Computer evolution began with early humans using tools like fingers, stones, and marks to calculate and has progressed through various eras and generations of increasingly advanced technologies. Early ancient devices included the abacus, Napier's bones, and the slide rule. Mechanical computers then provided more advanced calculation abilities. The electronic era began in 1946 and has progressed from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits and now includes artificial intelligence and future possibilities like molecular computers. The future of computing continues to expand capabilities but also raises questions about its threats and our readiness for further advancement.

1. Computer Evolution
(0 to infinity)
Sandeep Kaur

2. Man's desire to think out of Box

3. Origin of Computing
With early man who used fingers,
Stones, sticks, marks on walls,
sand , etc.

4. Ancient Computing Devices
● Abacus
● Napier's Bones
● Slide Rule

5. Abacus
Abacus was developed by
Chinese in 3000 B.C. It
is built up of wood and
beads. It is used in
schools and by
shopkeepers in Asia.

6. Napier's Bones ( 1617)
Napier's bones were
multiplication tables written
on strips of bones, ivory,
silver, or wood.
The invention was used for
simplifying multiplication,
division, and taking square
roots and cube roots.

7. William Oughtred's Slide rule
Developed in 1622, it
was the primary
calculator of engineers
through 19th and early
20th century.
It is based on
logarithms.

8. Mechanical Computers Era
(1642 - 1890)

9. Blaise Pascal's Calculator (1642)
Numbers are dialed on metal wheels in front of
the calculator and solution appears in little
window along top.
This calculator speed up the arithmetic
calculations.

10. Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner (1694)
First Calculator that could perform
all four arithmetic operations :
addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division. However
there were some design
defects in it.

11. Jacquard's Loom (1801)
First automatic draw
loom by means of a
series of instructions
given to the threads
by a punched card
system.

12. Charles Babbage's Analytical
& Difference Engine (1834)
Analytical Engine
consisted of 4 parts :
an input device, a mill
(processing unit), a
storage device, and an
output device.

13. The First Computer Programmer
Ada Byron Lovelace (1815 – 1852)
was the world's first computer
programmer.
In 1842, Ada was asked to write
a scientific interpretation of
the Analytical Engine and its
operations which later became
first explanation of computer
programming.
There's also a computer
language, Ada named after her.

14. Electro - Mechanical Computers Era
(1890 - 1946)

15. Hollerith's tabulating Machine (1890)
A mechanical tabulator
based on punched cards to
rapidly tabulate statistics
from millions of
pieces of
data.

16. Howard Aiken's Harvard Mark 1
(1944)
Howard Aiken, was
supported by IBM to build
an electro – mechanical
computer which began
computations for the U.S.
Navy Bureau of Ships.

17. The First Computer Bug
Dr. Grace Murray Hopper worked
with Howard Aiken from 1944 and
used his machine for gunnery and
ballistics calculation.
One day, the program she was
running gave incorrect results and,
upon examination, a moth was
found blocking one of the relays.
The bug was then removed.

18. Electronic Era
(1946 - today)

19. The First Generation (1946-1958) :
Vacuum Tubes
Thousand of vacuum tubes
were used to build it.
Space of several floors in big
buildings was used.
They used magnetic drums for
memory.
Machine language was used
then.

21. Facts
● 1950- Cloud Computing Introduced.
● 1951-1953– IBM sells over 1,000 IBM 650
systems.
● 1952– Dr. Grace Hopper introduces
the A6 Compiler.

22. The Second Generation (1958-1964) :
Transistors
A typical second-generation
computer contained 10,000
transistors hand soldered and
connected by wires. They
used magnetic core
technology for memory.
Used assembly & high level
languages.

24. Facts
● 1959-Introduction of the removable
disk pack, providing users with fast
access to stored data.
● 1963-ASCII (American Standard Code
for Information Interchange)
introduced which enables computers
to exchange information.

25. The Third Generation (1965-1970) :
Integrated Circuits
In this, fabrication of various
circuit elements was done in a
single chip.
Magnetic hard disks were
developed for storage
purposes.
Simple programming languages
like BASIC were introduced.

27. Facts
● 1965—Digital Equipment Corporation
(DEC) introduces the first
minicomputer.
● 1969—Introduction of ARPANET and
the beginning of the Internet.
● 1960- UNIX was developed, a
multitasking & multiuser OS.

28. The Fourth Generation (1972-1984) :
Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the
fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits
were built on to a single silicon
chip.
Operating systems based on the
Graphical User Interface (GUI) like
Microsoft Windows1.0(1985) were
developed.

30. Facts
● 1977- Apple Computer Inc. Founded.
● 1981- Introduction of the IBM PC.
● 1981- Xerox Star introduced first
graphical User interface window.

31. The Fifth Generation (1984 - today) :
Artificial Intelligence & Robotics
Artificial intelligence(AI) is the
ability of machines to have human
capabilities, such as the five
senses(to See, hear, feel, taste,
smell), plus, understanding,
communication, reasoning, learning,
learning from past experiences,
planning, and problem solving..

33. Facts
● 1993-2000—Intel, Linux and
Microsoft lead the way in
computer upgrades.
● 1997--Internet and WWW users
estimated at 50 million.
● 3D, 5D Technology introduced.

35. Future ( Yet to come)
Molecular computers expected,
Composed of millions of DNA
(Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) strands in
plastic tubes. THERE IS A POWERFUL
computer hidden inside humans
beings. It's not the brain but it’s
DNA.
Learning capability.

36. Why Artificial Intelligence?
What are the threats it may pose?
Are we ready for this?
What is going to happen in next 5
years & in far future>?

37. Future is still ours..
&
Its gonna be more
magical ! :)

38. Thank You>