The document provides a history of computers from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to early modern computers. It describes inventions like Napier's Bones, the slide rule, Pascal's calculator, and the stepped reckoner that helped advance calculating capabilities. Punched cards were introduced that could store data and instructions. Figures like Babbage, Hollerith, and Von Neumann then developed early programmable computers like the Mark I, ENIAC, and EDVAC. The first computer for commercial use was the UNIVAC, which was given to the US Bureau of Census in 1951.

1. History of
Computers

2. Table of Contents
 History of Computers
o Abacus
o John Napier’s Bone
o Slide Rule
o Blaise Rule
o Stepped Reckoner
o Punched Cards
o Charles Babbage
o Herman Hollerith
o The Mark I Computer
o The ENIAC
o The EDVAC
o The UNIVAC

3. History of Computer
 Computer was invented because “Necessity is the
mother of invention”
 Man always searched for a fast calculating device.
 It took a long time to invent digital computers.
 A brief history behind the invention of computer in
discussed in further slides:

4. Abacus
 Abacus was first computing device.
 Abacus was an early aid for mathematical computations.
 Its only value is that it aids the memory of the human performing
the calculation.
 Abacus a wooden rack holding two horizontal wires with beads
strung on them. When these beads
are moved around, according to the
programming rules that are
memorized by the user, all
regular arithmetic problems
can be done.

5. John Napier’s Bone
 John Napier was a Scottish mathematician.
 Napier developed a mechanical method for performing
multiplication and division. This method, known as "Napier's
bones“.
 It was based upon manipulation of rods with printed digits. The
rods were made of bone, ivory, wood, or metal.
 Napier's bones became a very popular
device for calculating in England and
western Europe, because most people
lacked these mathematical skills.

6. Slide Rule
 Napier's invention led directly to the slide rule.
 First built in England in 1632 and still in use in the 1960's by the
NASA engineers of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs
which landed men on the moon.

7. Blaise Pascal
 In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented the Pascaline.
 The device was called Pascal’s calculator or the Pascaline or the
Arithmetique.
 The first Pascaline could only handle 5-digit numbers, but later
Pascal developed 6 digit and 8 digit versions of the Pascaline.
 The machine contained different metal wheels. Each wheel
displayed digit 0 to 9.
 Pascal invented and
build the first digital
calculator

8. Stepped Reckoner
 Just a few years after Pascal, the German Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz managed to build a four-function (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division) calculator that he called the stepped
reckoner.
 Instead of gears, it employed fluted drums having ten flutes
arranged around their circumference in a stair-step fashion.
 Although the stepped reckoner employed the decimal number
system (each drum had 10 flutes).
 Leibniz was the first to advocate use
of the binary number system which
is fundamental to the operation of
modern computers.

9. Punched Cards
 In 1801 the Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a power
loom that could base its weave (and hence the design on the
fabric) upon a pattern automatically read from punched wooden
cards, held together in a long row by rope.
 Descendents of these punched
cards have been in use ever
since.

10. Charles Babbage
 In 1822, a mathematician Charles Babbage was proposing a
steam driven calculating machine the size of a room, which he
called the Difference Engine.
 This machine would be able to compute tables of numbers, such
as logarithm tables.
 In 1842, he developed the analytical Engine that was automatic.
This engine could perform
60 additions per minute.

11. Herman Hollerith
 In 1890 by Herman Hollerith, who worked for the US. Census
Bureau.
 They developed devices that could read the information that had
been punched into the cards automatically, without human help.
 Because of this, reading errors were reduced dramatically, work
flow increased and most importantly,
stacks of punched cards could be
used as easily accessible memory
of almost unlimited size.

12. The Mark I Computer
 One early success was the Harvard Mark I computer which was
built as a partnership between Harvard and IBM in 1944.
 This was the first programmable digital computer made in the
U.S.
 It was not a purely electronic computer.
 Instead the Mark I was constructed out of switches, relays,
rotating shafts, and clutches.
 The machine weighed 5 tons,
incorporated 500 miles of wire,
was 8 feet tall and 51 feet long,
and had a 50 ft rotating shaft
running its length, turned by a
5 horsepower electric motor.

13. The ENIAC
 ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator.
 It was invented by J.P.Eckert and John Mauchy in 1946.
 It could perform 5000 additions per second.
 It consumed 140 kilo watts of power.
 It was very heavy and large in size.
 It was first electronic computer.

14. The EDVAC
 EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Calculator.
 It was developed by Dr. John Von Neumann.
 It could store instructions
and data.

15. The UNIVAC
 UNIVAC stands for Universal Automatic Machine.
 It was first computer for commercial use.
 It was given to US Bureau of census in 1951.
 It was manufactured for both scientific and commercial
applications.

16. References
 http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/History.htm
 http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3401200105.html
 https://www.educalc.net/196488.page
 http://www.seattlecentral.edu/~ymoh/history_of_computer/history_of_comput
er.htm