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A personal computer is a computer that can perform all inputs, outputs, processing, and storage independently. The document discusses the history and types of personal computers, including desktop PCs, laptops, notebooks, netbooks, tablet PCs, workstations, mainframes, servers, and mobile phones. It provides examples of early personal computers like the Apple II and describes characteristics of different types like their size, weight, and typical uses.
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This document discusses different types of game controllers used to control objects in video games. It describes controllers like keyboards, mice, game pads, and joysticks. Game pads are the main input device for video game consoles, consisting of buttons and a directional controller. Joysticks are another popular controller type and are used to control vehicles or machines in games. They contain elements like a stick, base, buttons, and directional switches.
Computers are classified into three main types based on size and capacity: mainframe computers which are large and powerful used by many users at once in large organizations; minicomputers which are medium-sized used by many users at once in small organizations; and microcomputers or personal computers which are small and meant for individual use like desktops, laptops, and other mobile devices.
The History and Generation of ComputersShayan Amir
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the first to fifth generation. It describes the key characteristics of each generation as computers evolved from using vacuum tubes in the first generation to integrated circuits in the third generation to microprocessors in the fourth generation. The goal of the proposed fifth generation is to develop devices with artificial intelligence that can understand natural language and have learning capabilities.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming. It discusses that a computer program is a list of instructions that the computer follows to accept input, process it, and present results. Programming is both an art and a science. Programs fall into application programs, which perform functions for users, and operating systems, which manage computer resources. A programmer uses a text editor to write source code in a programming language, which is then translated into machine-readable object code by compilers, interpreters, or assemblers. The document then describes the basic parts of a computer and operating system functions. It also discusses high-level programming languages and provides a basic example program in C.
This document discusses different types of computers:
Desktop PCs have a separate base unit containing components and are meant for desks, while laptops are portable but more expensive. Netbooks are smaller and cheaper than laptops. Tablets have touchscreens instead of keyboards/mice and are limited compared to laptops. PDAs were similar to smartphones but are now uncommon. Games consoles are for playing video games and media. Mobile phones allow calling and messaging on the go. Desktop base units house components like drives and motherboards.
This document provides a history of computers from their origins to modern personal computers. It describes how the first computers in the 1930s-40s were large electronic devices that used vacuum tubes. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation from 1947-1962, making computers smaller and more reliable. The third generation from 1963 onward saw computers become smaller, more powerful, and able to run multiple programs at once. Personal computer types developed, including desktop models for offices, laptop/notebook computers, and smaller palmtop computers.
A personal computer is a computer that can perform all inputs, outputs, processing, and storage independently. The document discusses the history and types of personal computers, including desktop PCs, laptops, notebooks, netbooks, tablet PCs, workstations, mainframes, servers, and mobile phones. It provides examples of early personal computers like the Apple II and describes characteristics of different types like their size, weight, and typical uses.
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This document discusses different types of game controllers used to control objects in video games. It describes controllers like keyboards, mice, game pads, and joysticks. Game pads are the main input device for video game consoles, consisting of buttons and a directional controller. Joysticks are another popular controller type and are used to control vehicles or machines in games. They contain elements like a stick, base, buttons, and directional switches.
Computers are classified into three main types based on size and capacity: mainframe computers which are large and powerful used by many users at once in large organizations; minicomputers which are medium-sized used by many users at once in small organizations; and microcomputers or personal computers which are small and meant for individual use like desktops, laptops, and other mobile devices.
The History and Generation of ComputersShayan Amir
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the first to fifth generation. It describes the key characteristics of each generation as computers evolved from using vacuum tubes in the first generation to integrated circuits in the third generation to microprocessors in the fourth generation. The goal of the proposed fifth generation is to develop devices with artificial intelligence that can understand natural language and have learning capabilities.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming. It discusses that a computer program is a list of instructions that the computer follows to accept input, process it, and present results. Programming is both an art and a science. Programs fall into application programs, which perform functions for users, and operating systems, which manage computer resources. A programmer uses a text editor to write source code in a programming language, which is then translated into machine-readable object code by compilers, interpreters, or assemblers. The document then describes the basic parts of a computer and operating system functions. It also discusses high-level programming languages and provides a basic example program in C.
This document discusses different types of computers:
Desktop PCs have a separate base unit containing components and are meant for desks, while laptops are portable but more expensive. Netbooks are smaller and cheaper than laptops. Tablets have touchscreens instead of keyboards/mice and are limited compared to laptops. PDAs were similar to smartphones but are now uncommon. Games consoles are for playing video games and media. Mobile phones allow calling and messaging on the go. Desktop base units house components like drives and motherboards.
This document provides a history of computers from their origins to modern personal computers. It describes how the first computers in the 1930s-40s were large electronic devices that used vacuum tubes. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation from 1947-1962, making computers smaller and more reliable. The third generation from 1963 onward saw computers become smaller, more powerful, and able to run multiple programs at once. Personal computer types developed, including desktop models for offices, laptop/notebook computers, and smaller palmtop computers.
High-level languages like C, FORTRAN, and Pascal allow programmers to write programs independently of a particular computer's architecture. They are considered "high-level" because they are more similar to human languages than machine languages. Examples are Python, C, Fortran, and Pascal, which have syntax that is closer to human languages and easier for humans to read compared to low-level languages like assembly, which are closer to machine languages.
The document defines different types of computers. It begins by explaining that a computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process it, and provide results. It then lists and describes 9 main categories of computers: super computers, mainframe computers, mini computers, micro computers, desktop computers, laptop computers, handheld computers, tablet computers, and single board computers. It provides details about each type, such as their typical uses, sizes, and capabilities.
This document discusses different types of computers categorized by functionality, size, speed, and cost. It describes analog computers that use continuously variable aspects like electrical signals to model problems, digital computers that use binary digits to perform calculations and operations, and hybrid computers that have both analog and digital components. The document also discusses classification by size as microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers. It provides examples and characteristics of each type.
Digital computers use electronic technology to process data represented as strings of 1s and 0s. There are several types of computers:
Microcomputers are small and inexpensive, containing a microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices like PCs. Minicomputers emerged in the 1960s, filling the space between mainframes and microcomputers. Mainframes are large, reliable computers used for mission-critical tasks requiring high volumes of data. Supercomputers have tens of thousands of processors capable of billions of calculations per second, used for massive computing tasks.
Computer languages allow humans to communicate with computers. There are two main types: low-level languages like machine language using 1s and 0s that are easy for computers to understand but hard for humans, and high-level languages like Python and Java that use words and symbols humans can understand but require compilation. Low-level languages interact directly with hardware while high-level languages are portable, easier to execute but less efficient in memory usage. High-level languages are more commonly used today.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were enormous in size, and had low processing speeds. The second generation used transistors, were smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, which were faster and cheaper to produce. The fourth generation used microprocessors, allowing computers to become smaller and more personal. Current computers are considered fifth generation, pursuing artificial intelligence and new technologies like quantum computing.
This document categorizes computers based on their operation and size. It discusses analog computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers which combine aspects of both. Digital computers are further broken down by size into supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. It also covers different types of computers for individual users like desktops, laptops, tablets, palmtops, and smartphones.
The document discusses latest computing devices including the Mac Mini, tablet PCs, and ultrabooks. It also discusses latest technology innovations such as robotics, types of robotics, and their uses. Robotics are defined and various types are described including mobile, industrial, domestic, medical, service, and military robots. Their uses in areas like factories, surgery, mail delivery, and entertainment are provided. The challenges of robots including their costs and inability to respond in emergencies are also noted. The document concludes with a discussion of communication and networking technologies and the definition and focus of social networking services.
This document discusses various secondary storage devices, including floppy disks, hard disks, CDs, DVDs, USB drives, and Blu-ray discs. It provides details on the history and evolution of floppy disks, describing their decreasing sizes over time from 8 inches to 3.5 inches. Hard disks are described as using rapidly rotating discs coated with magnetic material to store and retrieve data. CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are all described as optical storage using lasers, with each subsequent technology providing higher storage capacity and data transfer speeds.
This module discusses the history and uses of computers in education. It covers the five generations of computers from vacuum tubes to artificial intelligence. Some key uses of computers discussed include better presentation of information, access to online resources, and data storage. Both advantages like efficient storage and quick processing, and disadvantages like technical issues and plagiarism are reviewed. Graphic tools, desktop publishing, databases, and similarities of hardware and software are also summarized.
This document classifies and describes different types of computers. It discusses analog computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers. It then focuses on classifications of microcomputers like home computers, personal computers, mini computers, laptop computers, mainframe computers, super computers, wearable computers, and palm computers. For each type of computer, it provides a brief description of its key features and examples. The overall document aims to provide an overview of how computers can be classified according to their size and logical functions.
Computer languages allow humans to communicate with computers through programming. There are different types of computer languages at different levels of abstraction from machine language up to high-level languages. High-level languages are closer to human language while low-level languages are closer to machine-readable code. Programs written in high-level languages require compilers or interpreters to convert them to machine-readable code that can be executed by computers.
In computer engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems. Some definitions of architecture define it as describing the capabilities and programming model of a computer but not a particular implementation.
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This document provides information about different types of computers:
- Digital computers operate using binary digits (0s and 1s) and can be classified by purpose (special vs general) and size/performance (microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, supercomputers).
- Analog computers use continuously variable physical quantities like voltage to model problems. Hybrid computers have features of both analog and digital computers.
- The document describes characteristics of microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers and provides examples of computers in each category. It also briefly discusses analog, hybrid, and personal computers.
A computer is a device that accepts input, processes it according to programmed instructions, and produces output. Computers can be classified by function, data type handled, and size/processing power. They range from special purpose computers designed for single tasks to general purpose computers that can perform many tasks. Computers are also classified as analog, digital, or hybrid based on the type of data handled. Classification by size includes supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers such as desktops, laptops, and embedded systems. While computers are very capable, they are limited in that they require programming and cannot think or feel independently.
The document provides an introduction to digital computers, including their components, characteristics, types, and generations. It discusses the Von Neumann and Harvard architectures. It describes the components of a computer system including input, storage, processing, output, and control units. It also covers topics like analog computers, digital computers, microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
There are three main types of ROM: PROM, which can be programmed once using a special device; EPROM, which can be erased and reprogrammed using ultraviolet light; and EEPROM, which can be electrically erased and reprogrammed and is commonly used on circuit boards to store small amounts of data and instructions.
There are two types of programming languages: low-level languages which are machine-oriented and difficult for humans, and high-level languages which are easier for humans to read and write. Programs are initially written in a high-level language and then compiled into machine-executable code. Common high-level programming languages include C, C++, Java, PHP, and Visual Basic.NET.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the first to fifth generation. [1] The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large in size. [2] The second generation used transistors and were smaller with magnetic storage. [3] The third generation used integrated circuits and were smaller still with multiple users accessing remote terminals.
The Four Main Components And History Of Computers discusses the history and components of computers. It describes the four main components - input devices, output devices, secondary storage, and the processor and primary storage. Input devices allow users to input data, like keyboards and mice. Output devices send data from the computer to the user, like monitors and printers. Secondary storage serves as additional storage beyond the primary storage and includes hard drives. The processor and primary storage temporarily hold data and files while the computer is running.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on introduction to computers. It discusses the history of computers from early counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It then covers the five generations of computers defined by technological advances. The document defines what a computer is and describes the basic parts of a computer system including input, processing, output, memory, storage, and peripheral devices. It provides examples of how computers are used in personal, business, and educational settings. Finally, it discusses the essential hardware components of a computer system including the processor, memory, input/output devices, and storage.
High-level languages like C, FORTRAN, and Pascal allow programmers to write programs independently of a particular computer's architecture. They are considered "high-level" because they are more similar to human languages than machine languages. Examples are Python, C, Fortran, and Pascal, which have syntax that is closer to human languages and easier for humans to read compared to low-level languages like assembly, which are closer to machine languages.
The document defines different types of computers. It begins by explaining that a computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process it, and provide results. It then lists and describes 9 main categories of computers: super computers, mainframe computers, mini computers, micro computers, desktop computers, laptop computers, handheld computers, tablet computers, and single board computers. It provides details about each type, such as their typical uses, sizes, and capabilities.
This document discusses different types of computers categorized by functionality, size, speed, and cost. It describes analog computers that use continuously variable aspects like electrical signals to model problems, digital computers that use binary digits to perform calculations and operations, and hybrid computers that have both analog and digital components. The document also discusses classification by size as microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers. It provides examples and characteristics of each type.
Digital computers use electronic technology to process data represented as strings of 1s and 0s. There are several types of computers:
Microcomputers are small and inexpensive, containing a microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices like PCs. Minicomputers emerged in the 1960s, filling the space between mainframes and microcomputers. Mainframes are large, reliable computers used for mission-critical tasks requiring high volumes of data. Supercomputers have tens of thousands of processors capable of billions of calculations per second, used for massive computing tasks.
Computer languages allow humans to communicate with computers. There are two main types: low-level languages like machine language using 1s and 0s that are easy for computers to understand but hard for humans, and high-level languages like Python and Java that use words and symbols humans can understand but require compilation. Low-level languages interact directly with hardware while high-level languages are portable, easier to execute but less efficient in memory usage. High-level languages are more commonly used today.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were enormous in size, and had low processing speeds. The second generation used transistors, were smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, which were faster and cheaper to produce. The fourth generation used microprocessors, allowing computers to become smaller and more personal. Current computers are considered fifth generation, pursuing artificial intelligence and new technologies like quantum computing.
This document categorizes computers based on their operation and size. It discusses analog computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers which combine aspects of both. Digital computers are further broken down by size into supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. It also covers different types of computers for individual users like desktops, laptops, tablets, palmtops, and smartphones.
The document discusses latest computing devices including the Mac Mini, tablet PCs, and ultrabooks. It also discusses latest technology innovations such as robotics, types of robotics, and their uses. Robotics are defined and various types are described including mobile, industrial, domestic, medical, service, and military robots. Their uses in areas like factories, surgery, mail delivery, and entertainment are provided. The challenges of robots including their costs and inability to respond in emergencies are also noted. The document concludes with a discussion of communication and networking technologies and the definition and focus of social networking services.
This document discusses various secondary storage devices, including floppy disks, hard disks, CDs, DVDs, USB drives, and Blu-ray discs. It provides details on the history and evolution of floppy disks, describing their decreasing sizes over time from 8 inches to 3.5 inches. Hard disks are described as using rapidly rotating discs coated with magnetic material to store and retrieve data. CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are all described as optical storage using lasers, with each subsequent technology providing higher storage capacity and data transfer speeds.
This module discusses the history and uses of computers in education. It covers the five generations of computers from vacuum tubes to artificial intelligence. Some key uses of computers discussed include better presentation of information, access to online resources, and data storage. Both advantages like efficient storage and quick processing, and disadvantages like technical issues and plagiarism are reviewed. Graphic tools, desktop publishing, databases, and similarities of hardware and software are also summarized.
This document classifies and describes different types of computers. It discusses analog computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers. It then focuses on classifications of microcomputers like home computers, personal computers, mini computers, laptop computers, mainframe computers, super computers, wearable computers, and palm computers. For each type of computer, it provides a brief description of its key features and examples. The overall document aims to provide an overview of how computers can be classified according to their size and logical functions.
Computer languages allow humans to communicate with computers through programming. There are different types of computer languages at different levels of abstraction from machine language up to high-level languages. High-level languages are closer to human language while low-level languages are closer to machine-readable code. Programs written in high-level languages require compilers or interpreters to convert them to machine-readable code that can be executed by computers.
In computer engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems. Some definitions of architecture define it as describing the capabilities and programming model of a computer but not a particular implementation.
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@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
-----> https://instagram.com/mentality_streak?utm_medium=copy_link
@ Appreciate my work:
-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
Thank-you !
This document provides information about different types of computers:
- Digital computers operate using binary digits (0s and 1s) and can be classified by purpose (special vs general) and size/performance (microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, supercomputers).
- Analog computers use continuously variable physical quantities like voltage to model problems. Hybrid computers have features of both analog and digital computers.
- The document describes characteristics of microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers and provides examples of computers in each category. It also briefly discusses analog, hybrid, and personal computers.
A computer is a device that accepts input, processes it according to programmed instructions, and produces output. Computers can be classified by function, data type handled, and size/processing power. They range from special purpose computers designed for single tasks to general purpose computers that can perform many tasks. Computers are also classified as analog, digital, or hybrid based on the type of data handled. Classification by size includes supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers such as desktops, laptops, and embedded systems. While computers are very capable, they are limited in that they require programming and cannot think or feel independently.
The document provides an introduction to digital computers, including their components, characteristics, types, and generations. It discusses the Von Neumann and Harvard architectures. It describes the components of a computer system including input, storage, processing, output, and control units. It also covers topics like analog computers, digital computers, microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
There are three main types of ROM: PROM, which can be programmed once using a special device; EPROM, which can be erased and reprogrammed using ultraviolet light; and EEPROM, which can be electrically erased and reprogrammed and is commonly used on circuit boards to store small amounts of data and instructions.
There are two types of programming languages: low-level languages which are machine-oriented and difficult for humans, and high-level languages which are easier for humans to read and write. Programs are initially written in a high-level language and then compiled into machine-executable code. Common high-level programming languages include C, C++, Java, PHP, and Visual Basic.NET.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the first to fifth generation. [1] The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large in size. [2] The second generation used transistors and were smaller with magnetic storage. [3] The third generation used integrated circuits and were smaller still with multiple users accessing remote terminals.
The Four Main Components And History Of Computers discusses the history and components of computers. It describes the four main components - input devices, output devices, secondary storage, and the processor and primary storage. Input devices allow users to input data, like keyboards and mice. Output devices send data from the computer to the user, like monitors and printers. Secondary storage serves as additional storage beyond the primary storage and includes hard drives. The processor and primary storage temporarily hold data and files while the computer is running.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on introduction to computers. It discusses the history of computers from early counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It then covers the five generations of computers defined by technological advances. The document defines what a computer is and describes the basic parts of a computer system including input, processing, output, memory, storage, and peripheral devices. It provides examples of how computers are used in personal, business, and educational settings. Finally, it discusses the essential hardware components of a computer system including the processor, memory, input/output devices, and storage.
historyof computer and generation of computerdivyajohnisg
The document provides a history of computers from early human computers to modern devices. It describes the earliest mechanical calculating devices like the abacus. The first programmable computers were invented in the 1800s but were still mechanical. The first electronic computer, ENIAC, was completed in 1946. Integrated circuits in the third generation made computers smaller and cheaper. The fourth generation saw the development of microprocessors and networks. The fifth generation pursues artificial intelligence capabilities.
This document discusses the history and development of computers from ancient counting tools to modern devices. It describes how early inventors like Blaise Pascal, Charles Babbage, and Herman Hollerith created early mechanical counting and data processing machines. It then discusses the first modern computers like the Mark I, ENIAC, and EDVAC, which were electric and used binary code. These innovations transformed computers from single-purpose machines into versatile general-purpose programmable devices.
SSC-ICT 7_History of Computer_031810.pptxHaruHaru68
The document provides information about the history of computers and different generations of computers. It discusses:
- The first generation of computers from 1946-1959 which used vacuum tubes and had limitations like being unreliable, costly, slow, and generating a lot of heat. Examples included ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM 701, and IBM 650.
- The second generation from 1959-1965 started using transistors, making computers cheaper, more compact, reliable, and faster than the first generation. Magnetic cores, tapes, and disks were used for storage. Languages included FORTRAN and COBOL.
- Further generations saw the introduction of integrated circuits, microprocessors, personal computers, and newer technologies
History of Computer, History of Computing, Evolution of Computer, Generations of Computer, Past Present and Future of Computer, Abacus, Differential Engine, Analytical Engine
The document provides an introduction to information technology and computer organization. It discusses the history of computers from mechanical calculators to modern digital computers. The five generations of computers are defined based on the underlying technologies used - from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits. The document focuses on the evolution of computers and technologies over time that led to improvements in performance, capacity, size and cost.
1) A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data as input, processes it, and generates output. It can perform both simple and complex operations quickly and accurately.
2) Computers have two basic parts - hardware which are the physical components, and software which are sets of instructions.
3) Computers have evolved through five generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits to microprocessors. Modern computers are classified based on their size and use.
The history of computers began around 2000 years ago with the invention of the abacus. In the 1940s, during World War 2, governments began funding the development of early computers like ENIAC to help with weapons development and calculations. The first programmable, general-purpose, electronic digital computer was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948. Major advances in the 1970s included the invention of the hard disk drive and the first operating system for microcomputers, CP/M. By the 1990s, advances in integrated circuits made computers much smaller, cheaper and more accessible to the public.
The history of computer development occurred in generations, with each generation experiencing major technological advancements. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large, filling entire rooms. The second generation introduced transistors, magnetic core memory, and programming languages. They were smaller using transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits and silicon chips, making computers smaller, faster, and more efficient while allowing interaction through keyboards and monitors.
The document provides a history of computing devices from ancient abacuses to modern computers. It describes the abacus, Schickard's calculating clock, Pascal's Pascaline, Leibniz's stepped reckoner, punched cards, Babbage's difference engine, the Mark 1, ENIAC, and Univac computers. It then summarizes the five generations of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to future fifth generation computers that may use artificial intelligence.
The document provides a history of computing devices from ancient abacuses to modern computers. It describes the abacus, Schickard's calculating clock, Pascal's Pascaline, Leibniz's stepped reckoner, punched cards, Babbage's difference engine, the Mark 1, ENIAC, and Univac computers. It then summarizes the five generations of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to future fifth generation computers that may use artificial intelligence.
The document provides a history of computing devices from ancient abacuses to modern computers. It describes the abacus, Schickard's calculating clock, Pascal's Pascaline, Leibniz's stepped reckoner, punched cards, Babbage's difference engine, the Mark 1, ENIAC, and Univac computers. It then summarizes the five generations of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to future fifth generation computers that may use artificial intelligence.
The document summarizes the history of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It describes the major milestones like the Pascaline mechanical calculator, Babbage's Analytical Engine, the first programmable computer Mark I, and the five generations of computers from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors. Each generation saw improvements in speed, size, cost and capabilities as new technologies like transistors, integrated circuits, and microchips were developed.
The document provides an overview of computers, including:
1) Computers process data at extremely fast rates and with high accuracy through electronic components like processors and memory.
2) Computers have evolved over generations from early mechanical devices to today's electronic digital computers based on integrated circuits and microprocessors.
3) A basic computer is made up of an input unit, output unit, central processing unit, memory unit, and control unit that work together to accept, store, process, and output data according to instructions.
The document provides an overview of computers, including:
1) Computers process data at extremely fast rates and with high accuracy through electronic components like processors and memory.
2) Computers have evolved over generations from early mechanical devices to today's electronic digital computers based on integrated circuits and microprocessors.
3) A basic computer is made up of an input unit, central processing unit, memory unit, arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and output unit that work together to accept, store, process, and output data.
The document summarizes the evolution of computers from the 1940s to present day in generations. The first generation used vacuum tubes and filled entire rooms. The second generation used transistors and were more compact. The third generation used integrated circuits and supported more users and remote communication. The fourth generation used large-scale integration, leading to smaller mini computers and PCs.
The document provides information about computers including:
- A computer is an electronic tool that can store, retrieve, and process data for tasks like typing documents, emailing, playing games, and more.
- The history of computers dates back over 200 years, starting with mechanical calculating machines and advancing to modern digital computers. Key developments included Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine design in the 1830s, the first general-purpose electronic computer ENIAC in 1946, and the first microprocessor in 1971.
- There have been five generations of computers defined by technological advances like integrated circuits, microprocessors, and artificial intelligence. Current computers are highly sophisticated compared to early mechanical designs.
This document provides a historical overview of the development of computers from ancient times to the present. It discusses the major milestones and innovations that progressed computing, including the abacus, mechanical adding machines, punched cards, vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. The development is divided into five generations characterized by the components and technology used. The modern computer era began with the invention of the microprocessor, which allowed computers to become smaller, more affordable personal devices.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of computers from the abacus to modern day computers. It discusses early calculating devices like the abacus, Pascal's adding machine, and Babbage's analytical engine. It then covers the development of programmable, electronic computers starting with ENIAC in the 1940s. The document also describes different generations of computers based on the underlying technology and classifications of computers based on size, speed, and purpose. Finally, it discusses the basic components of a computer system including input, output, memory, arithmetic logic unit, and control unit.
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The document describes a child's experience sledding on a snowy day. The child struggles to get dressed for the cold weather while holding a sled. Upon opening the front door, the child sees that everything is covered in a blanket of snow. The child slides down the sled hill but crashes into a snowbank at the bottom. Cold and wet, the child runs inside for warmth.
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This document discusses the use of technology like iPads and laptops in schools from the perspective of a student. While iPads were provided to all students, some prefer using laptops instead due to various issues with the iPads. The document also notes that not all teachers prefer using iPads. From the student's perspective, laptops are more convenient for the classes they are taking due to the types of work required.
Nick is a powerful speaker who inspires others with his speeches. His speeches emphasize the importance of friendship and how having even one good friend can help reduce suicide and violence, especially among youth. Nick's speeches also provide inspiration to create positive change and bring more peace, love and understanding to the world.
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Chapter 2
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The History Of Computers Essay
1. The History of Computer Development Essay
Every generation of computer experienced a major technological development that basically changed
the way computers operate, thus resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more
efficient and reliable devices .The history of computer development is always referred to in
reference to the different generations of computing devices.
The first generation (1940–1956) is the Vacuum Tubes. The first generation computers used vacuum
tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for their memory, and because of that they big and were
often large, taking up entire rooms to build. They are so expensive to operate because they are
very large and took a lot of maintenance and in addition they use a great deal of electricity and
similarly...show more content...
The second–generation computers are still relied on the punched cards for input and the paper
printouts for output. The second–generation computers have moved from cryptic binary machine
language to languages, or assembly, symbolic, which will allow the programmers to specify the
instructions in words. At this time, high–level of programming languages are also being developed,
such as the early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that able
to store their programmer instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to
magnetic core technology. The first computers of this second–generation were developed for the
atomic energy industry.
Third Generation (1964–1971), the Integrated Circuit. The development of the integrated circuit was
the pioneer of the third generation of computers. The same transistor, but miniature in size and
placed on silicon chip, that are called the semiconductors, which dramatically increase the speed and
efficiency of the computers. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacting with third
generation computers by using the keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system,
which allowed the device to run through many different applications at same time with a central
program that monitoring the memory. Computers for the first time became an accessible to a mass
audience because they were smaller, faster and cheaper than their
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2. The History And How Of Computers
The History and How of Computers Everything you do on a computer or phone is meticulously
programmed. Surfing the web requires HTML, CSS, JavaScript, JQuery, and PHP. Lines upon lines
written such as "$temp = password_hash($object–>password, PASSWORD_BCRYPT);". The binary
zeros and ones of machine code turn into video games, websites, and programs such as what you
are using right now to read this. The age of information was brought forth by the ability to access
all known information and share new knowledge. The unsung founders of the age of information
are programmers that created the links between peers that we now call the World Wide Web. In the
past 200 years, a computer has gone from reading punch cards to running simulations on how the
universe was created. In the beginning, there was Jacquard. Joseph–Marie Jacquard was an inventor
in France between the 18th and 19th centuries. His most famous work was the Jacquard loom,
which read a punch card in order to weave a chosen design into cloth. In 1822, Charles Babbage
had the idea of a device powered by steam to calculate tables of numbers, although the idea was to
be funded by the English government, it never came to be (The Engines). Decades later, in 1890,
Herman Hollerith revamped the punch card system in order to calculate the census. Hollerith's
company became what we know as IBM who later paved the way for data storage by floppy discs
and hard drives ("IBM is Founded"). The beginnings of the modern computer
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3. The Four Main Components And History Of Computers
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
A computer is a programmable electronic device ,it is was designed to accept data,perform
mathematical and logical operation with high speed and display the results of these operation. A
computer system is made of 4 main components. And the main components are Input
Devices,Output Devices, Secondary Storage Devices,Processor and Primary Storage Devices. An
Input Device is a hardware or a peripheral device used to send data to a computer. An input device
allows users to communicate and feed instructions and data to computers for processing, display,
storage and transmission. And example of input device are Keyboards,Pointing devices ,game
controllers, mouse,Audio and video devices. A Output Devices is any device used to send data
from a computer to another device or user. And examples of output device are Examples include
monitors, projectors, speakers, headphones and printers. A Secondary Storage Devices is are
primarily referred to a storage devices that serve as an addition to the computer's primary storage
it also refers to any volatile storage device that is internal or external to the computer.secondary
storage device is also known as an auxiliary storage device or external storage.Processor and
Primary Storage Devices is any storage device or component that can store nonvolatile data in
computers,used to hold or store data and applications temporarily or for a shorter period of time
while the computer is running.The computer fetches and keeps the data and files it in the primary
storage device until the process is completed or data is no longer required.
BACKGROUND
The general function of the early computer device earliest computing devices designed to aid
numeric computation.Abacus, first developed in Babylonia over 5,000 years ago. An Abacus a
device of making arithmetic calculation, consisting of a frame se with rods on which balls or beads
are moved. The Abacus was invented between 300–500 BC. The Abacus was used to perform
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.also be used to extract square–roots and cube
roots. The beads are manipulated with either the index finger or the thumb of one hand. The
NAPIER RODS was invented by John Napier. It was invented
in
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4. History of Computer
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
THE PRE–MECHANICAL AGE:
3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D.
1. Writing and Alphabets– Communication
First development of signs corresponding to spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to express words.
Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols that expressed single syllables and consonants (the
first true alphabet)
The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters
Latin names to create the alphabet we use today.
2. Paper and Pens – input technologies.
Sumerians' input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay.
About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians wrote on the papyrus plant.
Around 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper from rags, on which...show more content...
1906
Lee De Forest invented the Vacuum tube. This was important because it provided an electrically
controlled switch; a necessity for digital electronics computer.
History of the computer electronic age – Presentation Transcript
HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER THE ELECTRONIC AGE 1941–PRESENT
1941: KONRAD ZUSE
Built the first programmable computer called the Z3, capable of following instructions .
Z3– was the first fully functional, PROGRAM CONTROLLED computer of the world.
Z1 Z3`
1942–Howard Hattaway Aiken
A student of Harvard University built the Mark I " The First Stored–Program Computer.
ASCC Harvard Mark 1 is 8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5 tons, used about 750,000
parts, 500 miles of wires, 3–5 seconds per calculation.
A– Automatic S–Sequence C–Controlled C–Calculator 1942: John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
Completed the first all–electronic computer, called the ABC Computer, it was the first computer to
5. use electricity in the form of vacuum tubes to help make electric computation possible. This is used
for solving complex system of equations.
ATANASOFF BERRY
THE FOUR GENERATIONS OF DIGITAL COMPUTING
THE FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS: 1951–1958
VACCUM TUBES AS THEIR MAIN LOGIC ELEMENTS.
PUNCH CARDS TO INPUT and EXTENALLY STORE DATA.
ROTATING MAGNETIC DRUMS FOR INTERNAL STORAGE OF DATA PROGRAMS.
First generation computer had vacuum tubes, resistors, and welded metal joints. They were large,
slow,
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6. History of Computers
History of Computers
ENG 121
The volume and use of computers in the world are so great, they have become difficult to ignore
anymore. Computers appear to us in so many ways that many times, we fail to see them as they
actually are. People associated with a computer when they purchased their morning coffee at the
vending machine. As they drove themselves to work, the traffic lights that so often hampered us are
controlled by computers in an attempt to speed the journey. Accept it or not, thecomputer has
invaded our life.
The origins and roots of computers started out as many other inventions and technologies have in
the past. They evolved from a relatively simple idea or plan designed to help perform functions
easier and quicker. The...show more content...
It added numbers entered with dials and was made to help his father, a tax collector. In 1671,
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented a computer that was built in 1694. It could add, and, after
changing some things around, multiply. Leibniz invented a special stopped gear mechanism for
introducing the addend digits, and this is still being used.
The prototypes made by Pascal and Leibniz were not used in many places, and considered weird
until a little more than a century later, when Thomas of
Colmar (A.K.A. Charles Xavier Thomas) created the first successful mechanical calculator that could
add, subtract, multiply, and divide. A lot of improved desktop calculators by many inventors
followed, so that by about 1890, the range of improvements included: Accumulation of partial
results, storage and automatic reentry of past results (A memory function), and printing of the
results. Each of these required manual installation. These improvements were mainly made for
commercial users, and not for the needs of science.
While Thomas of Colmar was developing the desktop calculator, a series of very interesting
developments in computers was started in Cambridge, England, by
Charles Babbage (of which the computer store "Babbages" is named), a mathematics professor. In
1812, Babbage realized that many long calculations, especially those needed to make mathematical
tables, were really a series of
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7. The History of Computers
The History of Computers
Whether you know it or not you depend on computers for almost every thing you do in modern
day life. From the second you get up in the morning to the second you go to sleep computer are
tied into what you do and use in some way. It is tied in to you life in the most obvious and obscure
ways. Take for example you wake up in the morning usually to a digital alarm clock. You start you
car it uses computers the second you turn the key (General Motors is the largest buyers of computer
components in the world). You pick up the phone it uses computers. No mater how hard you try you
can get away from them you can't.
It is inevitable. Many people think of computers as a new invention, and in reality it is very old.
...show more content...
When it was finished in 1950 it became the fastest computer in the world.17 It was built by the
National Bureau of standards on the campus of UCLA. It was names the
National Bureau of Standards Western Automatic Computer or the SWAC. It could be said that the
SWAC set the standards for computers for later up to present times.18 It was because the had all the
same primary units. It had a storage device, a internal clock, an input output device, and arithmetic
logic unit that consisting of a control and arithmetic unit. These computers were considered first
generation computers (1942 – 1958). In 1948 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Schockley
of Bell labs file for the firs patent on the transistor.19 This invention would foundation for second
generation computers (1958 – 1964). Computers of the second generation were smaller(about the
size of a piano now) and much more quicker because of the new inventions of its time. Computers
used the much smaller transistor over the bulky vacuum tubes. Another invention which influenced
second generation computers and every generation after it was the discovery of magnetic core
memory. Now magnetic tapes and disks were used to store programs instead of being stored in the
computer. This way the computer could be used for many operations without totally being
reprogrammed or rewired to do another task. All you had to do was pop in another disk. The third
generation(1964 – 1970) was when computers
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8. Essay about History of the Computer
History of the Computer
The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid–20th century (around 1940 –
1945), although the computer concept and various machines similar to computers existed earlier.
Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several
hundred modern personal computers.[1] Modern computers are based on tiny integrated circuits
and are millions to billions of times more capable while occupying a fraction of the space.[2]
Today, simple computers may be made small enough to fit into a wristwatch and be powered from a
watch battery. Personal computers in various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what
most people think of as "a computer"; however, the most...show more content...
This effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that it produced was
called the ARPANET. The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved. In time,
the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The
emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer.
Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and
access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored
information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these
facilities were available primarily to people working in high–tech environments, but in the 1990s the
spread of applications like e–mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of
cheap, fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become
almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A
very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and
receive information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant
networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments.
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9. Essay about The History of Computers
The first ever computer was invented in the 1820s by Charlse Babbage. However the first
electronic digital computer were developed between 1940 and 1945 in the United States and in the
United Kingdom. They were gigantic, originally the size of a large room, and also need to be
supply a large amount of power source which is equivalent as several hundred modern personal
computers. The history of computer hardware covers the developments from simple devices to aid
calculation, to mechanical calculators, punched card data processing and on to modern stored
program computers. The tools or mechanical tool used to help in calculation are called calculators
while the machine operator that help in calculations is called computer. At first the...show more
content...
UNIVAC 1 was created to process data like Herman Hollerith's tabulator over 50 years before,
however UNIVAC 1 was then manufactured for other users and become the world's first large scale
commercial computer. The key period of the evolution of modern electronic computer is in between
the late 1930s and the early 1950s. Not all of them were invented by the mathematician or physician.
Among those machines were pioneering computers put together by english academics notably
Manchester/Ferrenti Mark 1, built at Manchester University by Frederic Williams and Thomas
Kilburn. And the EDSAC, Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator built by Maurice Wilkes
at Cambridge University. The microelectronic revolution started when they were using the vacuum
tubes it consume a lot of power supply. As a comparison the ENIAC used about 2000 times as
much electricity as the modern laptop. Not just that, the modern term for a problem that holds up a
computer program is a "bug". Popular legend has it that this word entered the vocabulary of
computer programmers sometimes in the 1950s when moths, attracted by the glowing lights of
vacuum tubes, flew inside machines and caused a short circuit. In order to create more advance
computer, would have needed hundreds of thousands or even millions of tubes, which would have
been
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10. Evolution of Computers
How many inventions in your lifetime can you think of that have changed everything in our society
today? Computers have taken over today 's society. From everyday tasks to moving satellites in
space, PCs have revolutionized almost everything in our society. Computers weren 't always this
complicated though, and were around a long time before anyone even knew what the word "computer
" meant.
The Abacus was the first known machine developed to help perform mathematical equations. From
what researchers have discovered it was invented around 500 to 600 BC in an area around China
or Egypt. This early tool was used to perform addition and subtraction and can still be found used in
some of today 's Middle Eastern cultures. In 650 AD the Hindus...show more content...
In 1959 Jack Kilby, of Texas instruments, patented the first IC. The first commercial IC product
was a hearing aid made and produced in 1963. IBM produced SABRE in 1964 for American
Airlines. It 's a tracking system for ticket reservations, which helped speed up the reservation
process considerably. DEC was the creator of the first "mini–computer" called the PDP–8. It was
one of the first mini–computers made in mass production that pretty much anyone could afford at
the time. In 1969 the DOD, Department of Defense, developed the precursor to the internet which
was called ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). This was an experimental
WAN (Wide Area Network) that would survive a nuclear war. (Sandiego 3)
Fourth generation PCs were the first to use microprocessors and were in the era of 1971 to 1987.
Gilbert Hyatt patented the microprocessor in 1971. Later that year Ted Hoff, of Intel, introduced
new microprocessors to use in calculators. IBM arrived with the first 8 in. floppy disk. They also
started using these microprocessors in unison with LCD screens in calculators and watches.
November of that year Intel introduced the first microcomputer to the public called the MCS–4. In
1972 Nolan Bushnell introduced the "arcade game" to the public with "Computer Space." Later that
year he also created and introduced Atari and the game "Pong" to the public which became the
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11. History : The History Of Computers
The History of Computers
What is the history behind the computers we use in an everyday life? Most of us don 't ask
ourselves this question. But if it wasn 't for the people who came up with these first inventions, we
wouldn 't have had the experience of this acknowledgment that we have today. Over the centuries
computers have been evolving, becoming more and more advanced and equipped for the utilization
of personal matter. What many of us don 't know, is that the beginning of computers goes all the
way back to 2400 BC.
The first computing hardware was the Abacus, which was an invention of the Babylonians, Chinese
and the Romans. Charles Babbage, also know as the father of computers. In the year 1830, the
Analytical engine used a mechanical power. The Analytical engine had the ability to calculate
various amounts of mathematical tables, even the infinitesimal imperfections would cause errors in
the device. The Abacus was funded by the British government,which eventually the fund that the
British government had invested was pulled away, conjecturing that his innovation wouldn 't
function efficiently, even his colleagues didn 't have the confidence in him with his new innovation.
To ameliorate his computer hardware, he generated the analytical engine, to have the capability to
accomplish many types of calculations. His son manufactured the only working model version of the
computer machine in 1991. The first programmer was Augusta Ada, Countess Lovelace, she was
also well
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12. History of the Computer
The History of the Computer
Long before computers were invented, humans realized the need for them. The history of the
Computer started about 2000 years ago with the abacus. It is a wooden rack holding two horizontal
wires with beads strung on them and was one of the best calculating machines until the seventeenth
century (PBS, 1). In 1835, English inventor, Charles Babbage came up with the idea of the
Analytical Machine, a general purpose, fully programmed–controlled, automatic mechanical digital
computer, which consisted of two parts, a calculating section and a storage section. His machine
was capable of reading the punched holes in cards, just as the loom did (Campbell–Kelly, 15–17). In
1890 Herman Hollerith and James Powers,...show more content...
During this time, Digital Equipment Corporation took advantage of microchips to produce the first
minicomputer. Digital was founded by a scientist named Kenneth Olsen. He and others worked
several years to create their small unit which sold for thousands of dollars (Ceruzzi, 264–268). Once
inventors figure out that many transistors and their connections could be etched on a piece of
silicon, computers began to shrink in size. The silicon was a fingernail–sized computer processor
unit that was able to do more than entire sections of big computers of only a few years earlier.
While Intel was the first to sell the microprocessor in 1971, firms such as Motorola and Rockwell
began manufacturing their own chips. These tiny bits were running video games making the video
game industry the first in home computer for millions (Ceruzzi, 217). The Altair, made in 1975, was
the first personal computer. The Apple II was one of the first reliable personal computers. It was a
computer and a keyboard all in one unit, and had a TV monitor atop it. IBM entered the home
computer market in 1981. Their PC quickly gained acceptance in the home and in 1983 they
offered the XT. By the late 1980's, some personal computers were run by microprocessors that,
handling 32 bits of data at a time, could process about 4,000,000 instructions per second (Ceruzzi,
264–268). The computer field continues to experience huge growth. Author, Paul E. Ceruzzi writes,
"Between
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13. The History Of Ibm Computers Essay
The history of IBM computers began in 1943, when the company created Mark I weighing nearly
4.5 tons (Yost 25). Already in 1952, the first big lamp computer IBM 701 appeared, and in 1959,
IBM introduced the first transistor computers which reached such a level of reliability and
performance that the U.S. Air Force found it possible to apply them in the early warning system of
air defense (Yost 27–35). IBM is also the developer of the first general purpose computers, first
computers with a byte–addressable memory (1964 IBM System/360), as well as Personal Computer
(IBM PC, 1981) (Yost 87–90). The company owns such significant scientific and technological
developments as the invention of hard drive and floppy drive, Dynamic Random Access Memory
application, universal computer language SQL, the discovery of high–temperature superconductivity,
and other truly revolutionary innovations.
As a result, at one time, IBM was producing up to 90% of all computers in the United States (Yost
113). The architecture of IBM PC became the de facto standard for the whole industry, and its
openness greatly contributed to the huge success of IBM PC and mass production of
PC–compatible clones by other companies, and, ultimately, to the unfolding of personal computers
and computer revolution era. Until now, IBM–compatible computers still make about 90% of all the
personal computers produced (Yost 171). However, contrary to its tough principles of intellectual
property protection, IBM patented
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14. The History Of Computer Engineering
The History of Computer Engineering What exactly is computer engineering? Many people may
consider computer engineering as the branch of engineering that integrates electronic engineering
with computer sciences. Being a computer engineering major, I must be aware of what I am
dealing with in that major and how I plan to use what I learned from it in the future. If I was to just
pick a major without any prior knowledge to it, then that would be senseless on my behalf. Now
that I am mindful of the major that I am dealing with, I can tell and speak about the history of
computer engineering. I just hope that what I learn from this major is helpful towards my career. In
my opinion, computer engineering is the form of engineering that deals...show more content...
Proposals are made for giving historical studies greater space in engineering education. In Dias' text,
he explains how engineering may be classified as a science field, but is way deeper than that. With
engineering, you have the opportunity to do the "hands–on" process. In the engineering field, you
have the ability to gain the 'know–how' method as opposed to the 'know–what' method associated
with science. Dias goes on to point out that, "We consider now some aspects of the history of
technology, because that is an area where there is already some nexus between history and
engineering, a key component of technology." 3 Virtual worlds represent a small but vigorous sector
of the computer technology field with global applications alternating from art and entertainment to
online instructional delivery and educational research.4 In "History of the (Virtual) World," Steve
Downey discusses the three different generations of virtual worlds and how they vary. Downey
expresses, "First generation virtual worlds were primarily text–based, small in scale and set in the
realm of fantasy adventure." 5 Then, he notes, "Second generation worlds witnessed the growing use
of graphical worlds, larger scale systems, the introduction of social–oriented worlds, and the
development of worlds in which users could create objects and shape their world in real time." 6
Lastly, he explains that the third generation marks the age of massive systems, visually striking 3D
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15. A Brief History of Computers
Computers have been around for a very long time. Going back in history, some people believe that
the abacus was the true first computer. The first abacus is believed to come into existence between
2700–2300 BC and was created by the Sumerians so that they could count faster, and has evolved
through the years. The term "computer" came out around 1613. People who performed
computations or calculations were often referred to as computers. One of the first major counting
problems in history was the Census. The first census was taken when George Washington was in
office in 1790. In 1790 there were so many people that it took more than seven years to add up all
of the numbers for the census. The government was very frustrated that it took so long to tabulate.
As the country grew, it became harder and harder to count all of the people and it took longer and
longer. The need for speed kept on growing. In 1890, a young engineer named Herman Hollerith
designed a punch card system to tally up the 1880 census information. The census calculations only
took three years and saved the government $5 million dollars. Information was stored on cards with
holes in them. Herman's machine used mechanics to read the information and calculate the results.
He created a company that became IBM and was founded in 1911.
In 1939, David Packard and Bill Hewlett who were classmates, founded the company
Hewlett–Packard. They started out working the business out of a garage in Palo Alto, California. One
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16. History of Computers
History of Computers
Table of Contents
Table of ContentsВ…В…В…В…В…В…В….В…В….2
AbstractВ…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В….В…В…3
Body of ResearchВ…В…В…В…В…В…В…В….4 – 6
ConclusionВ…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В….В…7
BibliographyВ…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…..8
Abstract This project explains the history of computers, starting from Howard Aiken's Harvard
Mark I to present day time. Although I have not gone over all of the models in my report, I have
chosen those which I feel have had the greatest effect on the computer world. I will show how in just
forty years, computers have come from complex, slow, room–sized machines, to the small and fast
computers of today. These powerful machines are the art of many great men and women, which I
will also briefly explain in the project. This project is to show others how...show more content...
From then on computers started to become more advanced. Many companies now exist that
produce computer hardware, and software. These companies are among the richest in the world,
in fact, the richest man in the world, Bill Gates, is the owner of Microsoft, one of the largest
computer companies around. Computers have replaced many things. Instead of tellers, people can
use ATM machines; instead of typewriters, people can use one of the many word processors
available; card catalogs in libraries, have been replaced with computers. And now many jobs
require that employees have computer experience. These machines have come a long way and they
still have a long way to go.
Conclusion Through this project, I now have a greater understanding for the origins of computers. I
think it is astounding at how the small size, and speed, of this computer I am typing on right now, is
the result of a slow, room–sized machine that existed only twenty years ago.
Bibliography
Ritchie, David. The Computer Pioneers. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986.
Spencer, Donald. Great Men and Women ofComputing. Ormand Beach: Camelot Publishing
Company, 1996.
Rusch, Richard Computers: Their History and How They Work. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1969.
Hintz, Sandy. Hintz, Martin. Computers in our World, Today and Tomorrow.
18. History of the Development of Computers Essay
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS
As we are stepping towards the era of 2020, man have consistently been innovative and creative in
developing and improving technology for various sectors to make the world a better place for us to
live in. If we look closely today, the development of IT and Computer sector and its application have
greatly influenced various other sectors like telecommunication, transport, agriculture, labour,
finance, etc to be more efficient and effective at their work.
Computers have created a drastic impact in our lives. In fact we are so dependent on computers that
life without computers will certainly be incomplete. In current times most of us own computer
gadgets like Private Computer Dekstops Notebooks, Tabloids,...show more content...
It was designed to be used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Every computer supports some
form of input, processing as well as output. In a modern computer, these processing is done
electronically hence enabling a vastly greater number of calculation to be performed in lesser time.
Binary codes which are representations of numerical numbers were used to process images, sounds,
text and graphic. In digital computers, there are ones and zeros that represents the electrical on and
off states and endless combinations of those to process any input.
Moving on, the development of computer can be assessed from two perspectives. One perspective
would be the invention of hardware components over time like vacuum tubes, transistors,
integrated circuits and microprocessors that can be referred to as a generation of change. In the
other hand, another perspective would be how user friendly were the computers over a period of
time. In the 1950s the computers were almost impossible to use except by very patient geniuses.
Next in the 1960s and 1970s, it could only be programmable by highly trained people. Lastly, from
the 1980s till present time the computers are now smaller cheaper and useable by just about anyone.
From the hardware development perspective, the first generation of computer was the Electronic
Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC). These first electronic computers used vacuum tubes.
They were huge and complex,
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19. Technology : History Of Computers
Carlo Sorvillo
Daphine Ethington
English IV
22 October 2015
Technology: History of Computers
Computers have taking a huge chunk of our everyday lives. If it be using a smartphone or any
other type of technology. Computers have influenced a revolution in the way we live. But it was
not always like this, before computers became a necessity, very few people had them in their
houses. Only the people that could afford these big clunks of metal had them. As time would go by
and technology grew a computer would find a home in everyone's household. The history of
computers is a vast ocean of events that happened to make computers user friendly to where
young children can even use computers. We going to learn about the history of computers and
how it has become such a big part of our everyday life. Starting off with the first computer to then
newest in technology. After the history of computers is the hardware the make the computer and
how the technology has dramatically changed over the recent years. Explaining the importance of
hardware in computer, such as CPU, MOTHERBOARD, GPU and, HDD (Hard Disk Drive).
Software will be the final and last topic to learn about. Going over Microsoft Windows and Apples
iOS . Computers have just broke the tip of the sword and are getting bigger every year. From being
humongous calculators to handheld computers. Who knows what the future holds for computers,
but we know it's going to be huge.
The first computer was actually an audio oscillator,
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20. The Development of Computers Essay
Development of computer
What is computer? According to Wikipedia, computer is a device that can be programmed to do a
set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. It is started with the basic device to perform a
mathematic problem which is known as Abacus. Computer has been developing year by year and
we have seen a lot of generation or development of computer nowadays. The first generation of
computer starting from years 1940–1950, this can be called as the first electronic computer. During
this time, the computers were using vacuum tubes and it is more complex and huge. The vacuum tube
is designed by Lee De Forest. The vacuum tube is a device that is used to amplify the signal by
controlling the movement of electrons in an...show more content...
This computer can handle a large amount of data and more complex. This machine was too costly
and need to be too powerful for business sector and limit their attractiveness. Second generation
computers replaced machine language with assembly language, allowing abbreviated programming
codes to replace long, difficult binary codes. In 1960, a number of commercial successful this
generation era computer used in business, universities and many companies such as Burroughs,
Control Data, Honeywell and others. This computer also solid state design and have the entire
component same with modern computer like printer and etc. Example was the IBM 1401, that were
accepted in industry.
By 1965, most large business that processed financial information using the second generation
computer. This computer stored program and programming language that give computer the ability
to be cost effective and good for business use. The stored program means that the instruction to be
run a computer for a specific function having in the computer memory and can be replace by
different set of instruction for a different kind of function. More high level languages such as
COBOL (Common Business–Oriented Language) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into
common use during this time, and have expanded to the current day.
The third generation of computer was from (1964–1971). The transistor clearly an
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21. Brief History Of Computers Essay
The history of computers is a long and fascinating one. The computer was initially born out of
necessity, not just for entertainment, which is more or less how much people utilize computers
these days. In fact, computers were born out of a need to solve a serious number–crunching crisis.
By 1880, the U.S. population had grown so large that it took more than seven years to tabulate the
U.S. Census results. The government sought a faster way to get the job done, giving rise to
punch–card based computers that took up entire rooms. (Zimmermann) Today, we carry more
computing power on our smartphones than was available in these early models. The following brief
history of computing is a timeline of how computers evolved from their humble beginnings to the
machines of today that surf the Internet, play games and stream multimedia in addition to crunching
numbers. (Zimmermann) 1801: In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punched
wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch
cards. 1822: English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam–driven calculating
machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers. The project, funded by the English
government, is a failure. More than a century later, however, the world's first computer was actually
built. 1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census,
accomplishing the task in just three years and saving the government $5
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22. Generation of Computers
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of
computing devices. A generation refers to the state of improvement in the product development
process. This term is also used in the different advancements of new computer technology. With each
new generation, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced than the previous generation
before it. As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power, and computer memory has proportionally
increased. New discoveries are constantly being developed that affect the way we live, work and play.
Each generation of computers is characterized by major technological development that
fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in...show more content...
Invented in 1947 at Bell Labs, transistors have become the key ingredient of all digital circuits,
including computers. Today's latest microprocessor contains tens of millions of microscopic
transistors.
Prior to the invention of transistors, digital circuits were composed of vacuum tubes, which had
many disadvantages. They were much larger, required more energy, dissipated more heat, and were
more prone to failures. It's safe to say that without the invention of transistors, computing as we know
it today would not be possible.
The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s.
The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube,allowing computers to become smaller, faster,
cheaper,more energy–efficient and more reliable than their first–generation predecessors. Though the
transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast
improvement over the vacuum tube. Second–generation computers still relied on punched cards for
input and printouts for output.
Second–generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or
assembly, languages,which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High–level
programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL
and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their
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