This study examined the effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum on the uptake and translocation of copper in the tropical gum tree Sterculia setigera grown in copper-contaminated soil. The study found that:
1) Mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant biomass and reduced copper concentrations in roots and shoots, especially at higher soil copper concentrations.
2) Copper uptake efficiency, translocation efficiency, and phytoextraction efficiency were lower in mycorrhizal plants than in non-mycorrhizal plants.
3) The mycorrhizal fungus helped protect the plant from copper toxicity in contaminated soils by decreasing
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and
the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been
greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of
sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS
-
PAGE in 10
rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different
concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control.
Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass
showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated
through SDS
-
PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The
morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress
provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response
in plants.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS-PAGE in 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control. Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated through SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response in plants.
Article Citation:
John De Britto R, Mary Sujin R, Steena Roshan Sebastian and Dharmar K.
Toxic effect of arsenic on ten rice varieties.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1(1): 011-016.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0003.pdf
Microbiological and physicochemical analyses of top soils obtained from four ...Innspub Net
Several methodologies were utilized to evaluate the microbiological and physico chemical properties of top soil samples bored from four municipal waste dumpsites and a farmland (control sample) all located in Benin City, Edo State. The soil samples were obtained during the month of January, 2013. The mean aerobic bacterial counts for the soil samples ranged from 9.7 × 103 cfu/g for the control soil to 1.80 × 104 cfu/g for the soil sourced from the dump site at Ikheuniro. The mean heterotrophic fungal counts varied from 7.0 × 102 cfu/g for capitol dumpsite to 3.3 × 103 cfu/g for the control soil. Ten (10) microbial isolates were characterized and identified; Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas sp., Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp. and Staphylococcus sp., Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., Saccharomyces sp. and Fusarium sp. respectively. Both Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were the most dominant amongst the bacterial isolates whilst Staphylococcus sp. was the least occurring bacterial isolate. Aspergillus sp. was the highest occurring fungal isolate while the least isolated fungal culture was Saccharomyces sp. The physico chemical results showed values which ranged from 5.60 to 8.08, 164.00 µS/cm to 540.00 µS/cm, 2.378 mg/kg to 3.444 mg/kg, 0.009 mg/kg to 0.016 mg/kg for pH, electrical conductivity, sulphate and cadmium. Despite the positive impacts of the dumped municipal wastes on the microbial and organic properties of the analyzed soils, disposal of municipal wastes in open dump sites is an archaic and unsustainable option in the management of municipal wastes. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-1-september-2013/
The effect of rhizosphere growth promoter bacteria on enzymes activities of H...Innspub Net
Soils and accumulated materials are resources of heavy metals, which are available for absorbance by plants. One
of the potential methods for eliminating heavy metals from polluted places includes usage of resistance creature
to metals which are able to accumulate and absorb high amount of material. Present study was carried out in a
greenhouse format in completely accidental plots with 4 times repetition and 2 plants of Hordeum vulgare and Brassica napus. This experiment was done in 2011 in Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch. Variance analysis results showed significant effect of pb levels, growth promoters bacteria and interaction effects of them on capabilities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes (P<0.01). Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-4-number-10-may-2014/
Ultrastructural and physiological aspects of eucalyptus clones submitted to b...Innspub Net
This work aimed evaluate ultrastructural and physiological aspects of 35-days old eucalyptus, clones 13; 59 and 131, by submitting them to the following barium doses: null, 125; 250; 500 and 1000 ppm of barium solution, with four repetitions. Due to the exposition to barium, there was appearance of phytotoxicity on the leaves. Then, it was determined the following variables: Phloem of Diameter of Leaf and Root (PDL and PDR); Xylem of Diameter of Leaf and Root (XDL and XDR) and Thickness of Palisade Parenchyma (PP); Spad Index (SPADI); Inferior Face of Stomata Functionality of the Inferior Face (IFSF) and Stomach Density of the Inferior Face (SD). Barium negatively influenced the leaf ultrastructure of eucalyptus and its physiology. Eucalyptus clones 13; 59 and 131 are susceptible to barium solution. Barium caused root and ultrastructural leaves and root damages on eucalyptus clones. Xylem diameter of leaves of eucalyptus clones 13 and 59 were not harmed as exposed to Barium.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and
the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been
greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of
sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS
-
PAGE in 10
rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different
concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control.
Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass
showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated
through SDS
-
PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The
morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress
provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response
in plants.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS-PAGE in 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control. Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated through SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response in plants.
Article Citation:
John De Britto R, Mary Sujin R, Steena Roshan Sebastian and Dharmar K.
Toxic effect of arsenic on ten rice varieties.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1(1): 011-016.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0003.pdf
Microbiological and physicochemical analyses of top soils obtained from four ...Innspub Net
Several methodologies were utilized to evaluate the microbiological and physico chemical properties of top soil samples bored from four municipal waste dumpsites and a farmland (control sample) all located in Benin City, Edo State. The soil samples were obtained during the month of January, 2013. The mean aerobic bacterial counts for the soil samples ranged from 9.7 × 103 cfu/g for the control soil to 1.80 × 104 cfu/g for the soil sourced from the dump site at Ikheuniro. The mean heterotrophic fungal counts varied from 7.0 × 102 cfu/g for capitol dumpsite to 3.3 × 103 cfu/g for the control soil. Ten (10) microbial isolates were characterized and identified; Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas sp., Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp. and Staphylococcus sp., Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., Saccharomyces sp. and Fusarium sp. respectively. Both Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were the most dominant amongst the bacterial isolates whilst Staphylococcus sp. was the least occurring bacterial isolate. Aspergillus sp. was the highest occurring fungal isolate while the least isolated fungal culture was Saccharomyces sp. The physico chemical results showed values which ranged from 5.60 to 8.08, 164.00 µS/cm to 540.00 µS/cm, 2.378 mg/kg to 3.444 mg/kg, 0.009 mg/kg to 0.016 mg/kg for pH, electrical conductivity, sulphate and cadmium. Despite the positive impacts of the dumped municipal wastes on the microbial and organic properties of the analyzed soils, disposal of municipal wastes in open dump sites is an archaic and unsustainable option in the management of municipal wastes. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-1-september-2013/
The effect of rhizosphere growth promoter bacteria on enzymes activities of H...Innspub Net
Soils and accumulated materials are resources of heavy metals, which are available for absorbance by plants. One
of the potential methods for eliminating heavy metals from polluted places includes usage of resistance creature
to metals which are able to accumulate and absorb high amount of material. Present study was carried out in a
greenhouse format in completely accidental plots with 4 times repetition and 2 plants of Hordeum vulgare and Brassica napus. This experiment was done in 2011 in Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch. Variance analysis results showed significant effect of pb levels, growth promoters bacteria and interaction effects of them on capabilities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes (P<0.01). Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-4-number-10-may-2014/
Ultrastructural and physiological aspects of eucalyptus clones submitted to b...Innspub Net
This work aimed evaluate ultrastructural and physiological aspects of 35-days old eucalyptus, clones 13; 59 and 131, by submitting them to the following barium doses: null, 125; 250; 500 and 1000 ppm of barium solution, with four repetitions. Due to the exposition to barium, there was appearance of phytotoxicity on the leaves. Then, it was determined the following variables: Phloem of Diameter of Leaf and Root (PDL and PDR); Xylem of Diameter of Leaf and Root (XDL and XDR) and Thickness of Palisade Parenchyma (PP); Spad Index (SPADI); Inferior Face of Stomata Functionality of the Inferior Face (IFSF) and Stomach Density of the Inferior Face (SD). Barium negatively influenced the leaf ultrastructure of eucalyptus and its physiology. Eucalyptus clones 13; 59 and 131 are susceptible to barium solution. Barium caused root and ultrastructural leaves and root damages on eucalyptus clones. Xylem diameter of leaves of eucalyptus clones 13 and 59 were not harmed as exposed to Barium.
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Biochar impact on physiological and biochemical attributes of spinachGJESM Publication
Disastrous effect of nickel on spinach was discussed by number of authors but the effect of amendments like biochar with nickel on Spinacea oleraceaL. is not still discussed by any author of the world because biochar was used as soil amendments which play a vital role in reducing mobilization and uptake of nickel by spinach plants. As nickel contaminated plants are very harmful for the consumption by living organisms. Nickel can be gathered in agronomic soils by anthropogenic actions such as Ni-Cd batteries. In this study, the growth, physiological, photosynthetic and biochemical responses of Spinacia oleracea grown in Ni-spiked soil (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg Ni/Kg soil) at three levels of cotton-sticks-derived biochar “CSB” (0, 3 and 5 %) were evaluated. The results exposed significant decrease in growth, photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical traits of S. oleracea when grown in Ni-polluted soil. However, this decrease was less pronounced in CSB amended soil. A steady rise in the MDA (0.66 µg/g to 2.08 µg g-1), ascorbic acid (1.24 mg/g to 1.57 mg/g)and sugar concentrations (1.73 mg/g to 2.16 mg/g)was observed with increased concentration of Ni. The increasing percentages of CSB from 3 % to 5 % decreased Ni concentrations in root and shoot of experimental plant. Higher production of chlorophyll, amino acids and protein with CSB amendment looked like alleviation in Ni toxicity. Therefore, it is concluded that, Ni toxicity and availability to the plants can be reduced by CSB amendments.
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
In this study, a salt-stress pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of AMF on growth of Zea mays L. plants, grown in sirt saline soil-Libya, which was reflected on fertilization of soil and reduction of both cost and environ mental pollution. Experimental units were supplied with chemical fertilizers as recommended to Zea mays L. plants, with the exception of phorphorus being added with three concentrations (0, 50 and 100 kg p/ha). Results showed the a significant increase of the strain Rhizophagus intraradices where the infection rate was 92%, followed by the strain which was 90.33% and the lowest infection rate was for the strain Scutellospora sp., which was 83%. Also showed that the fungi Scutellospora sp., Claroideoglomus etunicatum were significantly better strains tested on wet and dry weight of shoot. Also the interference between inoculation and levels of phosphate fertilization in the saline soils the studied characters significantly, (mean weight diameter, percentage of root infection, root length, dry weights of shoot and root growth. The interference between inoculation and Levels of phosphorus in the saline soils, increased the studied characters significantly, in particular, significant increase for most of treatments of the mycorrhizal strains. Where it was observed that effect differed in the studied trait and the difference of the strain with difference of strain each trait.
MoO3 Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Its Hindering Effect on G...IJERA Editor
Molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol-gel method. The X-ray diffraction analysis was done to confirm that the obtained product was MoO3. The scanning electron microscopy was done to study the shape, size distribution and surface morphology of nanoparticles; they had a hexagonal shape with smooth surface and uniform size distribution. The functional groups were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effect of MoO3 nanoparticles on seed germination of vigna unguiculata was studied for 6 days from the day of sowing, by comparing the time taken for seeds to germinate and length of shoot with respect to time of the seeds sowed in heavy black soil whose nutrient composition was known with seeds sowed in the same heavy black soil but which was made rich with MoO3 nanoparticles. It was observed that the MoO3 nanoparticles hampered the germination of vigna unguiculata seeds and this restraint continued in the shoot growth also.
Incepted in the year 2003, Shree Keshar Enterprise an ISO 9001 : 2008 company is one the leading organizations, engaged in manufacturing and exporting road construction machines and equipment.
Earth Glue - Haul Road Dust Control Agent & Soil StabilizerEP&A Envirotac Inc.
Earth Glue is a recycled product from the polymer industry that has been reworked to serve the dust control and soil
stabilization sectors. Our Envirotac line of polymers bind loose soil particles together to control the dust problem at manufacturing sites, roads, airfields, helipads, etc. Visit here form ore details: http://envirotac.com/industriesuses/
Mascot Manorath symbolizes the fulfillment of the primary dream of every family of acquiring a place they can call their own. Located at Sector 16 Noida Extension (Greater Noida – West), Manorath offers 2 & 3 bedroom luxury apartments that are well planned to ensure maximum utilization of space. Manorath has been created as an energy efficient “GREEN DEVELOPMENT” project, with assistance from highly qualified architects and engineers from premier institutions like SPA and IIT.
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Biochar impact on physiological and biochemical attributes of spinachGJESM Publication
Disastrous effect of nickel on spinach was discussed by number of authors but the effect of amendments like biochar with nickel on Spinacea oleraceaL. is not still discussed by any author of the world because biochar was used as soil amendments which play a vital role in reducing mobilization and uptake of nickel by spinach plants. As nickel contaminated plants are very harmful for the consumption by living organisms. Nickel can be gathered in agronomic soils by anthropogenic actions such as Ni-Cd batteries. In this study, the growth, physiological, photosynthetic and biochemical responses of Spinacia oleracea grown in Ni-spiked soil (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg Ni/Kg soil) at three levels of cotton-sticks-derived biochar “CSB” (0, 3 and 5 %) were evaluated. The results exposed significant decrease in growth, photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical traits of S. oleracea when grown in Ni-polluted soil. However, this decrease was less pronounced in CSB amended soil. A steady rise in the MDA (0.66 µg/g to 2.08 µg g-1), ascorbic acid (1.24 mg/g to 1.57 mg/g)and sugar concentrations (1.73 mg/g to 2.16 mg/g)was observed with increased concentration of Ni. The increasing percentages of CSB from 3 % to 5 % decreased Ni concentrations in root and shoot of experimental plant. Higher production of chlorophyll, amino acids and protein with CSB amendment looked like alleviation in Ni toxicity. Therefore, it is concluded that, Ni toxicity and availability to the plants can be reduced by CSB amendments.
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
In this study, a salt-stress pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of AMF on growth of Zea mays L. plants, grown in sirt saline soil-Libya, which was reflected on fertilization of soil and reduction of both cost and environ mental pollution. Experimental units were supplied with chemical fertilizers as recommended to Zea mays L. plants, with the exception of phorphorus being added with three concentrations (0, 50 and 100 kg p/ha). Results showed the a significant increase of the strain Rhizophagus intraradices where the infection rate was 92%, followed by the strain which was 90.33% and the lowest infection rate was for the strain Scutellospora sp., which was 83%. Also showed that the fungi Scutellospora sp., Claroideoglomus etunicatum were significantly better strains tested on wet and dry weight of shoot. Also the interference between inoculation and levels of phosphate fertilization in the saline soils the studied characters significantly, (mean weight diameter, percentage of root infection, root length, dry weights of shoot and root growth. The interference between inoculation and Levels of phosphorus in the saline soils, increased the studied characters significantly, in particular, significant increase for most of treatments of the mycorrhizal strains. Where it was observed that effect differed in the studied trait and the difference of the strain with difference of strain each trait.
MoO3 Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Its Hindering Effect on G...IJERA Editor
Molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol-gel method. The X-ray diffraction analysis was done to confirm that the obtained product was MoO3. The scanning electron microscopy was done to study the shape, size distribution and surface morphology of nanoparticles; they had a hexagonal shape with smooth surface and uniform size distribution. The functional groups were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effect of MoO3 nanoparticles on seed germination of vigna unguiculata was studied for 6 days from the day of sowing, by comparing the time taken for seeds to germinate and length of shoot with respect to time of the seeds sowed in heavy black soil whose nutrient composition was known with seeds sowed in the same heavy black soil but which was made rich with MoO3 nanoparticles. It was observed that the MoO3 nanoparticles hampered the germination of vigna unguiculata seeds and this restraint continued in the shoot growth also.
Incepted in the year 2003, Shree Keshar Enterprise an ISO 9001 : 2008 company is one the leading organizations, engaged in manufacturing and exporting road construction machines and equipment.
Earth Glue - Haul Road Dust Control Agent & Soil StabilizerEP&A Envirotac Inc.
Earth Glue is a recycled product from the polymer industry that has been reworked to serve the dust control and soil
stabilization sectors. Our Envirotac line of polymers bind loose soil particles together to control the dust problem at manufacturing sites, roads, airfields, helipads, etc. Visit here form ore details: http://envirotac.com/industriesuses/
Mascot Manorath symbolizes the fulfillment of the primary dream of every family of acquiring a place they can call their own. Located at Sector 16 Noida Extension (Greater Noida – West), Manorath offers 2 & 3 bedroom luxury apartments that are well planned to ensure maximum utilization of space. Manorath has been created as an energy efficient “GREEN DEVELOPMENT” project, with assistance from highly qualified architects and engineers from premier institutions like SPA and IIT.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
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Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on the growth, nutrient uptake, root in...Innspub Net
The effect of Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi on growth, nutrient uptake and root infectivity was determined in Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri) seedlings raised under four phosphorus regimes in sand culture and also in sand/nitrosol sterile and unsterile conditions. Inoculation with AM fungi increased the plant height, leaf number and stem girth in relation to un-inoculated seedlings grown under equivalent P concentrations. An increase in plant height, leaf number and stem girth also occurred in both inoculated sterile and un-sterile sand/nitrosol media in relation to un-inoculated sterile and unsterile media. Arbuscular mycorrhiza also increased the leaf area and the root, leaf and stem fresh and dry weights and also caused an increase in the uptake of phosphorus and potassium in the leaf tissues. It also favoured mycorrhizal infectivity of roots and increased the root absorptive surface area. This study indicates that AM fungi improves the capacity of tropical fruit to absorb and utilize plant nutrients possibly by increasing the effective root surface area from which available form of nutrients are absorbed and also by increasing access of roots by bridging the depletion zones. Inoculating seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi helps to alleviate the adverse effects of global warming and climate change. As a low-cost technology, arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation is recommended as part of the regular practice for incorporating into nursery media used for tropical fruit seedling propagation.
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Open Access Research Paper
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...Innspub Net
A field study was conducted at the college of Agriculture, Baghdad University- Jadiriyah to investigate the effect of adding potassium fertilizer and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) on the population density of two sucking pests of cucumber, cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci during the spring season/2016. Results indicated that potassium sulphate (50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and organic nutrient (0.8 and 1.6ml/l) reduced both the population density of B. tabaci and T. tabaci nymphs depending on the fertilizer level of the user, the treatment 150 kg/ha for the potassium fertilizer and 1.6 ml/L for organic nutrient was the highest among others when minimized density of nymphs by 1.62 nymphs of B. tabaci/disk leaf and 0.38 nymph of T. tabaci / disk leaf. suggesting a possible increase in cucumber resistance to this pest as a result of the treatments, and the result showed the infestation with B. tabaci was higher in the second half of May, the average number of nymph were 5.35 nymph/ disk leaf, while the highest number of T. tabaci was observed in the first half of May, the average number reached to 2.73 nymph/ disk leaf. The result showed the interaction treatment K150A1.6 was significant superior of percentage of K and increased of content in leaves of Fe, Cu and Zn.
Effect of increasing doses of waste on the bioaccumulation of trace metal ele...Open Access Research Paper
Corn could accumulate toxic elements. To assess the potential for corn accumulation, plots were made and organised according to a completely randomised block. Increasing doses of waste 0, 20, 40 and 60t/ha constituted the various treatments. Heavy metal trace levels of soil samples before and after harvest and biomass were determined. The results of the analyses show that the waste produced was contaminated and contributed to increase the copper and zinc content of the pre-seeded soils from 18.22 to 26.25mg/kg and from 15.16 to 63.92mg/kg of soil, respectively. In general, soil heavy metal levels are not above the contamination limit. However, at maize, the levels are higher than the contamination limit for human and animal consumption. Values range from 5.56mg/kg for cadmium, 27.75 to 30.06mg/kg for copper, 13.83 to 42.59mg/kg for lead, 18.78 to 28.41mg/kg for zinc. So, corn is an accumulating plant.
The present study intended to compare the efficiency of the wetland plants Phragmites australis (cav.)
Trin. ex Steudel and Cyperus papyrus L. for the accumulation of heavy metals. Maximum accumulation
of the heavy metals Pb (132.5-175 μg/g DW), Zn (97.5-100 μg/g DW) and Cr (80.5-90 μg/g DW) was
recorded in roots of the two wetland plants C. papyrus and P. australis, respectively. Cadmium showed
the lowest metal accumulation in the tissues of both plants (0.55-5.5 μg/g DW). C. papyrus roots
accumulated higher levels of most metals than those of P. australis. Heavy metals were shown to be not
only accumulated in roots of both plants but also were translocated to the shoots and accumulated in the
harvestable plant parts. The results showed variation in the levels of the heavy metals accumulated in the
different parts of C. papyrus and P. australis, in spite of being planted at the same site and subjected to
the same conditions. The potential use of Phragmites australis and Cyperus papyrus in phytoremediation
is also discussed.
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Influence of Sodium Chloride on germination, and Zinc, Copper, Zinc-Copper mi...Premier Publishers
Seed germination and seedling performance of Dorke and Omankwa corn varieties were investigated under varying salinity, copper and zinc concentrations. Sample analyses were done using AAS. Germination of both seeds decreased with increasing Sodium chloride. When NaCl was increased from 3 to 6ppm, the range of germination of Dorke seeds reduced from 33 - 20% while that of Omankwa seeds reduced from 20% to 13.3%. 85.5% germination in 60mMNaCl was the highest in Dorke and 72.2% germination in 90mMNaCl was the lowest. 87.8% germination in 30mMNaCl was the highest for Omankwa hybrid, 30% in 90mM being its lowest. Cu2+ accumulated more in the roots than shoot of both hybrids, while Zn2+ accumulated more in their shoots than the roots. Highest mean fresh weight of Dorke was recorded in moderate Cu2+ and Zn2+. Also highest mean fresh weight of Omankwa hybrid occurred under low Cu2+ level and moderate Zn2+ levels, but was highest in higher levels of Zn2+ and Cu2+ mixture. From the study, farmers are advised against planting the two hybrids in alkaline soils and to apply Cu2+/Zn2+ based fertilizers to improve photosynthetic activity and biomass.
Copper Accumulation in Leucaena leucocephala by Mycorrhizae Glomus Sp. Zac–19...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Jose Antonio Alzate dam is the main man-made reservoir along the Lerma River in central Mexico. The water in this dam is heavily contaminated with organic and inorganic residues including copper and other heavy metals. For many years, people living in the vicinity of the dam use sediments as fertilizers, resulting in heavy soil contamination. This study focuses on the use of native Leucadena leucocephala, a small, fast-growing mimosid tree cultivated under greenhouse conditions in an attempt to reduce the levels of copper. The plant was inoculated with a fungus of the Glomus sp. Zac-19 species that in a symbiotic manner increases the decontaminating properties of L. leucocephala. The study was carried out in three stages, starting with sequential extractions to assess the geochemical distribution of copper. Next, L. leucocephala was grown under controlled conditions using a factorial statistical model adding two known doses of Cu2+ and a third plantlet grown under normal conditions to be used as control. The plant growth was followed at random during 30, 60, 90 and 180 days to assess the level of copper bioaccumulation in leaves, stem and in the whole plant. The bioaccumulation index was evaluated using the initial six fractions, with fraction five revealing a direct relationship between the levels of copper in plant and sediment. Due to the relation of fraction V with humic material, it was finally considered for the calculation of the bioaccumulation index. Copper accumulation in stems was greater than in leaves and the metal concentration decreased with time. The percentage of arbuscules, vesicles and complete colonization was affected by high doses of Cu2+,inhibiting the growth of stem and leaves of L. leucocephala. These results suggest that the plant can be useful for the biological removal of copper in contaminated sediments or soils.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Influence of Long Term Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization on the Biochemist...researchagriculture
As the tea plantation in hilly tracts are located in slopes, the management of
fertilizer regimes is somewhat challengeable due to leaching which in turn affect the
quality of tea soil. In light of this fact the present study was focused to determine the
quality of tea soil in terms of the evaluation of certain physical and biological
characteristics as influenced by various dosage of fertilizer applications. The impact of long
term nitrogen and potassium fertilization on biochemical characteristics and microbial
activities in tea soil has been analyzed in the present study. Different sources and rates of
nitrogen (ammonium sulphate and urea), and potassium (muriate of potash) were tested
at two soil depths (0
-
10 cm and 10
-
20 cm) and for two seasons (premonsoon and
monsoon). The acidic tea soil was further acidified with nitrogen application and the
extent of acidification varied with the fertilizer type and season. Soil respiration rates were
higher in 0
-
10 cm soils and were positively related to soil nitrogen and potassium
concentrations. Among the soil enzymes analyzed, urease activity exhibited different
trends in the two soil depths at different seasons. Urease activity tended to increase with
increasing potassium application rates, whereas higher cellulase activity was associated
with lower nitrogen application rates. This study clearly indicates that the soil quality
depends on the fertilizer application rates and season.
Anther Culture of Pepper: Morphological Charactersitics of Fruits of Androgen...researchagriculture
The presented study describes the effectiveness of induced androgenesis in
in vitro pepper anther culture. The aim of this study was the establishment of
effective technology for induction of embryogenesis in pepper anther culture;
development of the embryos into plantlets; successful adaptation and acclimatization
of plantlets from sterile to greenhouse conditions, and the breeding process of
obtained androgenetic pepper lines in the plastic tunnel conditions. From 19 pepper
genotypes under investigation, 12 possessed potential for embryo formation in
anther culture. After the acclimatization and adaptation of plantlets, seed material
from four pepper genotypes were collected: Piran, Kurtovska kapija SR, Zlaten medal
SR and Féherözön. From the collected seed material, breeding processes of
androgenetic pepper lines was set up in plastic tunnel (from April
-
October
2007
-
2010). The pepper genotypes and androgenetic lines as their products differ
among themselves in the length of phonological phases, fruit type and fruit utilization.
Detailed study for characterization of morphological and production parameters of
the fruits was established that indicate to sort out lines with positive characteristics.
Uses of Ganoderma and other Mushrooms as Medicine in Oshana and Ohangwena r...researchagriculture
Basidiomycetes fungi, including
Ganoderma lucidum
, have a variety of uses
such as providing nutrition and medical remedies. The mushroom
G. lucidum
has
been used for a long time to cure liver problems, heart condition, asthma, cancer,
high blood pressure and arthritis. Recently, it has been associated with boosting
immune systems in HIV infected persons. It is for these reasons that the mushroom
has attracted a lot of attention leading to proposals of cultivating to increase supply
to the Southern African market. This study was initiated with the objective of
determining the uses of
Ganoderma
species and other mushrooms by local
communities in Oshana and Ohangwena Regions of northern Namibia. A survey was
conducted in the 10% households of each of the two northern regions of Namibia.
A questionnaire for face
-
to
-
face interviews was designed and applied to the two
Regions. The information survey has revealed that
Ganoderma
species have a variety
of other traditional uses including veterinary applications, while other five species of
mushrooms are used as nerve calming tonics and as treatment of skin infections. The
study found out that those interviewed in Ohangwena Region use more mushrooms
for medicinal purposes than those interviewed in Oshana Region.
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South - East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the
socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the
rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by
questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states
that constitute the South East Agro
-
ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly
used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were
dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production
include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of
inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of
credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the
government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the
constraints in rice production through the development of extension
training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/
processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Biodiversity of Butterflies at Ambasamudram Taluk, Tirunelveli District, Tam...researchagriculture
The present study has been aimed to explore the existing diversity of
butterflies from Ambasamudram Taluk, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu. A total of
19 genera and 23 species belonging to eight families were recorded. Out of these,
Nymphalidae were dominant with 7 species, followed by Papilionidae (5 species),
Pieridae (5 species), Danaidae (3 species), Acraeidae (1 species), Hesperiidae
(1 species), Lycaenidae (1 species), and Satyridae (1 species). Nymphalidae was found
to be the most dominant members with 30.43% followed by Papilionidae (21.74%),
Pieridae (17.39%) and Danaidae (13.04%). The minimum number of species found in
this habitat was from the families such as Acraeidae (4.35%), Hesperiidae (4.35%),
Lycaenidae (4.35%) and Satyridae (4.35%).
Technical Efficiency Differentials and Resource - Productivity Analysis amon...researchagriculture
The importance of soybean as a high protein, primary input in vegetable oil,
diary and feed industries is not in doubt. The technical efficiency and
resource
-
productivity of smallholder soybean farmers in Benue State, Nigeria were
estimated using cross sectional data obtained on 96 soybean farmers in the empirical
analysis. Results obtained with transcendental logarithmic (translog) stochastic
frontier model showed that the technical efficiencies varied widely from
0.254 to 0.999 with a mean of 0.718. This indicates that smallholder soybean
production was in the irrational stage of production (stage III) as depicted by the
returns
-
to
-
scale (RTS) of
-
2.848. Land and fertilizer were effectively allocated and
used, as confirmed by each variable having estimated coefficient value between zero
and unity, depicting stage II in the production curve. The productivity of the factors
can be enhanced by expanding the farm size at the existing level of labour so that the
variable of labour used could move from stage III to stage II in the production curve.
Labour saving resource and/or practices should be encouraged for productivity and
technical efficiency to be enhanced.
Factors affecting agricultural sustainable activities among wheat producersresearchagriculture
The sustainability of agricultural activities has been emphasized in many
studies. The main objective of this study is to determine the major factors affecting
the adoption of
sustainable activities among wheat producers in Marvdasht county in
Iran. The Survey research was used and the sample consists of 178 farmers that
selected with simple random sampling technique from 10 villages. Findings showed a
positive correlation between educational level, knowledge on sustainability, attending
on educational classes, participation in extension activities, social norms and
conducting sustainable agricultural activities. The regression findings showed that
age, educational level, knowledge on sustainability, agricultural income, total land of
family, attending on educational classes, participation in extension activities, social
norms, controllability of production factors were major variables to explain variability
in adoption of sustainable activities among wheat producers. The study has provided
recommendations to improve of adoption rate in sustainable agricultural activities.
Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) prepared from Sargassum wightii an...researchagriculture
The effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF) of
Sargassum wightii
and
Hypnea
musciformis
were evaluated on the seedling growth and biochemical parameters of
the pulse,
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
(L). The seeds of
C. tetragonoloba
soaked in SLF
performed better when compared to the water soaked controls in terms of growth
and certain biochemical attributes. The seeds were sown in soil and SLF were added
to soil bed in four different concentrations separately (0.5%, 1%, 2% and 5% w/v).
C.
tetragonoloba
seedlings showed positive response at 0.5% concentration of aqueous
seaweed extracts in almost all the growth parameters studied. Similarly, a significant
increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments and biochemical constituents such
as soluble protein and starch was noted. The use of
Sargassum
and
Hypnea
extracts
proved to be effective.
Analysis of the effects of monetary and fiscal policy indicators on agricult...researchagriculture
The research was conducted to determine the effect of monetary and fiscal
policy indicators on Nigeria’s agricultural output. The output considered were mainly
cereals such as maize, sorghum, rice, millet and wheat while the monetary policy
indicators studied were inflation, money supply, interest rate and savings. Budgetary
allocation represents the fiscal component while inflation, savings, interest rate,
money supply represented monetary policy indicators. One of the fundamental
objectives was to examine the relationship between monetary and fiscal policy
indicators on agricultural output. Multiple regression was used as the main analytical
tool, and the result showed that money supply, budgetary allocation, interest rate
were 94%, 54% and 82% significant in the order above i.e. they had significant
relationship with output, while inflation and savings were not significant. The result
also revealed that within the period of study, agriculture contributed 28% to 35% of
the gross domestic product. Forestry and fisheries contributed the least, while crop
and animal sub sectors contributed the highest.
Contamination by trace metals (ETM) assessment of the plants populating the ...researchagriculture
The proportioning of the metal element traces by ICP
-
AES (Inductively
Coupled Plasma
-
Atomic Spectrometry Emission) in the mining residues of the dumps,
and the plants which populate the mine field of Zaida (High Moulouya), allowed to
highlight an important contamination as well as residues of the plants (
Stipa
tenuifolia
,
Reseda phyteuma
and
Matthiola longipetala
).
This contamination is materialized by strong concentrations in ETM (Lead,
Zinc, Copper and Cadmium).On the level of the plants the distribution of these ETM
(Lead, Zinc, Copper and Cadmium) is variable according to the vegetative species and
their bodies.
The simultaneous presence of the various elements as well induces an
increasing toxicity on the flora as on fauna and consequently on the local population.
Effects of storage conditions on viability, germination and sugar content of ...researchagriculture
Pearl millet (
Pennisetum glaucum
) is the most widely grown type of millet in
Africa and Asia. Pearl millet is well adapted to growing in areas characterized by
drought, low soil fertility, and high temperature. It grow well in soil with high salinity
or low pH.
In northern Namibia, pearl millet grains are stored in wooden, plastic and
cement containers for future consumption and also seeds for the next planting
season. This study looked at viability, germination and sugar content of pearl millet
grains in different containers after 0
-
16 months post
-
harvest.
Germination and
viability of pearl millet grains decreased as the period of storage increased, and this
was more obvious especially in cement and wooden containers. Viability in wooden
container ranged between 64
-
50% after 8
-
16 months post
-
harvest compared to
83
-
74% in plastic container and 30
-
12% in wooden container after a similar period of
storage. Pearl millet grains were found to contain high amounts of starch and sucrose
for the first four months and it decreases as storage time increase. As the duration
time of storing the pearl millet grain increased, the amount of starch and sucrose
decreased. This happened in all storage containers but there was a rapid loss in starch
and sucrose content in cement storage than in the other storage facilities.
Biodegradation of insecticidal compounds of Clausena anisata and Plectrant...researchagriculture
Essential oils of some aromatic plants are suggested in Northern Cameroon
as alternatives to hazardous pesticides having harmful effects on the consumer and
the environment. The active compounds of these essential oils are very volatile, easily
biodegradable. To be effective, treatments should be made with short interval and
regular time. This mode of use generates the accumulation of constituents of these
essential oils on the treated food and could limit food security and safety. The present
study aimed at evaluating the variation of the constituent’s quality of
Clausena
anisata
(Rutaceae)
and
Plectranthus glandulosus
(Lamiaceae)
essential oils and their
levels on food products according to time. In this way, samples of corn grains and
flour were treated with these essential oils and stored during 150 days. During this
storage, the persistent compounds present in these samples were extracted by
hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID. The obtained
results showed that, essential
oils concentration decreases on food products according to the duration of storage,
with half
-
life times (IT50) of 24.16 and 34.61 days for
C. anisata
, and 25 and 38.75
days for
P. glandulosus
, respectively on grains and flour. At 150 days after the
treatment, there is no more that six constituents of
C. anaisata
and 3 of
P.
glandulosus
on the grains, and 10 and seven constituents on the flour respectively for
these two essential oils. The rates of these persistent constituents are more than 62.5
times lower than the toxic concentration observed from the day of treatment. At
these used doses, these constituents are not toxic to consumers.
Extension of grid soil sampling technology: application of extended Technolog...researchagriculture
Grid soil sampling technology is one of the most important information
technologies in agriculture. Application of these technologies is a way to understand
the extent of needed nutrient elements of soil. The purpose of this research is to
investigate the attitude and intention to the extension of grid soil sampling
technologies among agricultural specialists in Iran. A survey was used to collect data
from 249 specialists. The results using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed
that attitude to use is the most important determinant of intention to extension.
Attitude of confidence, observability and triability positively affect intention to
extension of these technologies. Perceived ease of use indirectly influences the
intention to extension through attitude to use.
Effect of elements of communication on effectiveness of poultry technology m...researchagriculture
This study was carried out to ascertain the effect of elements of
communications on effectiveness of poultry technology messages in Delta State,
Nigeria. A sample size of 180 poultry farmers and 46 extension agents were randomly
selected and used for the study. The findings showed that the poultry technology
messages communicated to farmers included climate change adaptation measures,
poultry waste management, bird flu prevention, prevention of predators and exotic
breeds of broiler and layer birds. All the elements of communication such as source
(sender), message, channel, and receiver had positive correlation with effectiveness
of poultry technology messages. There is a need to sustain the use of a combination
of channels, various elements in the communication process should be seriously
considered in message designs, its execution and extension agents. Poultry farmers
should be encouraged to improve on their role performance.
Assessment of aquaculture sediment for agricultural fertilizer supplement an...researchagriculture
Overuse of farmlands for crop production and rising cost of chemical
Overuse of farmlands for crop production and rising cost of chemical fertilizers have
grossly affected crop yield, production and food availability, and the search for
alternative use of locally available aquaculture
-
waste for fertilizer and soil
improvement can improve crop yield and food availability for the teaming population
of Nigeria and other sub
-
Saharan African countries. This research determined the pH,
Organic Matter, nitrate and phosphate qualities of 10 fishpond sediments for use as
agricultural fertilizer supplement and soil conditioner in Owerri, Nigeria. Samples
were subjected to standard physicochemical analysis. The pH ranged from 8.1
-
7.3,
organic matter from 46.6
-
61.3 g/kg, nitrate from 2.6
-
3.2 g/kg and phosphate from
0.05
-
0.1 g/kg. The higher the organic matter in the sediment samples, the higher the
recorded pH, nitrate and phosphate from the different ponds sediments. Organic
material, nitrate, phosphate and pH variation in the sediments might be due to
nutrients added to pond water from fertilizer, unconsumed feed, fish feaces and
metabolites. The nitrate and phosphate are major plant nutrients; organic matter can
be used as soil conditioner. The pH can determine the soil chemistry and availability
of the nutrients. The fish pond sediment can help to improve soil texture and soil
fertility, which may influence soil aeration, water, and nutrient
-
holding capacity and
root penetration by crops and increased crops growth and yield. It can serve as
alternative uses for fertilizer, soil conditioner, and its application as a waste
management approach in aquaculture for environmental sustainability.
Seed morphometric studies of some Kenaf ( Hibiscus canabinus ) accessions researchagriculture
Fifteen kenaf lines collected from kenaf and Jute Improvement Programme
of Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (I.A.R.& T.) were subjected to digital
imaging analysis using USB microscope with digital imaging software (Veho™ UK) and
Vernier caliper to study the seed morphometric of available kenaf accession and the
possibility of using the morphometric data to determine variations between the
accessions. Ten seeds in four replicates of each seed lot were randomly selected and
measurement of the seed length, seed width, seed angle and seed thickness were
taken. The measurements were inputted and saved into Microsoft excel from where
the mean value of each parameters were calculated for each replicates. Data were
subjected to Analysis of variance, correlation analysis, principal component analysis
and clustering analysis. Variation exit among seed of kenaf accessions though they
had similar microscopic appearance features. Seed area, which was a function of seed
length and seed width contributed largely to the variation that exist between the seed
of kenaf accessions. Accession HC
-
583
-
31
2
, clearly distinguished itself from others and
therefore can be used in parent selection during breeding programmes. The inclusion
of this seed morphometrics trait in taxonomic description of kenaf is recommended to
increase the accuracy of morphological classification of kenaf.
Analysis of adaptation and extent of adaptation to climate variability among ...researchagriculture
The performance of agriculture is influenced by many factors including
climate variability. This factor is gradually being recognized as a key element in
shaping the form, scale, size and time
-
frame of agricultural productivity. Climate
variability is expected to have significant economic, environmental and social impacts
on various sectors of the Kenyan economy. In particular, rural farmers who depend on
major crops like maize and wheat for their livelihoods are likely to bear the brunt of
adverse impacts. The extent to which these impacts are felt depends in large part on
the extent of adaptation in response to climate variability. The key question here is,
“Why are wheat farmers in Rongai district facing continued decline in wheat output
despite evidence from both national and continental perspective that farmers have
adapted to climatic variability”. This study seeks to find out whether wheat farmers in
Rongai District have adapted to climate variability, and if that is the case, to what
extent. The study used multistage sampling procedure to select 150 wheat farmers in
Rongai district informed by both primary and secondary data sources. Data analysis
was done using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that indeed, farmers in the
area were able to recognize that temperatures have increased and there has been a
reduction in the volume of rainfall as well the vegetation cover. They were also able
to note changes in disease occurrence and pest infestation. The percentage of
farmers who perceived the changes was 62% while those who did not were 38%. The
percentage of farmers who perceived changes in temperature, precipitation and
vegetation cover were all equal. This indicates that the farmers were able to relate all
the three indicators of climate variability similarly.
Postharvest status of plantains in some selected markets in Ghanaresearchagriculture
Plantain production and marketing has been done traditionally, as the problem of
food
production shortage during the last decade in Ghana has temporarily been solved
with
import substitute staple like rice.
A survey of marketing and utilisation of plantain in
twenty
-
two urban markets from five regions of Ghana revealed that fruit maturity has
important criteria to all players in the plantain postharvest system.
Unavailable, improper
infrastructure and facilities coupled with unreliable transportation system and poor road
network shorten the shelf
-
life thus causing rapid ripening with subsequent increase in
postharvest losses.
The practiced technology for enhancing ripening of fruits, though
low, was appropriate
and cost effective. The role of market queens in the retailing of
the product had a
negative effect on the rate of returns of the retailers, which
contributed to about 45% of
the traders being seasonal sellers. However with about 60%
of respondents had basic education and their level of record and book keeping was
impressive.
Postharvest systems of selected vegetables in the upper east and west regio...researchagriculture
Every Ghanaian household uses eggplant, okra, onion, pepper and tomato as well
as other leafy vegetables. Its widespread usage had led to wide cultivation using different
soil types. Pockets of spoilage predominate during favourable seasons. Postharvest losses
up to about 50% have been documented for some of these perishables. Interventions in
the postharvest subsector were in the past oriented
towards isolated technical solutions
with subsequent dissemination. In this
survey using a structured questionnaire, the
whole set of operations within the chain from production to consumption was studied
for the two upper regions of
Ghana. Production was basically during the dry season when
there was no major
farming active for the main staples. Tomato and onions had high
premium thus
were the main vegetables grown. Cultivation was done near dams,
waterbeds or
dugout for source of irrigation. The drudgery involved in cultivation
restricted
production to lower acreage and basically men.
Postharvest systems of selected vegetables in the upper east and west regio...
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setigera (Del.) under Copper-contamined soil
1. Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings
Sterculia setigera (Del.) under Copper-contamined soil
Keywords:
Arbuscular mycorrhiza, heavy metals, Sterculia setigera, uptake,
translocation.
ABSTRACT:
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (Glomus fasciculatum) on tropical gum tree
(Sterculia setigera Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non-AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg-1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non-inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non-inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
022-028 | JRA | 2012 | Vol 1 | No 1
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and
reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
www.jagri.info
Journal of Research in
Agriculture
An International Scientific
Research Journal
Authors:
Malick Ndiaye1
, Cavalli
Eric2
, Diouf Adama1
, Diop
Tahir Abdoulaye1
.
Institution:
1. Laboratoire de
Biotechnologies des
Champignons, Département
de Biologie Végétale,
Faculté des Sciences et
Techniques, Université
Cheikh Anta Diop, BP. 5005
Dakar-Fann, Sénégal.
2. Service d’Analyse et de
Caractérisation, UFR
Sciences et Techniques,
Université de Franche-
Comté, 16, route de Gray -
25030 Besançon cedex,
France.
Corresponding author:
Malick Ndiaye
Email:
papmalic@yahoo.fr,
eric.cavalli@univ-fcomte.fr,
adiouf97@yahoo.com,
diopta@yahoo.fr,
Tél/Fax :
(221) 33 864 6658
Phone:
+ 221 77 534 84 79,
33 614 93 47 38,
+ 221 77 596 77 17,
+ 221 77 630 59 57.
Web Address:
http://www.jagri.info
documents/AG0012.pdf.
Dates:
Received: 14 Dec 2011 /Accepted: 25 Dec 2011 /Published: 24 Jan 2012
Article Citation:
Malick Ndiaye, Cavalli Eric, Diouf Adama, Diop Tahir Abdoulaye.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setigera (Del.)
under Copper-contamined soil.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1: 022-028
Original Research
Journal of Research in Agriculture
JournalofResearchinAgriculture An International Scientific Research Journal
2. INTRODUCTION
Toxic metal accumulation in soils of
agricultural interest is a serious problem needing
more attention and investigations on soil-plant
metal transfer must be pursued to better understand
the processes involved in metal uptake. Even at low
concentrations in the environment, excessive levels
of Copper are not only toxic to plants, but also to
humans through the food chain and pose a potential
threat to human health, environmental quality and
sustainable food production (Tao et al, 2003; Menti
et al, 2006). To prevent such risks, it is necessary to
quantify Copper transfer to plants. Several studies
investigated soil-plant metal transfer to find the
most reliable methods for the prediction of heavy
metal bioavailability and to understand the
processes involved in the uptake of these toxic
elements. In recent years, several studies have
shown that some plants are capable of absorbing
and / or transferring the metal in the roots of plants
(Song et al, 2004, Leung et al, 2007).
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi increase
nutrient acquisition by exploring a vast soil volume
(Smith and Read, 2008) and can be beneficial to
host plant growing in unfavorable soil conditions as
in nutrient deficient soils or in polluted areas. AMF
are known to influence metal transfer in plants by
increasing plant biomass and reducing metal
toxicity to plants, even if diverging results were
reported (Heggo et al, 1990 Leyval et al, 1997;
Ouziad et al, 2005; Requena, 2005; Hildebrandt et
al, 2007). In addition, fungi also affect the AM
uptake of metals by plants, soil and transfer of the
root. The alleviation of stress may be partly due to
immobilization of heavy metals in
mycorrhizosphere and to the decrease of metal
concentration in mycorrhizal plants (Kapoor and
Bhatnagar, 2007). On the other hand, under
conditions of high available soil Copper
concentrations of this trace element in shoots have
been reported to be lower in mycorrhizal than in
non-mycorrhizal plants (Weissenhorn et al, 1995;
Liu et al, 2000).
The aim of this study was thus to assess the
uptake and phytotoxicity of Cu in tropical gum tree
(Sterculia setigera) in Copper-contaminated soils.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soil
Soil used in this study was collected at 5-20
cm depth from soil botanical garden department at
latitude 14°41’2’’N, longitude 17°27’45’’W
(Cheikh Anta Diop University /Senegal). Soil
characteristics following: clay 3.6%, silt 1.6%, fine
silt 2.9%, fine sand 51%, coarse sand 40.9%,
organic matter 1.06%, total C 2.5, total N 0.33, total
P 47µg.g-1
, available P 3.1µg.g-1
, pH (sol/water
ratio 1:2) 6.7, pH (sol/KCL ratio 1:2) 4.5, was taken
for the analysis.
Mycorrhizal inoculum
Mycorrhizal inoculums containing
indigenous species G. fasciculatum was obtained
from Laboratory of Fungal Biotechnology (LBC) of
the department of Plant Biology (Cheikh Anta Diop
Universty / Senegal) was multiplied by using maize
as host plant. Mycorrhizal inoculum consited of
rhizospheric soil mixture from pure culture
containing spores, hyphae and mycorrhizal root
fragments (an average of 40 spores per gram and
85% of roots infected) were used for the
experiment.
Experimental procedure
Soil was sterilized by autoclaving at 120°C,
for 1h. Experiment was laid in a randomized block
with five replicates. Two factors were studied: (a)
Copper addition levels and (b) inoculation. Seeds of
S. setigera were scarified by the addition of sulfuric
acid (H2SO4 96%) for 100 min, and rinsed in sterile
distilled water. After successive five min baths in
sterile distilled water, seeds were germinated in
jars. The jars previously sterilized by autoclaving at
120°C for 20 min and were cotton soaked.
Germination occurs in the dark in an oven at 32°C
for 3 days. Two seedlings of S. setigera were
transferred to bags used in nursery and one seedling
was left after emergence.
Five Copper addition levels (0, 200, 400,
600 and 800 mg kg-1
) were applied in an analytical
grade CuSO4 solution mixed thoroughly with soil.
During this procedure, plants were incoulated with
AM fungus G. fasciculatum by placing 20 g of
inoculum directly in the substrate at the position of
the roots (the control without AM fungal
propagules).
Plants were grown in greenhouse with
following conditions: day/night cycle of 12/12h,
32/25°C and 40-50% air humidity. Plants were
watered with tap water.
Plant and soil analyses
To determine the degree of colonization
after 12 week culture, a portion of the roots (about
1 g fresh weight) was washed with tap water, and
then fully rinsed in distilled water. The clean roots
were cut into segments around 1 cm long, cleared
by soaking in 10% KOH and stained according to
Phillips and Hayman, (1970). Percentage
023 Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1: 022-028
Ndiaye et al.,2011
3. colonization was determined by the grid intersect
method followed by Giovannetti and Mosse,
(1980). Root and shoot dry weights were measured
after oven-drying at 70 °C for 48h.
Chemical analyses were done at the Water
Chemistry Laboratory of Analysis and
Characterization Service (SERAC) of the
University of Franche-Comte of France according
to standardised French procedures (AFNOR).
Copper concentrations in dried and ground plant
material were determined by Inductively Coupled
Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-
OES) after wet-digestion with a mixture of
concentrated HNO3 and HClO4 (3:2, v/v,
guaranteed reagent) mixed acid. pH was
determined in a 1:2.5 (w/v) soil/water suspension.
Three aspects of plant Copper efficiency were
assessed. According to Harper et al. (1997), Cu
uptake efficiency was calculated based on the
ability of the root to take up Copper from the soil
(the total amount of Copper in the plant expressed g
-1
root dry weight) and the Copper translocation
ability was computed as the ability of the plant to
transport the Copper to the shoot (percentage of
total Cu in the plant present in the shoot tissue):
Statistical analysis
Statistical procedures were carried out with the
software package R version 2.5. Two factor
analyses of variance (ANOVA) were performed to
partition the variance into the main effects and the
interaction between Inoculation and Cu addition
level.
RESULTS
Plant Biomass
No differences of shoot biomass were found
at 0 and 200 mg kg-1
Copper. However, a decrease
was observed in shoot biomass at 400 and 600 mg
kg-1
Copper (Fig. 1). Root dry weights showed a
similar trend. At 600 mg kg-1
Copper, both shoot
and root dry weights were decreased. Compared
with controls, AMF inoculation increased shoot and
root dry weights at any Copper levels (Fig. 1a, 1b).
Copper concentrations
In general, both shoot and root Copper
concentrations tended to increase with increasing
Copper addition levels. Compared with control
plants, shoot Cu concentrations in mycorrhizal
plants were higher with no Cu addition but lower at
other levels. Root Cu concentrations of inoculated
plant were higher even 400 mg kg-1
Cu added (Fig.
2). At 600 mg kg-1
Cu added, no significant
difference was found between root inoculated and
non inoculated plants. Both inoculation and Cu
addition had a significant effect on shoot and root
Cu concentrations, and the interactions between
them were also significant for shoot and root Cu
concentrations (Table 1).
Cu uptake
On the whole, shoot Cu uptake increased
with more Cu added while shoot Cu uptake did not
change consistently with Cu added for both non-
mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal treatments (Fig. 3).
Shoot Copper uptake in mycorrhizal plants was
significantly higher compared to non-mycorrhizal
control on zero Cu addition but lower at other levels
(Fig. 3a). Copper uptake did not change
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1: 022-028 024
Ndiaye et al.,2011
Cu addition levels(mg kg1
)
Figure 1: Shoot (a) and root (b) dry weights of S.
setigera plants under different treatments. C and T
represent non inoculated and inoculated with
mycorrhizal fungus G. fasciculatum. Vertical bars
represent mean standard errors (S.E.).
Cu addition levels(mg kg1
)
Root dry weight
Cu uptake of the plantsUptake efficiency
(µg g-1
) =
Translocation
efficiency =
Shoot Cu
Root Cu
Phytoextraction
efficiency (µg g-1
) =
Root dryweight
Shoot Cu uptake
4. significantly with 200 mg kg-1
Copper added,
increased with zero, 200 and 400 mg kg-1
Cu (Fig.
3b). Both inoculation and Copper addition had a
significant effect on shoot and root Copper uptake,
and the interactions between them were also
significant for shoot and root Copper uptake (Table
1).
Cu uptake efficiency, translocation efficiency
and phytoextraction efficiency
We calculated total uptake of Copper
removed through harvesting each part by
multiplying the biomass per pot by the average
metal concentrations in different plant Copper
uptake efficiency and phytoextraction efficiency
both increased with increasing amounts of Copper
added, while translocation efficiency showed the
opposite trend (Fig. 4). Copper uptake efficiency,
phytoextraction efficiency and Copper translocation
efficiency was lower in mycorrhizal plants than in
non-mycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels
(Fig. 4a, 4b and 4c).
DISCUSSION
Heavy metal stress significantly reduced
shoot and root dry matter compared with the control
treatment. However, AM colonization significantly
improved these parameters in the heavy metal-
stressed plants but they remained lower than the
values for control plants in all cases. AM
colonization also significantly improved shoot and
root dry matter, but it did not significantly affect
root dry matter in control plants. Mycorrhizal
colonization decreased Copper concentrations in the
roots and shoots under 3.5 and 100 mg kg-1
Copper
treatments, with a concomitant increase in root and
shoots biomass. It is possible that the reduced
Copper concentrations were partially due to the
improved growth as a result of mycorrhizal
colonization. Mycorrhizal plants may release more
root exudates containing soil enzymes than that of
non-mycorrhizal plants because of the larger root
system and/or improved nutrition and/or resistances
to stress of mycorrhizal plants (Rao and Tak, 2001).
025 Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1: 022-028
Ndiaye et al.,2011
Variables Inoculation
Cu
addition levels
Inoculation x Cu
addition levels
Df 1 3 3
Shoot Cu
concentration
1775.74*** 10186.34*** 272.98***
Root Cu
concentration
1184789*** 461382*** 310863***
Shoot Cu
uptake
54827.4*** 34163.3*** 6445.8***
Root Cu
uptake
1547664*** 1294972*** 361220***
Table 1: Significance level (F-values) of effects of differents factors and factors interaction
on variables based on analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Figure 2: Shoot (a) and root (b) Cu concentrations of Sterculia setigera plants under different treatments. C and
T represent noninoculation and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus G. fasciculatum. Vertical bars represent
mean standard errors (S.E.).
5. Relative higher yielding plants decreases the
concentrations of heavy metals in plants, especially
in shoots, (Gonzalez-Chavez et al, 2002). On the
other hand, it was also observed that AMF
inoculation either increased heavy metal content in
plants, leading to an inhibitory effect on plant
biomass (Gildon and Tinker, 1983; Weissenhorn
and Leyval, 1995). Sometimes, AMF inoculation
improved metal concentrations and plant biomass
(Davies et al, 2002). It has been well documented
that mycorrhizal colonization can have significant
impacts on metal uptake by host plants
(Weissenhorn and Leyval, 1995; Chen et al, 2007).
The mechanisms to explain the altered uptake have
mainly focused on metal immobilization in the root
and/or mycorrhizosphere (Marschner, 1995).
The results of the current experiments
showed that mycorrhizal colonization improves the
ability of Sterculia setigera plants to resist Copper
toxicity. Mycorrhizal colonization decreased
Copper concentrations in the roots and shoots under
400 and 600 mg.Kg-1
Cu treatments. It is possible
that the reduced Copper concentrations were
partially due to the improved growth as a result of
mycorrhizal colonization, i.e. growth dilution
effect, but the results presented here suggested that
Copper immobilization on roots could be a major
factor. Extensive binding of Cu to roots and
mycorrhizae has been shown in other studies
(Turnau, 1998; Kaldorf et al, 1999). AMF were also
shown to confer enhanced resistance (Gonzalez-
Chaves et al, 2002). In line with all these findings,
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1: 022-028 026
Ndiaye et al.,2011
Figure 4: Cu uptake efficiency (a), phytoextraction efficiency (b) and translocation efficiency (c) of Sterculiasetigera plants
under different treatment. C and T represent noninoculation and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus G. fasciculatum.
Figure 3: Shoot (a) and root (b) Cu uptake of Sterculia setigera plants under different treatments. C and T
represent noninoculation and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus G. fasciculatum. Vertical bars represent
mean standard errors (S.E.).
RootCuuptake(mgkg1
)
ShootCuuptake(mgg-1
)
6. AMF colonized plants grown in heavy metal
contaminated soil, and also from another location,
was found to contain lower levels of heavy metals
in roots and shoots than the non-colonized control
plants (Kaldorf et al, 1999).
These results indicate the positive impact of
G. fasciculatum in enhancing not only Copper
uptake in Sterculia plants but also root to shoot
translocation of Copper. It also indicates that
Copper concentration in shoot of Sterculia can be
modulated by AM fungi when growing in soil
contaminated with Copper.
CONCLUSION
The current study was a short-term
greenhouse study that indicated the beneficial role
of AM fungi in enhancing plant growth, Copper
uptake by root and root to shoot Copper
translocation. However, longer-term verification of
the results is necessary. The mechanisms
responsible for increased Copper uptake and
translocation in Sterculia are still unclear.
Moreover, uptake of Copper is strongly influenced
by AMF. Further studies are required to test the
efficacy of AM fungi in enhancing metal uptake in
soils with varying AMF.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank to Asyila Gum
Company and Analysis and Characterization
Service (SERAC) at University of Franche-Comté
in France.
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