This document summarizes the evolution of computers from early calculating devices to modern machines. It describes the abacus, Napier bones, Pascaline, and Leibniz calculator as early mechanical aids. Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine introduced programming, while Herman Hollerith's punched cards allowed data storage. Generations of computers are defined by their components: vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. Major developments increased efficiency, capacity, size, and cost-effectiveness over the generations.

2. Unit 1
The Evolution of Computers

3. Chapter Review
Part-I

4. • A computer is an
automatic, electronic,
data processing system.
• It accepts data, performs
operations on data,
presents data and stores
output as needed.
Computer:

5. Data Information
Raw facts and figures are
called Data.
Processed data is called
information.
How computers process data?

6. How computers have changed over time?
The Abacus was invented in 1200
C.E by Chinese used to add and
subtract numbers.
Napier Bones was invented in 1617
by John Napier and was used to
multiply and divide numbers.

7. The Pascaline was invented in
1642 by Blaise Pascal, operated
wheels and could add and
subtract numbers.
The Leibniz Calculator was invented
in 1694 by Gottfried Leibniz, used
wheels to add and subtract but
also can multiply and divide.

8. The Punched Card was invented in
1801 by Joseph Jacquard and were
used to give instructions to
computers.
Difference Engine and Analytical
Engine was invented in 19th century
by
Charles Babbage, Difference Engine
was an automatic mechanical
calculator, used for arithmetic
calculations. But analytical engine
was used to give programming
instructions.

9. Significance of Charles Babbage’s contribution to the
development of computer technology
Charles Babbage’s contribution to the development of computer
technology has very significant because he had drawn a path for
future in computer developments. His work on the analytical and
difference engines helped the electronic computer to take shape.
These machines showed how calculations and data processing
could be carried out through programming an electronic machine.

10. • Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace wrote
these instructions as she wrote these
instructions.
Use of punched cards in computers for
instructions and for storage
The Punched Card storage device
was invented in 1891 by
Dr. Herman Hollerith, called
tabulating machine, helps to sort and
store data.

11. 1
st Generation Computer
 It starts from 1942-1956,used Vacuum Tubes
were very big,expensive and consumed alot
of electricity. For example: UNIVAC and ENIAC
2nd Generation Of Computer
 It starts from1956-64.They used transistors
and were smaller, faster and cheaper and
consumed less electricity than 1st generation
computers.

12. 3rd Generation Computers
 It starts from1964-1972.They used I.Cs and
were faster, cheaper, smaller and reliable
than 1st and 2nd generation computers.
4th Generation Of Computer
 This generation starts from1972 to
onward, uses microprocessor and are
smaller, portable, reliable and cheaper,
having high storage capacity.

13. Activity:
Tell the name of following devices.

14.  Revolution of micro-controllers makes the
devices Smart and are called dedicated
computers. they are also known as
embedded computers
5thGeneration Of Computer
 The fifth generation computers are still
undergoing development.
 They will have artificial intelligence and able to
recognize image, objects and weather
forecasting

15. Major development in data processing form
1st generation to the 5th generation
From the first generation to the fifth generation, data processing
has become more efficient and convenient.
The processing capacity of vacuum tubes had limited but they were
replaced by transistors, ICs, and microprocessors. The storage
capacity has also increased over the generations.
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