The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
Phytoremediation is a low cost and effective soil
treatment option for metal reclamation. The use of plants to
remove heavy metals from soil is the phytoremediation. Heavy
metals are among the most dangerous substances in the
environment because of their high level of persistence and
harmfulness to living organisms. The present study in the field
deals with phytoremediation of heavy metals from contaminated
soil around Steel industry at Boisar Industrial area, using Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plant. The impact of addition of
chelating agents like EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)
and Citric acid on the bioaccumulation efficiency of the plant
were investigated. Mustard plants were grown in soil around
steel industry. The results indicated significant reduction of
metals in the soil and increased accumulation in biomass. EDTA
proved better than citric acid in extraction of metals from the
soil. Order of percentage phytoextraction by plant was Fe+2 >Cd
>Al > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.27
ABSTRACT- Contamination of soil by heavy metals is an ecological problem on a global level, this contamination
affects agricultural crops in the area concerned. In the present study, Copper, Zinc and Chromium being heavy metals
have been assessed for their injurious effects on seed germination and seedling growth of Trigonella foenum-graceum L.
solutions of the heavy metals were prepared in concentrations ranging from1,3,5,10,50,100,200,300,500ppm for irrigating
the seeds of the crop to be germinated in Petri-dishes for seven days. The young seedlings were studied for their response
based on seed vigour index, length of radicle, length of plumule and fresh weight against seeds germinated using distilled
water as control. It was observed that toxic effect of heavy metals on fenugreek growth was as follows: Cr>Cu>Zn on the
basis of a decrease in germination percentage and overall poor health of the seedling. Key-words- Chromium, Copper, Zinc, Germination, Trigonella foenum-graceum L., Toxicity
Use of Autochthonous Organic Inputs for Amelioration of Fluoride Toxicity and...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of autochthonous organic inputs viz. vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Brassica campestris L. cv.B9 was selected as a test species. Experiments were carried out in two consecutive years 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 designed as experiment I and experiment II. One unique thing was observed that mustard which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) and was above the control set. Moreover, autochthonous organic inputs were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride content within the different plant parts of mustard. Maximum amount of fluoride was accumulated within the leaves and minimum quantity of fluoride was accumulated within the seed but within the permissible range (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO). Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Therefore, combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia acted upon reduction of fluoride level in the crop field of mustard.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setiger...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (Glomus fasciculatum) on tropical gum tree (Sterculia setigera Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non-AMF inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg-1) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non-inoculated. Copper concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the inoculated and non-inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels. However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non-inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Article Citation:
Malick Ndiaye, Cavalli Eric, Diouf Adama, Diop Tahir Abdoulaye.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setigera (Del.) under Copper-contamined soil.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 022-028.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0012.pdf
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
Phytoremediation is a low cost and effective soil
treatment option for metal reclamation. The use of plants to
remove heavy metals from soil is the phytoremediation. Heavy
metals are among the most dangerous substances in the
environment because of their high level of persistence and
harmfulness to living organisms. The present study in the field
deals with phytoremediation of heavy metals from contaminated
soil around Steel industry at Boisar Industrial area, using Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plant. The impact of addition of
chelating agents like EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)
and Citric acid on the bioaccumulation efficiency of the plant
were investigated. Mustard plants were grown in soil around
steel industry. The results indicated significant reduction of
metals in the soil and increased accumulation in biomass. EDTA
proved better than citric acid in extraction of metals from the
soil. Order of percentage phytoextraction by plant was Fe+2 >Cd
>Al > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.27
ABSTRACT- Contamination of soil by heavy metals is an ecological problem on a global level, this contamination
affects agricultural crops in the area concerned. In the present study, Copper, Zinc and Chromium being heavy metals
have been assessed for their injurious effects on seed germination and seedling growth of Trigonella foenum-graceum L.
solutions of the heavy metals were prepared in concentrations ranging from1,3,5,10,50,100,200,300,500ppm for irrigating
the seeds of the crop to be germinated in Petri-dishes for seven days. The young seedlings were studied for their response
based on seed vigour index, length of radicle, length of plumule and fresh weight against seeds germinated using distilled
water as control. It was observed that toxic effect of heavy metals on fenugreek growth was as follows: Cr>Cu>Zn on the
basis of a decrease in germination percentage and overall poor health of the seedling. Key-words- Chromium, Copper, Zinc, Germination, Trigonella foenum-graceum L., Toxicity
Use of Autochthonous Organic Inputs for Amelioration of Fluoride Toxicity and...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of autochthonous organic inputs viz. vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Brassica campestris L. cv.B9 was selected as a test species. Experiments were carried out in two consecutive years 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 designed as experiment I and experiment II. One unique thing was observed that mustard which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) and was above the control set. Moreover, autochthonous organic inputs were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride content within the different plant parts of mustard. Maximum amount of fluoride was accumulated within the leaves and minimum quantity of fluoride was accumulated within the seed but within the permissible range (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO). Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Therefore, combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia acted upon reduction of fluoride level in the crop field of mustard.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setiger...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (Glomus fasciculatum) on tropical gum tree (Sterculia setigera Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non-AMF inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg-1) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non-inoculated. Copper concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the inoculated and non-inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels. However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non-inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Article Citation:
Malick Ndiaye, Cavalli Eric, Diouf Adama, Diop Tahir Abdoulaye.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setigera (Del.) under Copper-contamined soil.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 022-028.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0012.pdf
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS-PAGE in 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control. Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated through SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response in plants.
Article Citation:
John De Britto R, Mary Sujin R, Steena Roshan Sebastian and Dharmar K.
Toxic effect of arsenic on ten rice varieties.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1(1): 011-016.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0003.pdf
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and
the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been
greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of
sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS
-
PAGE in 10
rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different
concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control.
Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass
showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated
through SDS
-
PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The
morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress
provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response
in plants.
Isolation of serratia liquefaciens as metal resistant bacteria from industria...IJARIIT
Sample from industry effluent consist of various metal like lead, zinc, copper, silver, mercury etc. The growth of
microorganisms is affected by various factors like temperature, PH, salinity etc. In some cases there are some microorganisms
which can tolerate the presence of metal like lead, zinc, copper, silver, mercury etc., presence of these metal is analysed by
atomic adsorption spectrometry method ,present study deals with isolation of Serratia liquefaciens is done by various
biochemical characteristics ,various parameter analysis, culturing of Serratia liquefaciens in the bacterial growth medium
which consist of artificially supplemented with metal .From the study, it is confirmed that Serratia liquefaciens is present in
the polluted water where metal dust persists in the effluent sample. Serratia liquefaciens were resistant to metal and these
microorganisms are further encouraged to degrade metal in the sample.
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize nickel tolerant bacterial strains from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil. The effluent sample was collected at the direct outlet of electroplating industry and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics such as pH (6.5), temperature (33), electrical conductivity (15.1 ms/cm), total solids (2309mg/l), total dissolved solids (5573 mg/l), chloride (0.20mg/l), sodium (0.13ppm), calcium (2.23ppm), potassium (0.20ppm), Biological Oxygen Demand (4200mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (5243 mg/l) and nickel (4.063ppm). Enumeration of total bacterial population from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil sample was made in nutrient agar medium. Sixteen bacterial colonies were selected based on their abundance growth all of them were identified through morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the sixteen bacterial isolates were screened for its metal tolerance using nutrient agar medium incorporated with nickel metal. Based on the better growth performance, six bacterial strains were selected as potential metal tolerant organism. The selected metal tolerant bacterial strains were further characterized in the various environmental conditions such as pH (5, 7 & 9) temperature (5°C, 28°C, 37°C & 45°C) and concentration of metal ions (100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm & 400ppm) for 5 days. The result reveals that one bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp 1 was showed better growth in nickel metal based medium with pH 7 at 37°C temperature.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
Trace Metal Analysis in Soil and Plant Samples of Tirupati Region, Andhra Pra...inventionjournals
Rapid economic and industrial development across Tirupati region in recent decades has necessitated massive construction and building works and resulted in the contamination of environmental compartments. In addition to the disposal of untreated domestic wastes from the nearby villages industrial activities are also increasing in this region. In the present context there is a dire need to know the level of environmental contaminants in the environmental compartments such as soil and plants. The present study investigated the concentrations of trace metals in soil and plants around Tirupati region. Our results indicate that the sites are moderately polluted and potential negative biological effects may occur in the vicinity.
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
Potential of Discaria Americana for metal immobilization on soils amended wit...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Zubillaga M, Cusato M. 2009. Potential of Discaria Americana for metal immobilization on soils amended with biosolid and ash-spiked biosolids. International Journal of Phytoremediation (Taylor & Francis, Inc., 325 Chestnut Street, Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106), 11:1–13, (Print ISSN: 1522-6514; Online ISSN: 1549-7879).
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Bioremediation Through The Use of Indigenous Natural Resources vis-a-vis Its ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge and water spillage of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Oryza sativa was selected as a test species. The recommended doses of chemical fertilizers (70:35:35) and different concentration of sodium fluoride (25 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F) were used for first set of experiment and the second set were treated with vermicompost, compost, bacterial consortia and different concentration of sodium fluoride(25 ; 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F). Among all of the species Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were resistant and survived under fluoride polluted condition. One unique thing was observed from these experiment that paddy which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) which was above the control set. Moreover, stress enduring metabolites viz. proline content of flag leaves were lowest recorded under indigenous organic inputs treated plots as compared to chemical fertilizer treated plots. Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. From the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) value of paddy clearly depicted that the crop of those plots were treated with indigenous organic inputs were more resistant for enduring stress condition. In these experiment combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride within plant parts especially in grains (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO), where fluoride was within permissible range as well as they reduced the fluoride content within the soil (2.57-16.44 mg Kg-1. as recommended by FAO, EPA, and WHO) as was noted by measuring the fluoride in the plant parts and soil after the experiment. Therefore, bacterial consortia could be an alternative for bioremediation of fluoride.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS-PAGE in 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control. Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated through SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response in plants.
Article Citation:
John De Britto R, Mary Sujin R, Steena Roshan Sebastian and Dharmar K.
Toxic effect of arsenic on ten rice varieties.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1(1): 011-016.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0003.pdf
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and
the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been
greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of
sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS
-
PAGE in 10
rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different
concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control.
Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass
showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated
through SDS
-
PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The
morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress
provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response
in plants.
Isolation of serratia liquefaciens as metal resistant bacteria from industria...IJARIIT
Sample from industry effluent consist of various metal like lead, zinc, copper, silver, mercury etc. The growth of
microorganisms is affected by various factors like temperature, PH, salinity etc. In some cases there are some microorganisms
which can tolerate the presence of metal like lead, zinc, copper, silver, mercury etc., presence of these metal is analysed by
atomic adsorption spectrometry method ,present study deals with isolation of Serratia liquefaciens is done by various
biochemical characteristics ,various parameter analysis, culturing of Serratia liquefaciens in the bacterial growth medium
which consist of artificially supplemented with metal .From the study, it is confirmed that Serratia liquefaciens is present in
the polluted water where metal dust persists in the effluent sample. Serratia liquefaciens were resistant to metal and these
microorganisms are further encouraged to degrade metal in the sample.
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize nickel tolerant bacterial strains from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil. The effluent sample was collected at the direct outlet of electroplating industry and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics such as pH (6.5), temperature (33), electrical conductivity (15.1 ms/cm), total solids (2309mg/l), total dissolved solids (5573 mg/l), chloride (0.20mg/l), sodium (0.13ppm), calcium (2.23ppm), potassium (0.20ppm), Biological Oxygen Demand (4200mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (5243 mg/l) and nickel (4.063ppm). Enumeration of total bacterial population from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil sample was made in nutrient agar medium. Sixteen bacterial colonies were selected based on their abundance growth all of them were identified through morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the sixteen bacterial isolates were screened for its metal tolerance using nutrient agar medium incorporated with nickel metal. Based on the better growth performance, six bacterial strains were selected as potential metal tolerant organism. The selected metal tolerant bacterial strains were further characterized in the various environmental conditions such as pH (5, 7 & 9) temperature (5°C, 28°C, 37°C & 45°C) and concentration of metal ions (100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm & 400ppm) for 5 days. The result reveals that one bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp 1 was showed better growth in nickel metal based medium with pH 7 at 37°C temperature.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
Trace Metal Analysis in Soil and Plant Samples of Tirupati Region, Andhra Pra...inventionjournals
Rapid economic and industrial development across Tirupati region in recent decades has necessitated massive construction and building works and resulted in the contamination of environmental compartments. In addition to the disposal of untreated domestic wastes from the nearby villages industrial activities are also increasing in this region. In the present context there is a dire need to know the level of environmental contaminants in the environmental compartments such as soil and plants. The present study investigated the concentrations of trace metals in soil and plants around Tirupati region. Our results indicate that the sites are moderately polluted and potential negative biological effects may occur in the vicinity.
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
Potential of Discaria Americana for metal immobilization on soils amended wit...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Zubillaga M, Cusato M. 2009. Potential of Discaria Americana for metal immobilization on soils amended with biosolid and ash-spiked biosolids. International Journal of Phytoremediation (Taylor & Francis, Inc., 325 Chestnut Street, Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106), 11:1–13, (Print ISSN: 1522-6514; Online ISSN: 1549-7879).
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Bioremediation Through The Use of Indigenous Natural Resources vis-a-vis Its ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge and water spillage of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Oryza sativa was selected as a test species. The recommended doses of chemical fertilizers (70:35:35) and different concentration of sodium fluoride (25 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F) were used for first set of experiment and the second set were treated with vermicompost, compost, bacterial consortia and different concentration of sodium fluoride(25 ; 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F). Among all of the species Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were resistant and survived under fluoride polluted condition. One unique thing was observed from these experiment that paddy which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) which was above the control set. Moreover, stress enduring metabolites viz. proline content of flag leaves were lowest recorded under indigenous organic inputs treated plots as compared to chemical fertilizer treated plots. Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. From the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) value of paddy clearly depicted that the crop of those plots were treated with indigenous organic inputs were more resistant for enduring stress condition. In these experiment combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride within plant parts especially in grains (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO), where fluoride was within permissible range as well as they reduced the fluoride content within the soil (2.57-16.44 mg Kg-1. as recommended by FAO, EPA, and WHO) as was noted by measuring the fluoride in the plant parts and soil after the experiment. Therefore, bacterial consortia could be an alternative for bioremediation of fluoride.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Biochar impact on physiological and biochemical attributes of spinachGJESM Publication
Disastrous effect of nickel on spinach was discussed by number of authors but the effect of amendments like biochar with nickel on Spinacea oleraceaL. is not still discussed by any author of the world because biochar was used as soil amendments which play a vital role in reducing mobilization and uptake of nickel by spinach plants. As nickel contaminated plants are very harmful for the consumption by living organisms. Nickel can be gathered in agronomic soils by anthropogenic actions such as Ni-Cd batteries. In this study, the growth, physiological, photosynthetic and biochemical responses of Spinacia oleracea grown in Ni-spiked soil (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg Ni/Kg soil) at three levels of cotton-sticks-derived biochar “CSB” (0, 3 and 5 %) were evaluated. The results exposed significant decrease in growth, photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical traits of S. oleracea when grown in Ni-polluted soil. However, this decrease was less pronounced in CSB amended soil. A steady rise in the MDA (0.66 µg/g to 2.08 µg g-1), ascorbic acid (1.24 mg/g to 1.57 mg/g)and sugar concentrations (1.73 mg/g to 2.16 mg/g)was observed with increased concentration of Ni. The increasing percentages of CSB from 3 % to 5 % decreased Ni concentrations in root and shoot of experimental plant. Higher production of chlorophyll, amino acids and protein with CSB amendment looked like alleviation in Ni toxicity. Therefore, it is concluded that, Ni toxicity and availability to the plants can be reduced by CSB amendments.
Copper Accumulation in Leucaena leucocephala by Mycorrhizae Glomus Sp. Zac–19...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Jose Antonio Alzate dam is the main man-made reservoir along the Lerma River in central Mexico. The water in this dam is heavily contaminated with organic and inorganic residues including copper and other heavy metals. For many years, people living in the vicinity of the dam use sediments as fertilizers, resulting in heavy soil contamination. This study focuses on the use of native Leucadena leucocephala, a small, fast-growing mimosid tree cultivated under greenhouse conditions in an attempt to reduce the levels of copper. The plant was inoculated with a fungus of the Glomus sp. Zac-19 species that in a symbiotic manner increases the decontaminating properties of L. leucocephala. The study was carried out in three stages, starting with sequential extractions to assess the geochemical distribution of copper. Next, L. leucocephala was grown under controlled conditions using a factorial statistical model adding two known doses of Cu2+ and a third plantlet grown under normal conditions to be used as control. The plant growth was followed at random during 30, 60, 90 and 180 days to assess the level of copper bioaccumulation in leaves, stem and in the whole plant. The bioaccumulation index was evaluated using the initial six fractions, with fraction five revealing a direct relationship between the levels of copper in plant and sediment. Due to the relation of fraction V with humic material, it was finally considered for the calculation of the bioaccumulation index. Copper accumulation in stems was greater than in leaves and the metal concentration decreased with time. The percentage of arbuscules, vesicles and complete colonization was affected by high doses of Cu2+,inhibiting the growth of stem and leaves of L. leucocephala. These results suggest that the plant can be useful for the biological removal of copper in contaminated sediments or soils.
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Micro organisms living in zinc contaminated soil - a reviewIOSR Journals
Zinc (Zn) has important effect on soil microbes; resultant of its ability to enhance as well as reduce activity depends on its concentration. Heavy metal contamination in soil is affecting animals, human and crop as well. As a result of industrialization for example smelting of metals, mining, electroplating, energy and fuel production, fertilizer, gas exhaust, municipal waste generation sewage and pesticide application, municipal waste generation, etc. Metal pollution is among one of the drastic ecological threats today. In several researches the effects of various solution of Zn on soil microbial communities and activities were analyzed by different concentration of Zn into a surface soil. Research lead to finding that, soil microorganisms is highly sensitive to metal concentration. Metal exerted poisoning impact after high amount was added. Higher concentration resulted slower growth of microbes. Levels of zinc in excess of 500 ppm in soil compete with other essential metals, such as iron and manganese for plant uptake. We can conclude that soil microbial communities and activities can adapt to Zn pollution to a certain extent. The micro organisms can play a substantial job in the remediation of heavy metals and other pollutants.
4 ijhaf feb-2018-2-effects of cd on microbial propertiesAI Publications
Plants have mechanisms for accumulation, tolerance or alleviation of high levels of heavy metals in contaminated soil. Some contaminants can be absorbed by the plants and are then broken down by plant enzymes. The objective of this particular study was measure the potential activities of three enzymes (dehydrogenase, protease and phosphatase) in the alfalfa rhizospheres under the stress at different concentrations of cadmium salts, and inoculated different biofertilizers strains of S. meliloti and coinoculated with Trichoderma strains. As well as pH, NaCl, CaCO3 tolerance and antibiotic resistance were investigated. The results show that the growth rate of sinorhizobial strains decreased with increasing of NaCl and CaCO3 concentration. Sinorhizobial strains grew in environments of pH ranged between5.5-7.5. There was variable response to antibiotic of all sinorhizobial strains. As well it was clearly showed that Cdso4 reduced the activity of phosphatase. Trichoderma harzianum stimulate the enzyme activity more than Trichoderma viride.
Heavy metals contamination of Pakistani soil (zohaib Hussain) sp13bty001Zohaib HUSSAIN
The long-term usage of industrial wastewater makes heavy metals to accumulate in soil and increases the absorption and accumulation by the plants. Heavy metal contamination of soil and water caused by industrialization has become a major environmental issue in Pakistan. Therefore, it is important to determine the level of contamination of soil and water close to industrial areas
La causa más importante de la contaminación es la acción humana. Entre los principales factores tenemos la producción con tecnologías que dejan desechos en el ambiente, el consumo excesivo, la sobreexplotación de recursos, y la falta de control sobre la emisión de ruidos, ondas magnéticas, radiación u otras externalidades negativas.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Silent nights: The essential role of Nocturnal Pollinators - .pptx
The Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Nitrogen Concentration of Berseem Clover in Contaminated Soil with Cadmium
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The Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Nitrogen Concentration of
Berseem Clover in Contaminated Soil with Cadmium
H.Aram*
, A. Golchin
Soil Science Department, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
)Received: 15 April 2013 Accepted: 20 May 2013)
Abstract: The effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi on nitrogen concentration of berseem clover were
examined in contaminated soil with cadmium. Examined factors included: levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi inoculation (Glomus mosseae) (With and without inoculation), and different levels of soil contamination
by cadmium (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg.kg-1). The results showed that the effects of cadmium levels and
mycorrhiza fungi were significant on nitrogen concentration (P≤ 0.01). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
increased nitrogen concentration in the root and aerial plant 30% and 40.3% respectively. Also cadmium in
concentration of 80 mg.kg-1
reduced nitrogen concentration in root and aerial plant 28.3% and 35%
respectively.
Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhizal, cadmium, contaminated soil
INTRODUCTION
Soil contamination with heavy metals represents a
potential risk to the biosphere and leads to increase
concentration in the ground or surface water,
therefore metals mobility in soil have been
extensively studied in the last decade [1]. Toxic
heavy metal contaminations in soils and crop
plants have major importance due to their health
effects on humans and other animals [2]. Cadmium
is a heavy metal with a strong effect on crop
quality. Moreover, it is a very mobile element in
the environment. Plants can easily uptake
cadmium and transfer it to other organs [3].
Experiments on the effect of cadmium on contents
of macro elements in plants are scarce and
therefore the mechanism of its effect has not yet
been fully explained [4]. Contaminated soil can be
remediated by chemical, physical or biological
techniques [5]. Arbuscular mycorrhizae have been
observed to play a vital role in metal tolerance [6]
and accumulation [7]. Many workers have
reported enhancement of phosphate uptake and
growth of leguminous plants by vesicular
arbuscular mycorhizal fungi (AMF). It is well
documented that AM symbiosis can increase plant
growth and nutrient uptake, improve fruit quality
and enhance several abiotic stresses such as low
temperature stress, drought, salt stress [8]. The
effects of AM fungi on plant uptake of metals are
varied [9]. For example, some studies suggest that
high concentrations of heavy metals in soil may
significantly decrease root colonization by AM
fungi [10]. Heggo and his colleagues (1990) and
Hetrick his colleagues (1994) demonstrated that at
high soil heavy metal concentrations, arbuscular
mycorrhizal infection reduced the concentrations
of Zn, Cd and Mn in plant leaves [11, 12].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study in June of 2011 was performed the
Corresponding Author: H.Aram, MSc student, Soil Science Department, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran E-mail:
hashemaram2011@yahoo.com
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factorial experiment on based completely
randomize design (CRD) with three replications in
the greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty of
University of Zanjan. Examined factors include
levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation
Glomus mosseae) (With and without
inoculation),and different levels of soil
contamination by cadmium (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80
mg.kg-1). The soil prepared of arable land of depth
of 0-20 cm at University of Zanjan, after the
complete analysis of soil and obtains chemical and
physical properties in the laboratory, 6 kg of soil
were weight for each pot and then the soil was
contaminated. Cadmium sulfate salt used in this
experiment, for contaminate soil samples different
amounts of salts dissolved in were distilled water
and sprayed on the soil, weighed 150 grams to the
mycorrhizal fungi and mixed with the soil. After
mixing the soil with mycorrhizal fungi, the soil
was put in pots and then cultivated clover. After
the complete growth plant (70 days), Plant aerial
and roots were harvested. Data were analyzed by
SAS and MSTATC software, and obtained
variance analysis tables. Average comparison of
different treatments was conducted by Duncan
test. Charts were obtained by Excel 2010.
Table 1: Chemical and physical analysis of soil
Soil depth
cm
EC dsm-1
PH Soil texture N % P
(ppm)
K
(ppm)
Cd
(ppm)
Fe
(ppm)
Mn
(ppm)
0-20 2.3 7.27 Sandy loam o.19 21 224 1.2 0.4 1.4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Effect of cadmium levels on nitrogenconcentration
According to analysis of variance table 2, the
effect of cadmium levels and mycorrhiza fungi on
nitrogen concentration was significant (P≤ 0.01).
With increasing cadmium concentrations in soil,
nitrogen concentration reduced in root and aerial
plant (Figure1). 80 mg.kg-1
Cadmium
concentrations reduced nitrogen concentration in
root and aerial plant 28.3 and 35% respectively.
Table 2: Analysis of variance the traits measured
Variation Resource Degree of Freedom Nitrogen Root Nitrogen Aerial
Cadmium 5 1.567** 0.908**
Mycorrhiza 1 11.156** 6.079**
Cadmium× Mycorrhiza 5 0.176* 0.083*
Error 24 0.047 .027
Coefficient of Variation (%) - 6.56 5.37
**: significant p<0.01 *: significant p<0.05
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Figure 1: Effect of levels cadmium on nitrogen concentration
External mycelium of AM fungi provides a wider
exploration zone [13]. thus providing access to
greater volume of heavy metals present in the
rhizosphere. Also AM symbiosis can establish
extra radical mycelia, which disperses outside the
roots to have access to a greater quantity of water
and soil minerals for the host plants [14].
Effect of mycorrhiza fungi on nitrogen
concentration
According to analysis of variance table 2, the
effects of mycorrhiza fungi on nitrogen
concentration were significant (P≤ 0.01). 80
mg.kg-1
cadmium, reduced nitrogen concentration
in root and aerial plant by 30% and 40.3%,
respectively in compared to control
Figure 2: Effect of mycorrhiza fungi on nitrogen concentration
Zandavalli and his colleagues (2004) studied
Araucaria angustifolia inoculated with Glomus
clarum, found that the biomass and nitrogen
content of A. angustifolia forming AM increased
significantly [15]. AM fungi, as endomycorrhiza,
functions mainly to regulate nutrients (trace metals
included) assimilation and sequester noxious metal
translocation from mycorrhizal root to the shoot,
so that the associated plant can grow better [16].
Ghazala (2005) reported that nutrient uptake of
mycorrhizal plants was higher when compared
with non-mycorrhizal one [17].
REFERENCES
1. Aydinalp C., 2010. The status of some selected
heavy metals in roadside soils of Bursa province,
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Turkey, Environmental Engineering and
Management Journal, 9, 559-563.
2. Farmer A., Farmer A., 2000. AM Concentration
of cadmium, lead and zinc in livestock feed and
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3. Kabata-pendias A., pendias H., 2001. Trace
elements in soils and plants. crc press, bocaraton,
fl (3rd edition), pp 413.
4. Ciecko Z., Kalembasa S., Wyszkowski M.,
Rolka E., 2004. Effect of Soil Contamination by
Cadmium on Potassium Uptake by Plants. Polish
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Treatment Technologies. In McEldowney, S.,
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and Biotreatment Technologies. Longman,
Singapore Publishers, Singapore.
6. Del Val C., Barea J.M., Azcon-Aguilar C.,
1999. Assessing the tolerance of heavy metals of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolated from
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7. Jamal, A., Ayub, N., Usman, M., Khan, A.G.
2002. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance zinc
and nickel uptake from contaminated soil by soya
bean and lentil. International. Journal of
Phytoremediation 4:205-221.
8. Miransari M., 2010. Contribution of arbuscular
mycorrhizal symbiosis to plant growth under
different types of soil stress. Plant Biology.
12:563- 569.
9. Shen H., Peter C., Li X., 2006. Uptake of zinc,
cadmium and phosphorus by arbuscular
mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) from a low
available phosphorus calcareous soil spiked with
zinc and cadmium. Environmental Geochemistry
and Health. 28:111–119.
10. Gildon A., Tinker P. B., 1983. Interactions of
vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection and
heavy metals in plants. I. The effects of heavy
metals on the development of vesicular–
arbuscular mycorrhizas. New Phytologist. 95,
247–261.
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