. If your clientis already on the
table before the soup has been served, served itfrom the oppositesite of the table, away from your client’s sideto prevent
accidental scalding.Walk carefully when carryingof handlinghotfood.
Do you agree or disagree in assisting your client with eating?
I agree in assistingmy clientwith eating if:
 The clientcannot use his hands
 The doctor wants the clientto savehis strength and to be on complete bed rest.
 The clientmay be too weak to feed himself.
Otherwise, clients should be taught to be self-reliantand feed themselves as much as possibleand only give
assistanceas needed.
What are the safety measures in taking care of a client on oxygen therapy?
 Put up a “No Smoking” sign in the room where the clientuses oxygen.
 Use cotton bed sheets and clothes to decrease static electricity

19.  Do not use electric plugs out of the walls whilethe oxygen is running.
 Do not use open flames or candles in the room.
 Avoid combing a client’s hair whilehe is receivingoxygen.
 Ask instruction as to which valveturns the oxygen on and off.
 Do not change the setting on any oxygen equipment
 Avoid usingoil,talcumpowder and alcohol to rub clients whileoxygen is running
 Check the equipment regularly for leaks and proper functioning.
What is the first aid for a choking infant?
1. Support the infant’s head on one hand, with the torso on your forearm on your thigh.
2. Give up to 5 back blows between the shoulder blades.
3. Check mouth for expelled object.
4. If object is not expelled, roll the infantface up.
5. Give up to 5 chest thrusts with middleand ring fingers.Check mouth for expelled objects
6. Repeat steps 1-4, alternatingback blows and chest thrusts and checking the mouth
A choking child?
1. Kneel behind the child and reach around the abdomen.
2. Make a fistwith one hand and grasp itwith the other.
3. Thrust inward and upward into the abdomen with quick jerks.
4. Continue until the child expel the object or becomes unresponsive,the give CPR
How will you know if the person is choking?
1. Coughing
2. Trying to speak but no sounds will comeout
3. Cyanotic
How do you clean wounds?
1. Gently wash the wound with soap and water and a gauze pad or clean washcloth to remove dirt.
2. Use the gauze pad and tweezers to remove any small particles.
3. Pat the area dry.
4. Cover the wound with a steriledressingand bandage.
What is the first aid for drowning?
1. Remove the victimfrom the water, carryingthe victimwith the head lower than the chest.
2. Have someone call 911 immediately.Check the ABCs. If you are alone,give firstaid for one minute before calling911.
Then continue rescue breathing/BLS
3. Be prepared for vomitingand to turn the victimon his side.
4. If the victimhas signs of breathingand circulation,placehimon the recovery position.
What do you do with dog bites?
1. Clean the wound with soap and water. Run water over the wounds for 5 minutes
2. Control bleeding
3. Cover the wound with a steriledressingand bandageand seek medical help.

20. Do you agree or disagree in transferring a poison to another container?
 I disagreein transferringpoison to another container becauseit can causeaccidental poisoning.Transferred poisons,
however, should be properly labelled and kept locked out of the reach of children.
Do you agree or disagree that you should read labels of canned goods?
AGREE- labels of canned goods should be read properly in order to:
 Check the shelf lifeor expiration of the product
 Check the ingredients for their nutritional value
 Check the productfor ingredients that may causeallergy to your client
Which of the following is not true of Heimlich maneuver? Why?
a. It is done to unconscious victim
b. Can be done to everyone- becausewe cannot give this to a pregnant woman. It will compress the infantinstead give
her a chest thrust.
c. Also called as abdominal thrust
d. Can be done to conscious victims
Give 5 basic needs of children
Choose any 5 from the ff:
 Physical Needs
o Shelter
o Activity (developmental
o Rest
o Exercise
o Avoidance of pain
o Safety
o Clothing
o Food
 Emotional Needs
o Recognition
o Independence
o Socialization
o Acceptance
o Affection
o Security
o Trust
o Love
What are guidelines for child abuse?
 Do not be judgmental. Do not compare one casewith another
 Be supportiveof the parents
 Observe family dynamics
 Look for signs of abuseand any unusual behaviour
 If you suspectthat something is wrong in the family dynamics,reportyour observations immediately.

21. How do you sterilize feeding bottles?
1. Assemble all equipment.
2. Wash your hands
3. Scrub feeding bottles, nipples and caps with hot soapy water.
4. Rinsethoroughly with hot water.
5. Placethe bottles on the sterilizingrack.
6. Placethe caps and nipples into a clean,empty jar and placeitinto the pot atthe center of the bottles.
7. Pour water into and around the bottles and into the jar with the nipples until two-thirds of each bottle is under water
8. Cover the pot.
9. Let the water boil for 25 minutes
10. Remove the jar with the nippleand caps 10-15 minutes after the full boil begins.
What is the management for flu?
Flu is a viral respiratory infection caused by influenza virus.
Purely supportivesinceviral infectionsareself-limiting
 Adequate bed rest
 Lots of fluids
 Acetaminophen for pain and fever
 Providecool,humidified air
 Expectorant for cough
 Oxygen for dyspnea
 Monitor respiratory rate
 Warm bath or a heatingpad to relieve musclepains
Sy/Sx:
1. High grade fever (>40*C)
2. Chills
3. Headache
4. Red watery eyes
5. Musclepain
6. Runny nose
7. Sore throat
8. Cough
Give 5 diseases with abnormal breathing
 Pneumonia- inflammation of the terminal airways (bronchioles and alveoli) caused by bacteria or viruses
 Tuberculosis- respiratory infectionscaused by the tubersilous bacilli;spread by droplets and prolonged contactwith
an infected person; can spread to other parts of the body.
 Asthma- inflammation of the airways causingconstriction and narrowingof the bronchioles;can be precipitated by
triggers
 COPD- Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Diseases
o Emphysema- destruction of the alveoli causingover-distended non-functional air sacs.
o Chronic Bronchitis- inflammation of the bronchi causingexcessivemucous secretions,chronic cough and
dyspnea

22. What are the eating disorders of children?
 Some children have anorexia (looseof appetite)
 Some children arepicky or choosy eaters
 Some children prefer only one type of food
 Some children eat a lot and the vomits (bulimia)
How do you prevent constipation?
 Encourage your clientto drink plenty of water
 Eat a high fiber diet (fresh fruits and vegetables)
 Do regular exercises
What instruments are used in taking the blood pressure?
In taking the blood pressure,we usean instrument called the sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope to listen to the
brachial pulse.
How do you take the blood pressure?
1. Assemble the equipment
2. Wash your hands.
3. Tell the clientthat you aregoing to take his blood pressure
4. Let the clientrest before takingthe blood pressure
5. The client’s armand hand should be well supported and restingcomfortably.
6. Wrap the cuff snugly and smoothly around the client’s armabove the elbow.
7. Leave the area clear where you will placethe bell or diaphragmof the stethoscope.
8. With your fingertips,find the brachial pulseatthe inner sideof the arm above the elbow. Inflatethe cuff until the
pulsedisappears.This isthepalpated systolic pressure.Quickly deflatethe cuff.
9. Put the ear pieces of the stethoscope into your ears and placethe bell or diaphragmof the stethoscope on the
brachial pulse.
10. Inflatethe cuff until the dial points to 30 mm above the palpated systolicpressure.
11. Deflate the cuff slowly until the sound of the pulsecomes back.This is the systolicpressure.
12. Continue releasingthe air from the cuff, when the sounds changeto a softer and faster thud or disappear,this is the
diastolic pressure.
13. Deflate the cuff completely; remove itfrom the client’s arms.
14. Wash your hands.
How do you change a non-sterile bandage/ dressing?
1. Assemble the equipment
2. Wash hands and put on gloves
3. Provideprivacy to your client
4. Tell the clientyou are going to change his dressing.
5. Open the clean dressings without touchingthe center.
6. Position the clientso that the wound is exposed.
7. Remove the old dressing.
8. Cleansethe wound and the skin.Use circular motions and clean fromthe clean areas to the dirty.
9. If a medication is to be applied to the wound, assistthe clientwith the application.
10. Apply clean dressings.
11. Discard theold dressingin a covered container and clean the equipment.
12. Remove gloves and wash your hands

23. How do you take care of a client’s feet?
 Inspectthe feet each day for changes before you wash them.
 Wash and dry feet daily.If the skin is dry,a lubricantor creamcan be applied.
 Do not cut nails and corns.
 Help your clientchoosethe proper shoes for each activity.
 Stocking of the proper sizeshould be worn.
 Check the temperature of the bath water.
 The clientshould usecotton socks and slippersinsidethe home and insulated boots outdoors.
 Walk in well-litareas.
 Avoid walkingin areas with trash and debris.
 In warm weather, keep feet protected from hot sand,boardwalks,objects on the beach and the sun.
 Diet is importantand a nutritionistshould beconsulted for specific foods thatwill affectthe client’s feet.
 Elevate swollen legs and feet on a chair.
 Stop exerciseand activity when in pain.Rest.
How do you clean pressure sores (bed sores)?
 The bedsores should be cared for 24 hours a day.
 The wounds must be kept clean and the rules of asepsis mustbe followed.
 Change the position of the clientregularly to remove pressurefrom the bedsores.
 Avoid urineand feces to drain into any bedsores.
 If the careof the bedsore is simplenon-steriledressing,clean the area and cover it.
 Encourage all practicesof good basic skin careto prevent skin deterioration and improve the healingclimate.
What are the safety measures in the bathroom? / bathing?
 Keep the bathroom floor always dry and providea non-skid rubber mat.
 Providegrab supportfor elderly clients
 Keep the bathroom well-litand ventilated
 Prepare all bath materials beforethe bath
 Prepare the tub and check the bath water temperature before callingyour client
 Assistthe clientwhen going into the tub.
 Label the hot and cold faucet properly.
 Keep all electrical equipment away from the tub and water source.
 Drain the tub of water after use.
Give 4 considerations in carrying an infant
(Choose from the ff;)
 Always supportthe child’s head
 Hold the infantcloseto you.
 Do not carry other objects while you arecarryinga baby.
 Do not hold an infantwhile you aretalkingon the phone or cooking atthe stove.
 Do not carry a baby into a dark room. Turn on the lightbefore you enter.
 Be alertto basic household hazards,such as liquidsspills,shoes,clothingon the floor and looserugs.
 Be alertwhilecarryinga baby up and down the stairs.
 Wear good supportingshoes with non-skid soles whileyou are carryinga baby.

24. What is dry heat sterilization?
Dry heat sterilization isa method of sterilizingequipment or dressingand oven by heating itto 350 degrees
Fahrenheit for one hour.
It is done by the ff:
1. Assemble all equipment
2. Wash your hands.
3. Placethe clean dressingor things to be sterilized wrapped in clean cloth in the pie tin or sterilizingtray.
4. Placethe pietin or tray in the oven at 350 degrees Fahrenheit for one hour.
5. Allowto cool and unwrap.
A child burn his arm, what will you do?
 Put the body partin cool water, if possible.Let itremain there for 2-5 min.
 Do not put ice on the burn.
 Cover the area with sterileor clean cloth.
 Continue to put cool water over the dressing.
 Get medical help.
Aside from calling 911, what will you do in case of emergency?
 Get the person to a safe, firmground away from danger. But do not move the person unless he is in the great danger
of further injury.
 Do not leave the person who needs help.
 Monitor ABC and give appropriatefirstaid for lifethreatening conditions.
 Keep the person warm, comfortableand safe.
What is DNR?
DNR means DO NOT RESUSCITATE. Some clients may choose DNR. It means that if his heartstops or he stops
breathing, no medical procedures likeCPR or RB will be started to reverse the status.
How do you take care of a bed ridden client?
 Always lock the siderailswhen the patient is asleep and when you areleavingthe room
 Change the client’s position regularly to prevent bedsores.
 Change beddings and linens/ clothes regularly
 Assistwith medications
 Assistpersonal hygiene
 Offer the bed pan/urinal when needed
 Monitor the vital signs asinstructed
 Monitor and record inputand output as instructed
 Providea stress-freequiet environment
How do you ensure the safety of a child when riding a car?
 Never leavea child unattended insidea vehicle
 Never let a child sin in front.The safestseat for a child is theback seat.
 Always use car seats that are age appropriateand weight appropriate.
 For babies,useinfantseats that areplacefacing the rear portion of the car.
 Secure car seats and infantseats safely with seat belts.
 Don’t let a child putout his head or any part of his body through the window whilethe car is in motion.

25.  Always lock the doors of the vehiclewhen ridinga car.
A client while eating suffers from heartburn. What will you do?
Advice the client:
 Eat smaller meals,avoid latenightsnacks
 Sit up after eating, wait 2-3 hours before lyingdown
 Avoid foods that bringheartburn—chocolates,fatty/fresh foods coffee and other carbonated drinks,alcohol.
 Limit acidic foods thatirritatethe oesophagus likecitrus fruits and juices(orange/ tomato)
 Limit spicy foods
 Avoid clothes with tight belts or waistbands
 Stop smoking
 Lose weight if over weight
 Raisethe head of the bed 15-20 cm to prevent reflux when lyingdown
 Avoid Aspirin,Ibuprofen and other NSAID; instead useAcetaminophen
 Take a non-prescription productfor heartburn such as antacids.
An 8 year old child fell down with bruises and discoloration of skin. What will you do?
 Apply iceor cold packs on the affected area for 10 minutes several times a day for the first48 hours.
 Elevate the bruised area above the heart level if possible
 Rest the injured area
 After 48 hours,warm compress can be applied.
What is the management for diarrhea?
Diarrhea is havingthree or more looseor liquid stoolsper day,or as havingmore stools than is normal for that
person.
 Give frequently fluids likewater, rehydration salt/drink,applejuicefor every LBM
 Monitor for signs of dehydration
 If the patient is notvomiting, you may give banana,rice,applesauce/juiceand toast
 Avoid spicy foods,alcohol and caffeinecontainingdrinks
 Seek medical help if there are signs of dehydration
What is the importance of disposing properly soiled linens and diapers?
 Diseases caused by pathogens can be transferred thru these materials they arenot disposed properly.
 Sterilized soiled linens after laundry.
Signs of dehydration:
Mild:
 Thirst
 Crying
 Irritable
Moderate;
 Decrease urineoutput
 Sunken eyeball/ fontanel
 Dry lips
 Wrinkled skin

26.  Rapid pulse
Severe:
 No urineoutput for the last8 hours
 Weak, rapid pulse
 Cold, clammy skin
 No tears
 Unresponsive
What are the risk factors for hypertension?
 Family history of hypertension, heart diseaseand kidney disease
 Smoking
 Obesity
 High saltdiet
 High fat diet
 African-American descent
What are the signs and symptoms of diabetes?
 Fatigue and tiredness
 Loss of weight
 Poor healingulcers and sores
 High blood sugar
 Frequent urination (polyuria)
 Excessivethirst(polydipsia)
 Excessiveeating (polyphagia)
 Poor vision
 Inflammation of the vagina
Which of the following is not true of diabetes?
a. Frequent urination
b. Hyperglycaemia
c. Controlled thirst(should be excessive)
d. Swellingof vagina
What is arthritis? What are the 4 most common types of arthritis?
Arthritis is inflammation of the joints.The 4 most common types are:
 Osteoarthritis—mostcommon in elderly,due to wear and tear, destruction of the cartilageprotectingthe joints
 Rheumatoid Arthritis—morecommon in elderly women, debilitatingand causes deformity
 Gouty Arthritis—morecommon in middle age to elderly men, due to high intake of purinerich foods likeorgan
meats, gravies,bean, red meats, fish likemackerel,salmon,tuna.
 AnkylosingSpondylitis—morecommon in young male adult,affects the cervical spine,shoulder joints and pelvis
How do you take care of a patient with arthritis?
 Establish a daily routinefor daily carethatis safeand efficient and that decreases muscle stress and fatigue
 To relievemorning stillness,takea warm shower or bath.
 If the jointis notswollen,apply moistheat for 20-30 minutes, 3x a day.

27.  If the jointis swollen,apply cold packsfor 10 minutes once an hour.
 Rest sorejoints
 Avoid activities thatput weight or strain on the joints for a few days.
 Exerciseregularly to maintain strength and flexibility and performrange of motion exercises onceor twice a day.
 Try low impactactivities-swimming,water aerobics,bikingand walking
 Take Acetaminophen or Aspirin for pain
 NSAID-non steroidal anti-inflammatory pain likeIbuprofen,Mefenamic Acid or Naproxen Sodium
 Weight reduction for obese patient
Aside from bringing to the doctor, how can you help a patient with gout?
 Get some answer from above then…
 Advise the clientto avoid foods that are high in purineand uric acid likeorgan meats, gravies,beans and fishes like
mackerel, tuna and salmon
How do you make a trip enjoyable to a child?
 Bringprovisions for longtrips to prevent the child from getting bored
 Bringthe following:
o Adequate food/snacks and water
o Comfortable clothes for changing
o Books
o Favoritetoys
 Play games duringthe trip
 Tell stories
 Show the child things thatyou pass by
What are the common causes of cancer?
 Chemicals—insecticides,pesticides
 Smoking
 Heredity-increased risk factors for certain types of cancer—prostatecancer,lungcancer, ovarian cancer,cervical and
uterine cancer, breastcancer
 Viruses- increased the risk of certain cancer after infection—hepatitis Bvirus,increases thedevelopment of liver
cancer,Human Papilloma Virus infection (HVP) increases therisk of developing cervical cancer
 Hormones- estrogen levels increases thesizeand make cancer cells growfast
 Radiation—chronic exposureto nuclear radiation,ultravioletrays of the sun,x rays,radiatin fromtelevision,cell
phones and computers
 Pollution—air pollutants comingfromexhaustof vehicles and factories.
What are the common signs and symptoms of cancer?
 Abnormal bleedingand discharges
 A thickeningor lump
 Severe anaemia
 Urinary difficulties
 Difficulty in swallowing
 An unclewhich remains open
 Persistentcough or hoarseness
 Persistentdigestive disturbances

28. What are the signs and symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease?
Alzheimer is a progressivedegenerative disorder of the central nervous system which affects mental judgement and
memory.
 Stage 1—beginningstage: memory loss,decreased speech, emotional agitation, depression,apathy,withdrawal form
usual activities.
 Stage 2 – extending over the years:forgetfulness worsens,stop speaking, wander and repetitive movements in
meaningless way; may put all things in his mouth, increaseappetite, continually pacein small area.
 Stage 3 – terminal stage: completely dependent, needs continuous supervision,appetitedecreases,some are
unresponsive, loss of bowel and bladder control.
How do you take care of a patient with Alzheimer?
 Maintain a routineand structured environment
 Be alertfor safety – may forget instructions,constantsupervision of activities and movements needed
 Providea quiet, unstressed environment and avoid excessivestimulation
 Keep familiar objects and pictures atbedside(memory aids)
 Maintain the personal hygiene of the client
 Maintain a toiletingroutine
 Encourage sufficientfluid intakeand adequate nutrition
 Monitor sleepinghabits
 Encourage clientto exercisebut provide rest periods
 Be supportiveto the family
 Do not be judgmental
How to use a digital oral thermometer?
1. Assemble all equipment
2. Wash hands
3. Tell your clientyou are goingto take his oral thermometer
4. Have the patient sittingor lyingin bed.
5. If the patient has taken any hot or cold food or drinks,waitfor 10 minutes before taking oral temperature.
6. Turn the digital thermometer on by pressinga small button usually located on the face of the thermometer. A beep
may sound to indicatethat the thermometer is ready to be used. Digital thermometer arebattery operated and must
be turned on and off for proper use.
7. Placethe thermometer under the tongue for oral use.Make surethat the tip of the thermometer is securely placed
under the tongue for the most accuratemeasurement. Keep the thermometer in placeuntil a beeping noisesounds,
indicatingthetemperature has been read.
How do you assist with client’s medication? / What are the steps in preparing & administering medication to a client?
PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble all equipment
2. Wash your hands
3. Ask the visitors to leavethe room, if appropriate
4. Remind the clientitis time for his medication
5. Check the 5 rights of medication
a. Right medication – check that you are givingthe rightmedicine, read and check the name of the medication
b. Right person – check that you aregivingthe medication to the rightor correct person

29. c. Right amount – check that you aregivingthe correct dose of the medication
d. Right time – check the schedule,frequency and time of administeringthe medication
e. Right method – check that you are givingthe medicineby correct route
6. Placethe medications within reach of the client
7. Assistthe clientas necessary with oral medication,ointments and eye drops
8. Make the clientcomfortable
9. Put the medication in its proper place.Disposeof the used equipment
10. Wash your hands.
What is the first aid foe 3rd degree burns?
1. Stop the burningprocess by flushingwith cool runningwater
2. Check to see if the person is breathing. Resuscitation may be necessary.
3. Keep the person’s airway open
4. Cover the area with sterileor clean dry cloth or sheet.
5. Do not wet dressing – it will chill theperson and causeshock
6. Get medical help.Stay until someone arrives
Things that you should have in your first aid kit:
1. Sterile dressingand bandage
2. Bandage compress
3. Adhesive tape and bandages
4. Eye covering
5. Eye wash
6. Cold pack
7. Medical examination gloves
8. Scissors
9. Tweezers
10. Antiseptic
11. Antibiotic ointment
12. Burn ointment
How will you know if a wound is infected?
A wound is infected if you see the following signs and symptoms:
- Wound area red, swollen and warm
- Pain
- Pus is present
- Fever
- Red streaks or trails on the skin near the wound are signs thatthe infection is spreading.
What are the safety precautions in the kitchen?
- Keep the kitchen well ventilated
- Unplug all kitchen applianceafter use
- Keep matches and all flammablematerials outof reach of children
- Keep children out of the kitchen at all times
- Keep knives in cabinets beyond reach of children when not in use
- Always check the gas tank and tube for leaks
- Keep a fireextinguisher in the kitchen

30. What are the signs that a 2 year old is ready for toilet (potty) training?
- Physiologicreadiness:a toddler who stays dry for an hour or two duringthe day and occas ionally wakes up dry from
naps is physically ready to begin toilettraining
- Regularity of bowel movements
- Increased awareness of body functions
- Interest in being neat and dry
- Familiarity with bathroom terminologies “pee” “poo”
- Interest in wearingunderpants
- Ability to do simpledressing
- Curiosity aboutthe bathroom habits of others
How do you control profuse/severe/ excessive bleeding? / What emergency procedure can you apply to a bleeding wound?
Control bleeding by:
1. Applyingdirect pressureto the bleeding site, usingyour hand over a pad of dressings.
2. Continue pressureand secure dressingwith firmbandage.
3. If the dressingbecome blood soaked, do not remove them but apply additional dressingsand securewith fresh
bandages.
4. Raisethe injured limb abovethe level of the heart to help reduce blood flow of the wound.
5. Placethe victimat rest or put him in the shock position.
What is diabetes? What are the 2 types of diabetes?
Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot convert sugar into energy becauseof lack of insulin.
Two types:
Type I – IDDM (INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS), early onset/ juvenilediabetes, can be inherited,and
requires early treatment with insulin.
Type II – NIDDM (NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS), adultor late onset, can be controlled by diet,
exerciseand oral hypoglycaemic
What are the signs and symptoms of hyperglycaemia?
 Symptoms develops over hours or days
 Pulseis weak and rapid breathingis deep, with sigh
 Skin is flushed (red), dry and warm
 Breath odor is musty appleor nail polish
 Gradual onsetof unconsciousness
 Unsteady nausea
What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia?
 Symptoms develop very rapidly
 Pulseis strongand rapid
 Breathing is shallow
 Skin is paleand sweating
 Breath is odourless
 Faintingto unconsciousnessdevelops quickly
 Headache
 Trembling

31.  Hunger
A 7 year old has a nosebleed while playing. What will you do?
 Do a scene survey
 Do a primary survey
 Placethe victimin a sittingposition,with the head slightly forward
 Tell the victimto pinch the soft partof her nosewith the thumb and forefinger for about 10 minutes or until the
bleeding stops.If she cannot do this,do it yourself.
 Loosen tight clothingaround the neck and chest.
 Keep the victimquiet to avoid increased bleeding.
 If the bleedingdoes not stop, you can repeat the procedure. If bleeding recurs or does not stop, get medical help.
 When bleedingstops, tell the victimnot to blow her nose for a few hours.
What are the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis / severe allergic reaction?
You can recognize anaphylaxisor severe allergic reaction by any of the following:
 Sneezing, coughing and red watery eyes
 Swellingof the face, mouth and throat
 Labored breathing with wheezing.
 Weak rapid pulse
 Vomiting and diarrhea
 Paleskin,blueness (cyanosis) or both
 Changes in the level of consciousness
Symptoms:
 Tightness in the chest
 Sever itchingand hive
 Dizziness
 Severe abdominal pain
 Nausea
What is the first aid for an allergic reaction/ anaphylaxis?
 Send for medical help
 Monitor airway,breathingand circulation.
 Check for any medical alert information
 Assistthe conscious victimto take his prescribed medications
 Providecare for shock until medical help arrives.
What is the management for bee sting?
 Scrapethe stinger and poison sac carefully fromthe skin usingthe blunt edge of a knife, or a credit card.Do not
squeeze the stinger
 Apply rubbingalcohol or a pasteof bakingsoda and water.
 If the stingis in the mouth, give the person a mouthwash of one teaspoon bakingsoda to a glas s of water, or ice to
suck.
 If there is swellingin themouth, and breathing difficulties,get medical help.

32. What are the causes (triggers) of asthma?
 House dust
 Smoke
 Pollen
 Insects (bee sting,cockroaches,caterpillars)
 Furry or feathered animals (dog, cat,birds)
 Foods (peanuts/nuts, strawberry, egg, fish,chicken)
 Drugs (aspirin,antibiotics –Penicillins)
 Cold/ respiratory infection
 Physical exhaustion
 Emotional stress
What are the signs and symptoms of asthmas?
 Shortness of breath
 Coughing and wheezing
 Fastand shallowbreathing
 Tightness in the chest
 Victimsittingupright in the tripod position
 Bluish color (cyanosis)
 Fastpulserate
 Anxiety
 Restless then fatigue
 Shock
What is the management of asthma?
 Call for medical help
 Stop any activity that could havetriggered the attack
 Placethe victimin the tripod position
 Reassurethe victim
 Do not feed nor give any drink
 Assistthe victimto take his prescribed medications for asthma.
What is a gran mal seizure (epilepsy)? What are its signs and symptoms?
It is a disorder of the nervous system resultingin recurringconvulsions,which may partial or complete loss of
consciousness.
Signs and symptoms:
 Victimdrops to the floor
 Upward rollingof eyeballs
 Sudden loss of consciousness
 Noisy breathing
 Clenched teeth/grinding of teeth
 Frothing and droolingof saliva
 Uncontrollablemusclecontractions/spasms/ convulsionswith archingof the back
 Bowel and bladder incontinence
 Presence of aura in some patients=a sensation such as sound,smell or feelingof movement in body
that tells that a seizureis aboutto occur.

33. What is the first aid for gran mal seizure?
 Begin scene survey
 Clear the area of any hard object that could causeinjury
 Protect the head from injury
 Ensure victims privacy/ clear thearea of onlookers
 Do not restrictmovement
 Loosen tight clothing
 Turn the victimon his side(side-lying) to prevent aspiration and fallingof tongue back to the throat
 Do not forcibly open the victim’s mouth to put anythingbetween the teeth
 When convulsion stops:
o Placevictimin the recovery position
o Wipe any fluids fromthe mouth and nose
o Do secondary survey to check for any injuries
o Monitor the victim’s ABC until medical help arrives
What is the first aid for fever convulsions?
 Protect the child frominjury
 Clear the area of any hard objects that could causeinjury
 Loosen tight clothing
 Do not restrain the child
 When the convulsion stops,placethe child in the recovery position
 Reassurethe child’s parents
 Seek medical help
What is the first aid for hyperthermia (fever)?
 Call the child’s doctor and followhis advice
 Give Acetaminophen for fever
 Encourage the child to drink
 Give sponge bath with lukewarm water for 20 minutes
 Monitor the child’s temperature
Signs and symptoms of an impending heart attack.
Signs;
 Shortness of breath
 Paleness,sweatingand other signs of shock
 Vomiting
 Unconsciousness
Symptoms:
 Crushingchestpain which may or may not be severe
 Shortness of breath
 Fear, feeling doom
 Feeling of indigestion
 Nausea
 Pain or weakness radiatingfromthe neck shoulder and upper arm

34. A 58 year old man is walking chest pains (angina)/ a 58 year old man has a signs of heart attack. What will you do?
 Get medical help immediately call 911
 Pleasethe victimin semi-sittingposition to ease the work of the heart and help breathing
 Loosen tight clothingatthe neck, chest and waist
 Preserve body heat by coveringthe victimwith blanket
 Reassurethe victim
 Assistthe victimwith his prescribed medications
 Monitor ABC closely whilewaitingfor medical help
 Be prepared to give rescue breathing or CPR when needed.
Give some signs and symptoms of stroke
Signs:
 Decrease level of consciousness
 Paralysisof facial muscles
 Slurred speech
 Difficulty of swallowing
 Droolingof saliva
 Unsteady gait
 Loss of coordination
 Bower and bladder incontinence
 Unequal sizepupils
Symptoms:
 Numbness or weakness of arms or legs
 Severe headache
What is the first aid for stroke?
 Call 911 or obtain medical help
 Monitor the victim’s ABC
 Protect him from injury
 Placehimin semi-sitting position
 Reassurethe victim
 Loosen tight clothing
 Moisten his lips and tonguewith wet cloth when thirsty
 If the victimis unconscious,
o Placehimin the recovery position with the paralysed or weakened sideup
o Do not give anythingby mouth.
A child has severe chemical burn in his arm, what will you do? What is the first aid for spilled chemicals?
 Begin scene survey: check the victim
 Immediately flush the burn area with cool water for 15-20 minutes
 Flush duringremoval of clothing;check the ABC
 Perform primary survey and give firstaid for life-threateningconditions
 If the corrosiveis dry chemical,remove contaminated clothing
 Brush off any dry powder from the skin before flushing,do not use your barehands

35.  After flushing:cover the burned area with a clean dressing
 Seek medical help
When do you suspect poisoning (swallowed/ ingested poisoning)?
Poisoningis suspected if there are the ff signs and symptoms:
 A half or completely empty pill box,cleaningfluid bottleor other containers near or besidethe victim
 Discoloration or burn around the lips and mouth
 Smell on the breath (likegas)
 Vomiting, diarrhea
 Breathing problems
 Unconsciousness
 Nausea
 Severe abdominal pain
How will you handle swallowed corrosives?
1. Call the poison control center
If the person is consciousand you cannotimmediately reach the poison information center,
 Begin scene survey
 Perform primary survey and give firstaid for life – threatening conditions
 Wipe the person’s face to remove any corrosivematerial
 Rinseor wipe out the mouth
 Do not give anythingby mouth, do not offer water or food
 Do not induceor force vomiting
 Obtain medical help quickly
 Monitor the ABC whilewaitingfor medical help
What is the first aid for snake bites?
 Begin scene survey
 Perform primary survey and give firstaid for lifethreatening conditions
 Calmand reassurethe victim
 Placethe victimat rest in semi-sittingposition
 Flush the bite area with soapy water if available
 Do not apply iceto the wound
 Monitor breathingclosely
 Do not try to suck the poison outof the wound with your mouth or cut the bite mark with a knife, it will cause
bacterial infection
 Do not let the person walk
 Do not give the person alcoholicbeverages
What is hypothermia?
Hypothermia is a generalized coolingof the body, with body temperature fallingbelow35 degrees Celsius.Itusually
develops from exposure to abnormally lowtemperature over prolonged period of time.
Signs and symptoms of hypothermia
 Pulsebecomes slow,weak and irregular,itmay be absent in severe hypothermia

36.  Breathing becomes slowand shallow,itmay cease in severe hypothermia
 Shivering
 Slurred speech
 Clumsiness
 Level of consciousnessvaries fromwithdrawn, confused,sleepy irrational to unconscious
What is the management for hypothermia?
 Handlethe victimgently with the leastpossiblemovement
 Remove him from the cold environment or exposure and bringthe victimwith warm blanket
 Protect him from the wind by huddling(group hug)
 Give the victima warm sweet drink. Do not give alcohol or any caffeine-containingdrink
 Monitor breathingand pulse
 If breathing is ineffective, give rescue breathing
 IF VICTIM BECOMES UNCONSCIOUS,
o Obtain medical help immediately
o Carefully cutoff wet clothingand cover the casualty
o Monitor ABC and give firstaid (recue breathingor CPR) when necessary
How do you perform rescue breathing in an adult? (12 breaths per min)
 Perform scene survey
o Assess responsiveness –tap the victim’s shoulder
o Get medical help/ Call 911
 Perform primary survey
o Open the airway- do the head tilt/chin liftmaneuver
o Check for breathing
 Look for the riseand fall of the chest
 Listen for the air comingout of the noseand mouth
 Feel for air comingout of the nose and mouth
o Give 2 slowbreaths
o Check for signs of circulation –feel the carotid pulsefor 10 seconds
o Continue giving1 breath/ 5 seconds or 12 breaths per minute (2 cycles)
o Recheck breathing
o Placethe victimin recovery position,if breathingand continue monitoring ABC whilewaitingfor medical
help to arrive.
(Adult: 24 cycles- breath 1, 1002,1003, 1001)
How do you perform rescue breathing in infants?
 Perform scene survey
o Check for responsiveness – tap the baby’s feet
o Get medical help/ call 911
 Perform primary survey
o Open the airway –do the head tilt/chin liftmanuever
o Listen for breathing
 Look for the riseand fall of the chest
 Listen for air comingout of the nose and mouth
 Feel for air comingout of the nose and mouth
o Give 2 slowbreaths, seal the mouth and nose with your mouth

37. o Check for signs of circulation –feel the brachial pulsefor 10 seconds
o Continue giving1 breath/ 3 seconds or 20 breaths per minute ( 2 cycles)
o Recheck breathing
o Placethe victimin recovery position,if breathingand continue monitoring the ABC whilewaitingfor medical
to arrive
How do you perform CPR in a toddler/child?
 Perform scene survey
o Assess for responsiveness
o Get medical help/ call 911
 Perform primary survey
o Check the ABC
o If no breathingand pulsecan be detected, give CPR
 Landmark for chest compressions
 Give 5 cycles of 30 compressions and 2 ventilations in 2 minutes
 Recheck breathingand circulation
 If nothing can be detected, continue chest compressions and ventilation
 If patient shows sign of recovery, placehimin recovery position and waitfor medical help to arrive
whilemonitoring the ABC continually.(count1-20 the 1-9 = 1 complete cycle)
What is shock? Give common causes of shock.
Shock is a condition of inadequate circulation to the body tissues.It results when the brain,heart, lungs and kidneys
are deprived of Oxygen.
Common causes are:
1. Breathing problems (asthma)
2. Severe bleeding
3. Severe burns
4. Spinal cord injuries
5. Heart attack
6. Medical emergencies likediabetes, allergy and poisoning
Signs and symptoms of shock
Signs:
 Restlessness
 Decreased consciousness
 Paleskin atfirst,later becoming blue(cyanosis)
 Cold, clammy skin
 Profuse sweating
 Vomiting
 Shallow,irregular breathing
 Weak, rapid pulsewhich may be absent in severe cases
Symptoms:
 Feeling of anxiety or doom
 Dizziness or confusion
 Extreme thirst

38.  Nausea
 Faintness
 Pain
What is the first aid for shock?
 Get medical help
 Give prompt and effective firstaid for any injury or illness
 Reassurethe casualty
 Loosen tight clothingaround the neck, chest and waist
 Placethe victimin the shock position –feet and legs raised about30 cm (12 in)
 Cover the victimwith blanketabove and underneath to preserve body heat
 Give nothing by mouth (NPO)
 Moisten the lips only if the victimcomplains of thirst
 Monitor the ABC until medical help arrives
What will you do if you see an unconscious person?
 Perform scene survey
o Check for responsiveness
o Get medical help
 Perform primary survey and give firstaid for life-threateningconditions (ABC)
 Loosen tight clothing
 Placethe victimin recovery position and continueto monitor his ABC until medical help arrives.
What causes fainting and what is the management for fainting?
Faintingmaybe caused by:
1. Fatigue, hunger or lack of fresh air
2. Fear and anxiety
3. Long periods of standingor sitting
4. Severe pain,injury or illness
First aid for fainting is as follows:
 Act quickly and put the person down in shock position
 Ensure a supply of fresh air
 Loosen tight clothingaround the neck, waistand chest
 If you cannotlay the person down, have him sitwith his head and shoulders lowered
 When the victimbecomes unconscious,managehim similar to the firstaid for unconsciousperson
 When he recovers or regains consciousness,makehimcomfortable but keep him lyingdown in shock position for 10 -
15 minutes.