Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of autochthonous organic inputs viz. vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Brassica campestris L. cv.B9 was selected as a test species. Experiments were carried out in two consecutive years 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 designed as experiment I and experiment II. One unique thing was observed that mustard which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) and was above the control set. Moreover, autochthonous organic inputs were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride content within the different plant parts of mustard. Maximum amount of fluoride was accumulated within the leaves and minimum quantity of fluoride was accumulated within the seed but within the permissible range (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO). Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Therefore, combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia acted upon reduction of fluoride level in the crop field of mustard.
This document discusses a study on the use of Azotobacter chroococcum as a bio-fertilizer to fix atmospheric nitrogen in mulberry gardens. The study found that applying A. chroococcum inoculants at a rate of 108-9 cells per gram of charcoal carrier material as a bio-fertilizer (Nitrofert) replaced 50% of the recommended nitrogen chemical fertilizer dose without negatively impacting mulberry leaf yield, total biomass, or leaf quality. The consistent effectiveness of A. chroococcum in fixing nitrogen and reducing chemical fertilizer needs was demonstrated. Mass culture techniques for producing the Nitrofert bio-fertilizer on a large scale
Bioremediation Through The Use of Indigenous Natural Resources vis-a-vis Its ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge and water spillage of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Oryza sativa was selected as a test species. The recommended doses of chemical fertilizers (70:35:35) and different concentration of sodium fluoride (25 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F) were used for first set of experiment and the second set were treated with vermicompost, compost, bacterial consortia and different concentration of sodium fluoride(25 ; 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F). Among all of the species Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were resistant and survived under fluoride polluted condition. One unique thing was observed from these experiment that paddy which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) which was above the control set. Moreover, stress enduring metabolites viz. proline content of flag leaves were lowest recorded under indigenous organic inputs treated plots as compared to chemical fertilizer treated plots. Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. From the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) value of paddy clearly depicted that the crop of those plots were treated with indigenous organic inputs were more resistant for enduring stress condition. In these experiment combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride within plant parts especially in grains (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO), where fluoride was within permissible range as well as they reduced the fluoride content within the soil (2.57-16.44 mg Kg-1. as recommended by FAO, EPA, and WHO) as was noted by measuring the fluoride in the plant parts and soil after the experiment. Therefore, bacterial consortia could be an alternative for bioremediation of fluoride.
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
This study evaluated the effects of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) strains on the growth of maize plants in saline soils in Libya. A greenhouse experiment tested 7 AMF strains isolated from Libyan forests at different phosphate fertilization levels. Results showed the Rhizophagus intraradices strain had the highest root infection rate at 92%. Scutellospora sp. and Claroideoglomus etunicatum significantly improved shoot weight. Mycorrhizal inoculation generally increased plant growth measures more than the non-inoculated or phosphate fertilizer treatments. The interaction between AMF inoculation and phosphate levels significantly affected various plant growth characteristics.
Impact of long term application of agrochemicals on the agro-ecology of the l...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the impact of long-term agrochemical use on soil and water quality in the lower Anambra River Basin in Nigeria. Samples were analyzed for heavy metal content and microbial load. Results found heavy metal levels in soil and runoff water exceeded standards for agriculture and domestic use. Microbial loads in soil samples were also reduced compared to standards. Long-term application of agrochemicals like fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides introduced heavy metals into the soil and water that harmed microbial life and contaminated the environment. Countermeasures like adding organic manure were recommended to remediate soils and improve quality.
Analysis of nutrient content of some organic materials for soil amendment in ...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the nutrient content of various organic materials that could be used for soil amendment in Sokoto, Nigeria. It finds that materials like poultry manure, sheep dung, and cow dung have high levels of organic matter, nitrogen, and other nutrients. The materials showed moderate nutrient values and could effectively improve soil fertility when used for amendments. Analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences between the means of chemical properties measured in each organic material.
Soil is precious natural resource equally as important as water and air. The proper use of soil greatly determines the capability of a life-support system.The agriculture era has been changed from resource degrading to resource conserving technologies and practices which will enable help for increasing crop productivity besides maintaining soil health for future generations. Green revolution besides achieving food security, imposes several threats like deterioration of the soil organic carbon stock, decreasing factor productivity, imbalances in NPK and micronutrient use and disparity in fertilizer consumptions etc.
This document discusses a study on the use of Azotobacter chroococcum as a bio-fertilizer to fix atmospheric nitrogen in mulberry gardens. The study found that applying A. chroococcum inoculants at a rate of 108-9 cells per gram of charcoal carrier material as a bio-fertilizer (Nitrofert) replaced 50% of the recommended nitrogen chemical fertilizer dose without negatively impacting mulberry leaf yield, total biomass, or leaf quality. The consistent effectiveness of A. chroococcum in fixing nitrogen and reducing chemical fertilizer needs was demonstrated. Mass culture techniques for producing the Nitrofert bio-fertilizer on a large scale
Bioremediation Through The Use of Indigenous Natural Resources vis-a-vis Its ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge and water spillage of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Oryza sativa was selected as a test species. The recommended doses of chemical fertilizers (70:35:35) and different concentration of sodium fluoride (25 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F) were used for first set of experiment and the second set were treated with vermicompost, compost, bacterial consortia and different concentration of sodium fluoride(25 ; 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F). Among all of the species Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were resistant and survived under fluoride polluted condition. One unique thing was observed from these experiment that paddy which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) which was above the control set. Moreover, stress enduring metabolites viz. proline content of flag leaves were lowest recorded under indigenous organic inputs treated plots as compared to chemical fertilizer treated plots. Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. From the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) value of paddy clearly depicted that the crop of those plots were treated with indigenous organic inputs were more resistant for enduring stress condition. In these experiment combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride within plant parts especially in grains (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO), where fluoride was within permissible range as well as they reduced the fluoride content within the soil (2.57-16.44 mg Kg-1. as recommended by FAO, EPA, and WHO) as was noted by measuring the fluoride in the plant parts and soil after the experiment. Therefore, bacterial consortia could be an alternative for bioremediation of fluoride.
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
This study evaluated the effects of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) strains on the growth of maize plants in saline soils in Libya. A greenhouse experiment tested 7 AMF strains isolated from Libyan forests at different phosphate fertilization levels. Results showed the Rhizophagus intraradices strain had the highest root infection rate at 92%. Scutellospora sp. and Claroideoglomus etunicatum significantly improved shoot weight. Mycorrhizal inoculation generally increased plant growth measures more than the non-inoculated or phosphate fertilizer treatments. The interaction between AMF inoculation and phosphate levels significantly affected various plant growth characteristics.
Impact of long term application of agrochemicals on the agro-ecology of the l...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the impact of long-term agrochemical use on soil and water quality in the lower Anambra River Basin in Nigeria. Samples were analyzed for heavy metal content and microbial load. Results found heavy metal levels in soil and runoff water exceeded standards for agriculture and domestic use. Microbial loads in soil samples were also reduced compared to standards. Long-term application of agrochemicals like fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides introduced heavy metals into the soil and water that harmed microbial life and contaminated the environment. Countermeasures like adding organic manure were recommended to remediate soils and improve quality.
Analysis of nutrient content of some organic materials for soil amendment in ...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the nutrient content of various organic materials that could be used for soil amendment in Sokoto, Nigeria. It finds that materials like poultry manure, sheep dung, and cow dung have high levels of organic matter, nitrogen, and other nutrients. The materials showed moderate nutrient values and could effectively improve soil fertility when used for amendments. Analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences between the means of chemical properties measured in each organic material.
Soil is precious natural resource equally as important as water and air. The proper use of soil greatly determines the capability of a life-support system.The agriculture era has been changed from resource degrading to resource conserving technologies and practices which will enable help for increasing crop productivity besides maintaining soil health for future generations. Green revolution besides achieving food security, imposes several threats like deterioration of the soil organic carbon stock, decreasing factor productivity, imbalances in NPK and micronutrient use and disparity in fertilizer consumptions etc.
Evaluation of some properties of soils affected by diesel oil pollution in uy...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of diesel oil pollution on soil properties in Uyo, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from plots treated with varying levels of diesel oil (0-5.06%) and analyzed at 2 and 18 weeks after application. Results at 2 weeks showed decreases in soil pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, and basic cations with increasing diesel levels. Organic carbon and carbon/nitrogen ratios increased due to microbial breakdown of hydrocarbons. By 18 weeks, soil properties like pH, nutrients and ratios had begun to recover as microbial activity reduced toxicity. The diesel introduced contaminants that disrupted the soil environment but natural remediation processes helped restore properties over time.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Impact of crop rotation on mycorrhizal fungi in irrigated soils of the Doukka...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study has been conducted on the soils of irrigated perimeter of Doukkala. It is to assess the impact of the rotation of a species not mycotrophic (Beta vulgaris) with cereals on the natural resources of the mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi whose profits for the growth of plants are known. The results obtained show that this type of culture has a negative effect on the richness of the soil in spores and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi, and on the content of arbuscules which are the places of exchanges between the partners. The authors offer recommendations on cultivation practices which can be modulated in order to preserve this natural resource.
The document discusses the effect of chemical composition of plant residues on nitrogen mineralization in soil. It presents findings from several case studies and research papers. The chemical composition of different plant residues like lignin, polyphenols and C:N ratio affects their decomposition rate and impacts nitrogen mineralization. Plant residues high in nitrogen and low in lignin and polyphenols decompose faster, releasing nitrogen for plant uptake. The studies show crop residues and tree leaves with higher lignin and polyphenol content immobilize soil nitrogen during decomposition.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Siderophores are compounds from ancient Greek words, sidero ‘iron’ and phore ‘carriers’ meaning ‘iron carriers’. These are low-molecular-weight iron-chelating compounds, produced by ‘rhizospheric bacteria’ under iron-limited conditions. They are small, high affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi etc. Siderophore usually form a stable hexahendate, octahedral complex with Fe3+.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of foliar application of seaweed extracts from Ulva fasciata on wheat (Triticum aestivum). Seaweed extracts were prepared at concentrations of 0% (control), 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% and applied as a foliar spray to wheat crops at three stages of growth. Results showed that application of a 2.5% seaweed extract concentration led to increased growth parameters, chlorophyll content, and seed germination compared to the control. Higher concentrations did not further increase yields and some parameters were lower than the control at the highest concentration. Therefore, foliar application of seaweed extracts has potential to enhance wheat yields when applied at
The document presents the results of a study investigating the effect of organic matter content and quality on the bioavailability of nitrogen. The study included a pot experiment with two soils of different organic matter content, three types of fertilizers (inorganic, slurry, digestate) applied at three doses. The results showed that applying organic fertilizers to soils with high organic matter led to higher plant biomass production. Hot water carbon, an indicator of organic matter quality, was affected by fertilizer type and dose, supporting its ability to predict soil organic matter changes. The conclusion is that a differentiated application of organic residues according to soil organic matter content would be the best fertilization strategy, with higher application rates needed for soils with low organic matter
Fly ash is a problematic waste produced from coal combustion in thermal power plants. Its disposal poses environmental challenges. The document discusses using fly ash in agriculture as a feasible alternative for disposal while improving soils and crop productivity. It provides data on fly ash composition, effects on soil properties, plant growth, and heavy metal uptake. Tables show increased crop yields from fly ash application and savings in chemical fertilizer use. The document argues for adopting suitable management strategies for productive fly ash disposal in agriculture.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heavy metal uptake in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) grown in soil contaminated with sewage water in peri-urban areas near Sargodha City, Pakistan. The study found:
1) Heavy metal levels in soil samples were below permissible limits except for cadmium. Pumpkin accumulated higher levels of chromium, manganese, molybdenum, and cadmium compared to soil.
2) Transfer factors (the ratio of metal concentration in pumpkin to soil) ranged from 0.01 to 71.3, with the highest for chromium.
3) Daily intake of lead, cadmium, manganese, and molybden
Improvement in biological characteristics of alkaline soils by using pressmudIAEME Publication
1) The study aimed to improve the biological properties of alkaline soils by adding pressmud, a byproduct of the sugar industry.
2) Adding pressmud increased the soil bacteria and fungi counts, lowered the soil pH, and increased nutrients. The optimum application rate was found to be 80 tons per hectare.
3) Pressmud improved the biological properties of the alkaline soil, making it more suitable for agriculture. However, electrical conductivity increased above safe levels at application rates over 80 tons per hectare.
Effect of different bulking materials and earthworms species on bioremediatio...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effect of different bulking materials (cow dung, sheep manure, garden soil) and earthworm species (Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia foetida) on the bioremediation of municipal sewage sludge. The results showed that interactions between worm species and bulking materials significantly affected moisture content, EC, and chloride levels but not pH or organic carbon. Organic carbon, EC, and chloride levels generally decreased from the initial to final stages of vermiremediation. The combination of cow dung and Eudrilus eugeniae led to the lowest levels of EC, organic carbon, and chloride, indicating it was the most effective treatment for bioremedi
This study investigated the effects of salinity on the growth, chlorophyll content, and ion accumulation of Nitraria schoberi. Plants were exposed to different levels of salinity (0, 86, 160, 204, and 246 mM NaCl). The first treatment of 86 mM NaCl produced the best growth and highest chlorophyll content. Higher salinity levels decreased growth and increased chlorophyll degradation. Sodium and chloride ion concentrations increased with salinity, while potassium, calcium, and magnesium decreased. Overall, N. schoberi performed best under low salinity of 86 mM NaCl.
Role of Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry for Bioremediation to Clean the E...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Role of Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry for Bioremediation to Clean the Environment by Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal and Jay Prakash Verma* Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
This document summarizes a study on the agronomic traits and physiology of maize under different water application levels. The study used two maize varieties - a hybrid variety and a composite variety - under four water treatments: no water, one application, two applications, and three applications. The results showed that more frequent water applications increased plant height, dry weight, and grain dry weight. Plants without water showed a 36% decrease in grain dry weight compared to those with three water applications. The hybrid variety performed best with three applications while the composite variety performed worst with no water. Water stress reduced the composite variety's production by 22% compared to the hybrid. Physiological analyses found the composite variety had higher intercellular CO2 but similar
Surface and ground water pollution in abata ogun agricultural wetlandAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study assessing the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on surface and ground water quality in Abata Ogun agricultural wetland in Nigeria. Water sampling during rainy and dry seasons found high concentrations of nutrients, bacteria, and other pollutants indicating contamination from agricultural activities. Wells and streams on the farm had lower water quality than the control well, with measurements exceeding standards. The wetland's stream deposited sediments and contamination spread downstream. The study highlights the need for awareness and sustainable farming practices to prevent health risks from consuming contaminated water.
Nutrient budgets are becoming accepted tools to describe nutrient flows within cropping system and to assist in the planning of the rotational cropping and mixed farming system
Depending on the farm management and the balance of inputs and outputs of nutrient N,P and K budgets have been shown to range from deficit to surplus in cropping system
Budgets are the outcome of simple nutrient accounting process which details all the inputs and outputs to a given defined system over fixed period of time
A soil surface nutrient budget accounts for all nutrients that enter the soil surface and leave the soil through crop uptake.
IRJET - Potential of Ozone to Treat Insects in Stored PaddyIRJET Journal
This document discusses the potential use of ozone to kill insects in stored paddy. It provides background information on common paddy insect pests, current fumigation methods, and ozone properties. The key points are:
- The lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) is a major pest that damages stored paddy. Current fumigation methods have limitations like lack of eco-friendliness or insect resistance.
- Ozone has been shown to effectively kill bacteria and fungi and is approved for food processing use. Its strong oxidizing properties allow it to potentially control insects as well.
- The document reviews ozone generation methods and safety aspects to argue it could be a viable
Bacteria and Fungi Population of Surface Soils under Various Land Use Types i...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a study on bacteria and fungi populations in surface soils under different land use types in Minna, Nigeria. Soil samples were taken from three depths (0-5cm, 5-10cm, 10-15cm) under fallow land, Gmelina plantation, and Teak plantation. Bacterial and fungal counts were highest in Gmelina soils and lowest in Teak soils, with the 0-5cm depth having the highest counts. Microbial populations correlated positively with organic content and negatively with pH. Gmelina vegetation generally produced the highest microbial populations, followed by fallow land and Teak plantation.
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
Phytoremediation potential of native plant species for gaseous pollution from...Innspub Net
This study evaluated the phytoremediation potential of native plant species for removing gaseous pollution from brick kilns. Six plant species were selected near two brick kilns to measure their air pollution tolerance index (APTI). Samples were collected at different distances from the kilns and analyzed for chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid, relative water content, and pH. Moringa oleifera had the highest APTI and is identified as the most tolerant species that can effectively remediate hydrogen fluoride pollution. Eucalyptus globules had the lowest APTI and is suggested to be used as a bioindicator of hydrogen fluoride. Based on the results, the study recommends planting Moringa oleifera around brick kilns
Evaluation of some properties of soils affected by diesel oil pollution in uy...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of diesel oil pollution on soil properties in Uyo, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from plots treated with varying levels of diesel oil (0-5.06%) and analyzed at 2 and 18 weeks after application. Results at 2 weeks showed decreases in soil pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, and basic cations with increasing diesel levels. Organic carbon and carbon/nitrogen ratios increased due to microbial breakdown of hydrocarbons. By 18 weeks, soil properties like pH, nutrients and ratios had begun to recover as microbial activity reduced toxicity. The diesel introduced contaminants that disrupted the soil environment but natural remediation processes helped restore properties over time.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Impact of crop rotation on mycorrhizal fungi in irrigated soils of the Doukka...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study has been conducted on the soils of irrigated perimeter of Doukkala. It is to assess the impact of the rotation of a species not mycotrophic (Beta vulgaris) with cereals on the natural resources of the mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi whose profits for the growth of plants are known. The results obtained show that this type of culture has a negative effect on the richness of the soil in spores and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi, and on the content of arbuscules which are the places of exchanges between the partners. The authors offer recommendations on cultivation practices which can be modulated in order to preserve this natural resource.
The document discusses the effect of chemical composition of plant residues on nitrogen mineralization in soil. It presents findings from several case studies and research papers. The chemical composition of different plant residues like lignin, polyphenols and C:N ratio affects their decomposition rate and impacts nitrogen mineralization. Plant residues high in nitrogen and low in lignin and polyphenols decompose faster, releasing nitrogen for plant uptake. The studies show crop residues and tree leaves with higher lignin and polyphenol content immobilize soil nitrogen during decomposition.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Siderophores are compounds from ancient Greek words, sidero ‘iron’ and phore ‘carriers’ meaning ‘iron carriers’. These are low-molecular-weight iron-chelating compounds, produced by ‘rhizospheric bacteria’ under iron-limited conditions. They are small, high affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi etc. Siderophore usually form a stable hexahendate, octahedral complex with Fe3+.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of foliar application of seaweed extracts from Ulva fasciata on wheat (Triticum aestivum). Seaweed extracts were prepared at concentrations of 0% (control), 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% and applied as a foliar spray to wheat crops at three stages of growth. Results showed that application of a 2.5% seaweed extract concentration led to increased growth parameters, chlorophyll content, and seed germination compared to the control. Higher concentrations did not further increase yields and some parameters were lower than the control at the highest concentration. Therefore, foliar application of seaweed extracts has potential to enhance wheat yields when applied at
The document presents the results of a study investigating the effect of organic matter content and quality on the bioavailability of nitrogen. The study included a pot experiment with two soils of different organic matter content, three types of fertilizers (inorganic, slurry, digestate) applied at three doses. The results showed that applying organic fertilizers to soils with high organic matter led to higher plant biomass production. Hot water carbon, an indicator of organic matter quality, was affected by fertilizer type and dose, supporting its ability to predict soil organic matter changes. The conclusion is that a differentiated application of organic residues according to soil organic matter content would be the best fertilization strategy, with higher application rates needed for soils with low organic matter
Fly ash is a problematic waste produced from coal combustion in thermal power plants. Its disposal poses environmental challenges. The document discusses using fly ash in agriculture as a feasible alternative for disposal while improving soils and crop productivity. It provides data on fly ash composition, effects on soil properties, plant growth, and heavy metal uptake. Tables show increased crop yields from fly ash application and savings in chemical fertilizer use. The document argues for adopting suitable management strategies for productive fly ash disposal in agriculture.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heavy metal uptake in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) grown in soil contaminated with sewage water in peri-urban areas near Sargodha City, Pakistan. The study found:
1) Heavy metal levels in soil samples were below permissible limits except for cadmium. Pumpkin accumulated higher levels of chromium, manganese, molybdenum, and cadmium compared to soil.
2) Transfer factors (the ratio of metal concentration in pumpkin to soil) ranged from 0.01 to 71.3, with the highest for chromium.
3) Daily intake of lead, cadmium, manganese, and molybden
Improvement in biological characteristics of alkaline soils by using pressmudIAEME Publication
1) The study aimed to improve the biological properties of alkaline soils by adding pressmud, a byproduct of the sugar industry.
2) Adding pressmud increased the soil bacteria and fungi counts, lowered the soil pH, and increased nutrients. The optimum application rate was found to be 80 tons per hectare.
3) Pressmud improved the biological properties of the alkaline soil, making it more suitable for agriculture. However, electrical conductivity increased above safe levels at application rates over 80 tons per hectare.
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Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
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This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of three types of organic fertilizers called Wokozim on seed germination of guar plants. Guar seeds were treated with different concentrations of Wokozim fertilizers and a control of distilled water. The study found that two of the fertilizers, Wokozim power plus batches F1 and F2, increased guar seed germination rates with increasing concentration. However, the third fertilizer, Wokozim cotton liquid F3, decreased germination rates with increasing concentration and was toxic at higher concentrations, inhibiting seed germination. The organic fertilizers generally improved guar seed germination compared to the control, except for the toxic effects of higher concentrations of Wok
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of nitrogen levels, methanol spraying, and sugar beet varieties on sugar beet yield, yield components, and catalase enzyme activity in two regions of Iran (Karaj and Moghan). The study found that:
1) In Karaj, the highest yield was achieved with the Razor variety without methanol spraying, while in Moghan the highest yield was achieved with the Pars variety and 20% methanol spraying.
2) Nitrogen levels, varieties, methanol spraying, and their interactions significantly affected catalase enzyme activity levels.
3) Proper variety selection and optimizing nitrogen fertilizer and methanol spraying can improve sugar beet yields in both regions.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of nitrogen levels, methanol spraying, and sugar beet varieties on sugar beet yield, yield components, and catalase enzyme activity in two regions of Iran (Karaj and Moghan). The study found that:
1) In Karaj, the highest yield was achieved with the Razor variety without methanol spraying, while in Moghan the highest yield was achieved with the Pars variety and 20% methanol spraying.
2) Nitrogen levels, varieties, methanol spraying, and their interactions significantly affected catalase enzyme activity levels.
3) Proper variety selection and optimizing nitrogen fertilizer and methanol spraying can improve sugar beet yields in both regions.
Effect of Herbicides on Living Organisms in The Ecosystem and Available Alte...Kamal Almhemed
This document summarizes the effects of herbicides on living organisms in ecosystems and discusses alternative control methods. It notes that while herbicides are widely used in agriculture, their overuse and misuse can harm the environment and human health. Specifically, it discusses how herbicides can pollute soil, water, and air and persist in the environment for long periods of time. It also outlines some of the health risks of certain common herbicides like glyphosate and 2,4-D, such as increased cancer risks and negative reproductive effects. Finally, it suggests that alternative control methods could help reduce herbicide usage and their associated harms.
This document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM) in fruit crops. INM aims to use both organic and inorganic fertilizer sources to meet crop nutrient requirements and maintain soil health. The document provides examples of INM studies in various fruit crops like apple, banana, citrus and guava. INM treatments that combined organic manures like FYM and vermicompost with reduced inorganic fertilizer doses resulted in higher yields compared to recommended inorganic doses alone. The document concludes that INM can supply nutrients to crops while reducing chemical fertilizer use and maintaining soil fertility for sustainable agriculture.
Germination Capacity in Culture Medium of Prosopis Laevigata Seeds in the Pre...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
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Use of Autochthonous Organic Inputs for Amelioration of Fluoride Toxicity and Sustainable Agriculture
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Page | 84
Use of Autochthonous Organic Inputs for Amelioration of
Fluoride Toxicity and Sustainable Agriculture
Anindita Maitra1*
, Jayanta Kumar Datta2
, Naba Kumar Mondal3
, Sulakshana Samanta4
,
Dipashree Chattopadhyay5
, Kamalesh Sen6
Department of Environmental Science, the University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India
*Email id: anindita897@rediffmail.com
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of autochthonous organic inputs viz.
vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge of petrol pump and
rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Brassica campestris L. cv.B9 was selected as a
test species. Experiments were carried out in two consecutive years 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 designed as experiment I and
experiment II. One unique thing was observed that mustard which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots
gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1
F) and was above the control set. Moreover, autochthonous organic
inputs were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride content within the different plant parts of mustard. Maximum amount
of fluoride was accumulated within the leaves and minimum quantity of fluoride was accumulated within the seed but within
the permissible range (< 0.3 mg Kg-1
as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO). Data were significantly different at 5%
level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Therefore, combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial
consortia acted upon reduction of fluoride level in the crop field of mustard.
Keywords— Vermicompost, Compost, Bacterial consortia, Fluoride, Oil spilled site, Rhizosphere.
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, one of the main pollutants causing much concern is fluoride. Fluoride (F) is a potential air, water, and soil
pollutant and also a common phytotoxic element (Reddy and Kaur, 2008). Fluoride is a natural component of the earth crust
and also found in many minerals like fluorite (CaF2), fluoroapetite (Ca10(PO4)6F2) etc. (Tripathi and Singh, 1984; Garg et al.,
1998) due to high electronegative. Problems tend to occur in places where these minerals are most abundant in the host
rocks. During weathering and circulation of water in rocks and soils, fluoride leached out and dissolved in ground water and
thermal gases (Brunt et al., 2004). The fluoride content of ground water varies greatly depending on the geological settings
and type of rocks (Brunt et al., 2004). Climate and contact time between fluoride in ground water and aquifer minerals
(Frencken et al., 1992) are also associated with high fluoride concentration in ground water. The main sources of fluoride in
soil are weathering of volcanic ashes (Cronin et al., 2003), application of phosphate fertilizer in agriculture (Loganathan et
al., 2011) and several industrial processes, especially the aluminum and phosphate fertilizer industries ( Arnesen and
Krogstad, 1998). Some soils contain a very high level of natural F (Weinstein, 1977). Plants, poorly take up the soluble F-
ions from soil solution (Brewer, 1966). Fluoride can be transported by the symplastic or apoplastic pathway in the roots.
Different pathways are responsible for the variations in fluoride concentrations in the plant (Muggler, 2009). Apart from
these it can also enter into the plant body through the stomata from the air (Stevens et al., 1997; Mezghani et al., 2005). It
adversely affected various physiological features of plants including causing decreased plant growth, chlorosis, leaf tip burn,
and necrosis of leaf tip and leaf margin (Elloumi, 2005; Klumpp et al., 2006; Miller, 1993). Fluoride has deleterious impact
not only on plant species but also on human beings (Maitra et al., 2013). The accumulation of fluoride in soil has raised
concern that the dietry intake by grazing animals may steadily increase to reach unhealthy levels. Not only grazing animals
but dietry intake of fluoride by human beings through consumption of edible plants/ vegetables may also steadily increase to
unhealthy levels. Through these a part of food chain in which it is transmitted from vegetation to herbivores and hence to the
carnivores (Murray, 1981). Excessive fluoride ingestion can cause disease known as fluorosis (Kugli and Yadawe , 2010 ;
Beg et al., 2011). There are numerous number of research papers which acts as an evidence of deleterious impact of fluoride
upon plants (Bhargava and Bhardwaj, 2010; Datta et al., 2012; Dey et al., 2012; Ram et al., 2014). According to Bhargava
and Bhardwaj, 2010 sodium fluoride had significant impact on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat. Ram et al.,
2014 also reported that sodium fluoride reduced the percentage of germination(%), root and shoot length, vigor index,
pigment content, chlorophyll stability index(CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI). In the present investigation Brassica
campestris L. cv. B9 was selected as a test species. Since rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. cv. B9) is one of the most
important oil yielding plant in our country and grown prevalently during winter months which can be used successfully to
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Page | 85
clean up heavy metal polluted soils if their biomass and metal There are very limited number of works so far undertaken for
the amelioration of fluoride toxicity under field condition with the help of indigenous organic inputs such as use of
vermicompost, compost etc (Szymanska, 2003; Alharbi, 2008). Such type of indigenous organic resources are chosen for the
bioremediation measure in conventional agricultural practices. Chemical fertilizers are industrially manipulated, substances
composed of known quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and their exploitation causes air, ground and water
pollution by eutrophication of water bodies (Youssef and Eissa, 2014). Vermicomposts are rich in microbial populations and
diversity, particularly fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes (Moradi et al., 2013). Vermicompost enriched soil with
microorganisms (adding enzymes such as phosphatase and cellulase) and improve the water holding capacity in soil. It can
also increase the nutrient status in the soil specially nitrogen (Sreenivas, 2000; Kale et al., 1992; Nenthra et al., 1999).
Vermicompost has a large particulate surface area that provides many microsites for microbial activity and strong retention
of nutrients. Compost also have many beneficial roles such as buffering action neutralize both acid and alkaline soils,
bringing pH levels to the optimum range for nutrient availability to plants.
For such above mentioned beneficial characters, in this work, vermicompost and compost both have been used to study their
impact towards bioremediation of fluoride under field condition. Also there indigenous inputs has some potentiality towards
the combating of stress condition as well as to reduce the uptake and transportation of toxic metals through the plant system
(Lallawmsanga et al., 2012; Rangasamy et al,. 2013).Bacterial consortia in general consist of diverse naturally occurring
microbes whose inoculation to the soil ecosystem advances soil physico-chemical properties, soil microbes biodiversity, soil
health, plant growth and development and crop productivity (Sahoo et al., 2013). The ultimate goal of sustainable agriculture
is to develop farming systems that are productive and profitable, conserve the natural resources, protect the environment and
enhance health and safety (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2013).
Hence, in the present investigation, an attempt have been taken to evaluate the impact of fluoride on growth, metabolism and
yield of mustard and the potentiality of different treatment combination towards sustainable agriculture along with in-situ
management of fluoride.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Experimental Site
Field studies were conducted at Crop Research and Seed Multiplication Farm, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal
which is located at 87 º 50’ 37.35” East latitude and 23 º 15’ 7.29” North longitude with an average altitude at 30 meter
above sea level during the winter season on two consecutive year i.e., 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 with rape seed or mustard
(Brassica campestris L. cv. B9).
2.2 Climatic condition
2.2.1 Experiment I (2012-2013)
All the field experiment conducted in randomized block design with three replicas for each treatment. The minimum and
maximum relative humidity and temperature of this area were recorded during the growth period were 78.69% to 87 % and
11.75ºC to 31.89ºC respectively. Average wind speed was (1.2-7.3 Km/hr) and mean sunshine was (0.43 to 7.86 hr). No
rainfall during this period.
2.2.2. Experiment II (2013-2014)
The minimum and maximum relative humidity and temperature of this area recorded during the growth period were 79.2% to
85 % and 12.5ºC to 24.7ºC respectively. Average wind speed (1.3-8.1 Km/hr) and mean sunshine (4.23 to 7.15 hr) and
rainfall (3mm) were recorded.
2.3 Treatment combination and design
Experiment I was divided into two sets to compare between two treatment combination that is recommended doses of
chemical fertilizers(Single super phosphate contained 10ppm fluoride) and different concentration of fluoride designated as a
first set vs second set which was amended with full dose of vermicompost, compost, bacterial consortia and different
concentration of fluoride. Between these first set used as treatment plot to see through what extent fluoride can impact upon
mustard plant. The next set was designed for the amelioration of fluoride with the help of indigenous organic inputs.
2.3.1 Experiment I
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
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First part
T1= Recommended dose of chemical fertilizers (100:50:50) +25mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
T2= Recommended dose of chemical fertilizers (100:50:50) +50mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
T3= Recommended dose of chemical fertilizers(100:50:50) +100mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
T4= Recommended dose of chemical fertilizers (100:50:50) +200mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
T5 (Control ) = Recommended dose of chemical fertilizers (100:50:50)+ Sterilized seeds
T6= Recommended dose of chemical fertilizers (100:50:50) +300mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
T7= Recommended dose of chemical fertilizers (100:50:50) +400mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
T8= Recommended dose of chemical fertilizers (100:50:50) +500mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
Second part
T1= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) +25 mg Kg-1
fluoride +bacterial
consortia treated seeds
T2= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) +50 mg Kg-1
fluoride +bacterial
consortia treated seeds
T3= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) +100 mg Kg-1
fluoride +bacterial
consortia treated seeds
T4= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) +200 mg Kg-1
fluoride +bacterial
consortia treated seeds
T5 (Control) = Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) +bacterial consortia
treated seeds
T6= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) +300 mg Kg-1
fluoride +bacterial
consortia treated seeds
T7= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) +400 mg/Kg fluoride +bacterial
consortia treated seeds
T8= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) +500 mg Kg-1
fluoride +bacterial
consortia treated seeds
The all field experiments were conducted in randomized block design. The plot size was 2.5×2.5 m .Row to row and plant to
plant spacing were 1.5 m and 15 cm, respectively. Irrigation channels measuring 1.0 m wide were in between the replications
to ensure easy and uninterrupted flow of irrigation for each individual plot. Experimental plot was divided into 6 main plots
and 48 subplots. Under 24 subplots soils were treated with recommended doses of chemical fertilizer and different
concentration of sodium fluoride such as 25 mg Kg-1
F, 50 mg Kg-1
F, 100 mg Kg-1
F, 200 mg Kg-1
F, 300 mg Kg-1
F, 400
mg Kg-1
F and 500 mg Kg-1
F. Another 24 subplots were treated with vermicompost, compost, along with same concentration
of fluoride and seeds were coated with bacterial consortia and gum (50:50). In control plots of both the treatment
combinations were treated without sodium fluoride.
2.3.2 Experiment II
In the experiment II (2013-2014) we desire to study,whether vermicompost, compost of different concentration and
bacterial consortia have the same beneficial impact upon plant as compared to the experiment I when they were applied in the
field along with chemical fertilizers and different concentration of fluoride. In experiment I under 500 mg Kg-1
fluoride
treatment showed stressed condition as compared to other treatments. The leaves were fully dried, yellowish and shedded
quickly under such highest concentration. Therefore, in the experiment II upto 400mg Kg-1
fluoride concentration instead of
500mg Kg-1
was used.
First part
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Page | 87
T1= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5Kg plot-1
) +Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +25 mg Kg-1
fluoride +bacterial consortia treated seeds
T2= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (full dose 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +50 mg Kg-1
fluoride +bacterial consortia treated seeds
T3= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5Kg plot-1
) + Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +100 mg Kg-1
fluoride + bacterial consortia treated seeds
T4= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +200 mg Kg-1
fluoride + bacterial consortia treated seeds
T5 (Control) = Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Recommended dose of
chemical fertilizers (100:50:50) + bacterial consortia treated seeds
T6= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +300 mg Kg-1
fluoride +bacterial consortia treated seeds
T7= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +400 mg Kg-1
fluoride +bacterial consortia treated seeds
Second part
T1= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (half dose i.e., 750 g plot-1
) +Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +25 mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
T2= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (half dose i.e., 750 g plot-1
) + Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +50 mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
T3= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (half dose i.e., 750 g plot-1
) + Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +100 mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
T4= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (half dose i.e., 750 g plot-1
) + Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +200 mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
T5 (Control) = Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (half dose i.e., 750 g plot-1
) + Recommended dose of
chemical fertilizers (100:50:50) + Sterilized seeds
T6= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (half dose i.e., 750g plot-1
) + Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +300 mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
T7= Vermicompost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Compost (half dose i.e., 750g plot-1
) + Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +400 mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
Third part
T1= Vermicompost (half dose i.e., 750 g plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) +Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +25 mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
T2= Vermicompost (half dose i.e., 750g plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5Kg plot-1
) + Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +50 mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
T3= Vermicompost (half dose i.e., 750g plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5Kg plot-1
) + Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +100 mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
T4= Vermicompost (half dose i.e., 750g plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +200 mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
T5 (Control) = Vermicompost (half dose i.e., 750g plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5 Kg plot-1
) + Recommended dose of
chemical fertilizers (100:50:50) +Sterilized seeds
T6= Vermicompost (half dose i.e., 750 g plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5Kg plot-1
) + Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +300 mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Page | 88
T7= Vermicompost (half dose i.e., 750g plot-1
) + Compost (full dose i.e., 1.5Kg plot-1
) + Recommended dose of chemical
fertilizers (100:50:50) +400 mg Kg-1
fluoride +Sterilized seeds
Experiment was divided into three parts. Doses which were used in the field are 25 mg Kg-1
fluoride, 50 mg Kg-1
fluoride,
100 mg Kg -1
fluoride, 200 mg Kg -1
fluoride, 300 mg Kg-1
fluoride and 400 mg Kg-1
fluoride.
2.3.3 Experiment II (2013-2014)
The experimental site was prepared on 12th December, 2013. Different doses of vermicompost, compost and chemical
fertilizer (at recommended dose 100:50:50, Directorate of Agriculture, Government of West Bengal for mustard) were used
in the form of urea, single super phosphate (SSP) and mureate of potash (MOP) within the field on the same day. Different
concentrations of sodium fluoride were applied on each treated plot except control on 14 th December, 2013. After that seeds
were coated with bacterial consortia and sown in the first 21 subplot and seeds which were sown in another 42 subplots were
sterilized with 0.1 % mercuric chloride .Two hand-weedings at 15-18 DAS and 38-40 DAS were carried out. The first
irrigation was applied after seed sowing and after that the crop was irrigated at an intervals of 15 – 55 DAS. The crops of
each plot were harvested separately on 28 th February, 2014 with golden yellow siliquae.
2.4 Data Collection
The physical, chemical and biological properties of the initial experimental soil and chemical and biological properties of
vermicompost and cow dung have been represented in the Tables 1, 2 and 3.
TABLE 1
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL SOIL
(0-15 cm DEPTH)
Characteristics Value
Sand (0.02-0.2 mm)(%)
Silt (0.002-0.02 mm)(%)
Clay (<0.002 mm) (%)
39.84±0.015
17.67±1.528
41.16±0.015
Moisture Content (%) 9.809±0.001
Bulk density(g cc-1
) 0.993±0.001
Particle density(g cc-1
) 2.67±0.01
Porosity (%) 62.75±0.05
pH 7.04±0.01
EC(ms cm-1
) 0.016±0.001
Organic matter (%) 2.97±0.01
Available N (Kg ha-1
) 13.402±0.001
Available P (Kg ha-1
) 94.868±0.001
Available K (Kg ha-1
) 36.64±0.01
Available Ca(meq 100g-1
)
Available Mg(meq 100g-1
)
0.56±0.015
0.21±0.01
DTPA extractable Zn(ppm) 0.47±0.01
DTPA ectractable Cu (ppm) 1.4±0.1
DTPA extractable Mn (ppm) 3.567±0.001
DTPA extractable Fe(ppm) 11.4±0.1
Fluoride (ppm) 0.18±0.01
Total Bacteria( CFU g-1
of soil) 15.33x106
Total Fungi CFU g-1
of soil) 11.67x103
TABLE 2
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERMICOMPOST
Available Nitrogen
(%)
Available
Phosphorous
(%)
Available
Potassium
(%)
Total bacteria
(CFU g-1
)
Total fungi
(CFU g-1
)
1.4±0.1 1.17±0.01 0.99± 0.01 61.33 x106
32.33 x103
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
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TABLE 3
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOST (COWDUNG)
Available Nitrogen
(%)
Available
Phosphorous
(%)
Available
Potassium (%)
Total bacteria
(CFU g-1
)
Total fungi
(CFU g-1
)
0.97±0.01 1.02±0.015 0.54± 0.015 33.33 x106
22.33 x103
2.5 Parameter studied
Plant morpho-physiological attributes like root length, plant height, leaf area index were measured according to Watson,
1952. In case of yield attributes silique length and breadth, number of grains per silique, 1000 seed weight (test weight) and
seed yield were determined. The numbers of plants from a one meter row length were counted at four sites in each plot. From
this data, the average number of plants per meter was calculated. The total number of seeds per siliqua was recorded from the
ten randomly selected plants of each plot. One thousand seeds were counted randomly from each plot and after sun-drying
their weight was determined and expressed in gram(g). Plants from each plot were harvested, tied in bundles, dried and then
taken to the threshing floor for threshing. After threshing, the seeds were cleaned, sun dried and their weights were recorded.
The yields in gm-2
were converted to Kg ha-1
. Fluoride accumulation of mustard leaves were estimated by digestion method
(Paul et al., 2011) and measured its quantity through ion selective electrode (ORION STAR A214pH/ISE meter). Texture
was determined by hydrometer method, moisture content % (Saxena, 1998), Bulk density (Gupta, 2004), Particle density
(Black, 1965) and Porocity (%) (Black, 1965). Soil pH (Jackson, 1972) and electrical conductivity (Trivedy and Goel, 1998)
were measured by pH meter (Eutech pH.700) and conductivity meter (Systronics, Model No.-335). Available N was
measured by the alkaline permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956). Available P was extracted by sodium bicarbonate
according to Olsen et al., (1954). Available K was extracted by 1 M ammonium acetate (pH = 7.0) and was determined by
flame photometry (Black, 1965). Soil organic carbon was determined using the wet digestion method of Walkely and Black,
1934. Available micronutrients were extracted by diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978),
followed by atomic absorption spectorphotometry (PerkinElmer 200AA, Perkin Elmer Inc., Waltham,MA, USA). Fluoride
were estimated from different vertical soil layer i.e., surface soil, 10 cm and 20 cm(Lori, 1987) and measured its quantity
through ion selective electrode (ORION STAR A 214 pH/ISE meter).
2.6 Statistical Calculation
Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) (Gomez and Gomez, 1984) at 5 % confidence interval was done with MINITAB
software package (version 16) (http://www.minitab.com) to study whether the impact of different fluoride concentration on
above mentioned parameters either significant or not.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Crop morpho-physiological attributes
Present results of both experiments highlighted that the root length, plant height, fresh weight and dry weight of root, shoot
and leaves, plant population and leaf area index were recorded maximum under T1 treatment i.e., 25 mg kg-1
(Experiment I-
Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6; Experiment II- Table 7, 8, 9 and 10). The value was above the control set. Similar results were
reported by Sharma et al. 2014. They reported that the soil with VAM fungi resulted in a marked increase in the
morphological features viz. root length, shoot length, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaf studied over the control and
fluoride treated tea plants. Lowest value were recorded with T8 (Experiment I, 500 mg Kg-1
fluoride; Table 4 and Table 5)
and T7 (Experiment II, 400 mg Kg-1
fluoride; Table 7, Table 8 and Table 9). In case of experiment I, which were grown
under chemical fertilizers (recommended dose) and different concentration of sodium fluoride, highest value of above
mentioned parameters were recorded with T5(control) and lowest value were recorded with T8(500 mg Kg-1
) (Table 4 and 6) .
In the present investigation macromolecular level change took place within plant due to inoculation of bacterial consortia
under field condition (Maitra et al., 2013). It was well documented that the presence of bioactive substances associated with
low molecular weight fractions of humic acids, capable of inducing changes in plant morphology and physiology with
vermicompost, which enhanced root elongation, lateral root emergence and plasma membrane H+-ATP ase activity of roots
(Canellas et al., 2002). On the other hand leaf area index increased with the stimulating effect of indigenous organic resource
application which could have improved the availability of nutrients and their uptake by crop plants (Saeed et al., 2002).
Moreover, Bachman and Metzger (2008) reported that vermicompost increased root fresh and dry weight in French marigold,
pepper, tomato and cornflower.
7. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
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EXPERIMENT I (2012-2013)
TABLE 4
IMPACT OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER AND FLUORIDE ON MORPHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF MUSTARD
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Root
length
(cm)
Plant
Height
(cm)
FW
(root)
(g)
FW
(shoot)
(g)
FW
(leaves)
(g)
DW
(root)
(g)
Dw
(shoot)
(g)
DW
(leaves)
(g)
Control(T5)
0.723f
8.643a
10.183a
17.80a
58.87a
62.13a
1.414a
1.870a
5.901a
10.921a
26a
52.79a
7.414a
12.582a
4.389a
0.170a
0.985a
1.992a
1.229a
6.616a
11.389a
0.892a
1.408a
0.685a
T1
0.687e
8.550a
10.027a
16.37b
58.56a
61.73a
1.090ab
1.642ab
4.931ab
9.682ab
19.75b
43.40b
7.217a
11.083b
2.857b
0.140ab
0.920ab
1.644b
0.395b
6.466a
10.399ab
0.794ab
1.090b
0.650a
T2
0.673e
8.390ab
9.803a
15.59c
57.82ab
59.36ab
1.012ab
1.503bc
4.374abc
9.102b
17.10bc
41.07b
6.025ab
9.228c
2.045bc
0.136ab
0.825bc
1.462bc
0.337bc
6.109b
9.526bc
0.684bc
0.934bc
0.576ab
T3
0.640e
8.027ab
9.317ab
15.17cd
55.33bc
57.87abc
0.752bc
1.257cd
3.631bcd
8.728bc
15.35bc
35.78bc
5.635b
7.264d
1.775bc
0.130ab
0.810bc
1.192cd
0.274cd
5.882bc
8.150cd
0.616cd
0.761cd
0.549ab
T4
0.623cd
7.703abc
8.803bc
14.83cde
53.62cd
56.99bc
0.649bc
1.095de
3.179bcd
8.267bc
14.64c
31.34cd
5.108bc
6.659d
1.737bc
0.113b
0.720cd
1.122de
0.212de
5.658cd
7.226de
0.612cd
0.679cd
0.531ab
T6
0.610c
7.487bc
8.667bc
14.48def
53.02cd
54.19cd
0.478c
0.912ef
2.980cd
7.905bc
14.15c
29.40cd
4.809bc
6.243de
1.279cd
0.102b
0.710cd
0.971de
0.155ef
5.565d
6.662def
0.558cde
0.588de
0.481b
T7
0.580b
6.917c
8.037c
14.21ef
51.70d
52.32d
0.431c
0.765ef
2.450d
7.136cd
13.69c
26.04d
4.071cd
4.992ef
0.731cd
0.092bc
0.587de
0.920de
0.114f
5.259e
6.279ef
0.505de
0.457de
0.234c
T8
0.557a
5.817d
7.023d
13.80f
48.86e
49.68e
0.368c
0.683f
2.034d
5.967d
13.41c
23.79d
3.224d
3.928f
0.240d
0.047c
0.514e
0.868e
0.081f
4.932f
5.536f
0.429e
0.322e
0.134c
Note: Means followed by the same letter within a treatment were not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
Upper, middle and lower value indicates data of 30 DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS, DAS days after sowing, FW Fresh Weight,
DW Dry Weight
Not only vermicompost but compost had also beneficial characteristics. It was documented by Mehedi et al., 2012 that the
application of 15 t ha-1
compost might have significant contribution to proper growth and development of root through
optimum nutrient uptake by the crop plants. In the present investigation application of compost @ 1.5 Kg Plot-1
might have
significant contribution to increase the crop growth attributes. DMRT wordings by the different letter showed the variation
among treatments which were significantly different at 5% level. On the other hand, the morpho-physiological attributes of
mustard which were grown under those plots treated with indigenous organic inputs were significantly highest under T1
treatment and significantly lowest under T8 treatment. Moreover, in chemical fertilizer treated plots only T5 or control and T8
showed significant highest and lowest value. Plant population and Leaf Area Index of plants treated with indigenous inputs
were significantly higher in T1 and significantly lower in T8. Leaf Area Index of mustard showed significant variation in T2,
T4 and T6 plots treated with chemical fertilizers and different concentration of sodium fluoride.
8. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Page | 91
TABLE 5
IMPACT OF VERMICOMPOST, COMPOST, BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM AND FLUORIDE ON MORPHOLOGICAL
ATTRIBUTES OF MUSTARD
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Root
length
(cm)
Plant
Height
(cm)
FW
(root)
(g)
FW
(shoot)
(g)
FW
(leaves)
(g)
DW
(root)
(g)
Dw
(shoot)
(g)
DW
(leaves)
(g)
Control(T5)
5.860bc
8.697b
10.72bc
21.85bc
61.54cd
65.04bc
1.108b
2.472d
7.382a
14.76bc
37.29d
52.13cd
8.298cd
7.791cd
4.143b
0.237bcde
0.942bc
1.728de
1.386abc
9.448a
13.79a
0.941cd
1.217cd
0.808cd
T1
7.377a
10.523a
12.39a
26.26a
68.53a
71.65a
2.068a
3.769a
7.762ab
26a
44.78a
79.20a
14.481a
13.884a
9.691a
0.574a
1.255a
2.478a
2.206a
10.098a
14.49a
1.461a
2.917a
2.241a
T2
7.290a
9.843a
12.02ab
25.33a
66.12ab
71.36a
1.561ab
3.517b
6.536abc
19.75b
43.39ab
66.88b
10.318b
10.179b
8.259a
0.386b
1.221a
2.342ab
2.125ab
9.959a
14.31a
1.199b
2.302b
1.447b
T3
6.353b
9.050b
11.10abc
23.29b
65.62b
67.80ab
1.247ab
3.365b
6.086bcd
17.10b
41.17bc
62.18bc
10.020bc
9.591bc
5.909b
0.318bc
1.034ab
2.113bc
1.694abc
9.850a
14.08a
1.113bc
2.101b
0.969bc
T4
6.057bc
8.887b
10.96bc
22.23bc
63.42bc
65.07bc
1.170b
3.070c
5.641cde
15.35bc
38.95cd
56.87bc
9.520bc
8.021bcd
5.512b
0.287bcd
0.968b
1.943cd
1.531abc
9.619a
13.87a
1.011bcd
1.556c
0.897c
T6
5.490cd
7.857c
9.910cd
20.68cd
61.13cd
61.45c
0.986b
2.238de
5.250cde
14.01bc
32.49e
45.81de
7.237d
7.190d
1.927c
0.182cde
0.793bcd
1.647de
0.975bc
7.151b
12.65b
0.844de
0.943de
0.470cde
T7
5.243d
7.167c
9.31de
19.07d
58.88d
57.63d
0.946b
2.081e
4.528de
13.73bc
28.90f
42.09de
6.823d
7.007d
1.665c
0.142de
0.709cd
1.530ef
0.791c
6.777b
11.93b
0.626ef
0.789de
0.306de
T8
4.443e
7.157c
8.110e
17.26e
54.39e
56.30d
0.833b
1.639f
4.417e
8.97c
24.38g
36.07e
6.514d
6.270d
0.972c
0.090e
0.599d
1.247f
0.523c
6.473b
11.78b
0.494f
0.599e
0.141e
Note: Means followed by the same letter within a treatment were not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT) Upper, middle and lower value indicates data of 30 DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS, DAS days
after sowing , FW Fresh Weight, DW Dry Weight
TABLE 6
COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT TREATMENT COMBINATIONS ON LEAF AREA INDEX AND
PLANT POPULATION
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Plant Population
(Chem+Fluoride)
Plant population
(VC+Comp+BC+Fluoride)
LAI
(Chem+Fluoride)
LAI
(VC+Comp+BC+Fluoride)
Control
(T5)
160.5a
153.5e 7.505a
5.520a
5.714d
3.210e
T1 151b
175a 7.556ab
4.474b
8.706a
4.321a
T2 147.5b
171.5b 7.453b
4.389c
6.783b
3.997b
T3 141.0c
165.5c 7.216c
4.375c
6.635b
3.906c
T4 136.5c
156.0d 6.770d
4.362c
6.060c
3.675d
T6 131.0d
152e 5.559e
4.294d
5.520d
2.777f
T7 126.5de
131.0f 5.482ef
4.188e
5.065e
2.061g
T8 124.5e
120.0g 5.419f
3.997f
5.004e
2.431h
Note: Means followed by the same letter within a treatment were not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
Upper and lower value indicates data of 45 DAS and 60 DAS, DAS days after sowing , LAI Leaf Area Index, Chem
Chemical fertilizer, VC Vermicompost, Comp Compost, BC Bacterial Consortium
9. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Page | 92
EXPERIMENT II (2013-2014)
FIRST PART OF THE EXPERIMENT
TABLE 7
IMPACT OF VERMICOMPOST(FULL DOSE), COMPOST(FULL DOSE), BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM, CHEMICAL
FERTILIZERS (RECOMMENDED DOSE) AND FLUORIDE ON MORPHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF MUSTARD
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Root
length
(cm)
Plant
Height
(cm)
FW
(root)
(g)
FW
(shoot)
(g)
FW
(leaves)
(g)
DW
(root)
(g)
Dw
(shoot)
(g)
DW
(leaves)
(g)
Control(T5)
7.330bc
11.73cd
11.33c
16.44bc
39.60bc
62.84bc
1.012cd
2.575b
11.58b
5.162c
60.50bcd
100.5ab
4.701abc
10.90bc
0.170ab
0.831e
2.310c
0.461bcd
3.043a
19.13cde
0.545bc
1.663d
T1
9.690a
14.91a
13.59a
19.38a
46.60a
69.47a
1.601a
3.373a
17.87a
9.186a
117.82a
138.6a
6.473a
16.10a
0.510a
1.334a
4.140a
0.754a
3.452a
41.80a
0.980a
2.336a
T2
8.550ab
14.02ab
12.82ab
16.89b
45.33ab
67.31ab
1.462ab
2.849ab
13.74ab
8.482ab
89.86ab
133.0a
5.476ab
13.90ab
0.245ab
1.092b
3.295b
0.563b
3.325a
33.58ab
0.745b
2.055b
T3
8.270ab
13.49ab
12.05bc
16.84bc
41.24abc
64.80abc
1.246bc
2.774ab
13.38ab
6.325bc
85.14bc
119.7a
5.114ab
12.93b
0.195ab
1.019c
3.220b
0.539bc
3.246a
28.78bc
0.600bc
1.851c
T4
7.760b
12.95ab
11.62c
16.77bc
40.72abc
63.02bc
11.48cd
2.708ab
12.48ab
6.057bc
74.86bc
107.1ab
4.940abc
11.01bc
0.180ab
0.977d
2.886b
0.489bcd
3.226a
27.24bcd
0.585bc
1.795c
T6
6.090cd
11.03d
10.02d
16.06c
38.12c
60.60c
0.897d
2.494b
10.72b
4.773c
56.98cd
81.5ab
4.172bc
9.55c
0.145b
0.829e
2.195c
0.410cd
2.310b
17.79de
0.435c
1.458e
T7
5.570d
10.06d
9.43d
14.53d
37.07c
53.64d
0.848d
2.428b
9.21b
4.516c
43.56d
54.1b
3.100c
7.88c
0.115b
0.783f
1.520d
0.360d
2.225b
12.60e
0.380c
1.225f
Note: Means followed by the same letter within a treatment were not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test (DMRT)
Upper, middle and lower value indicates data of 30 DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS, in case of fresh weoght and dry weight of leaves upper and
lower value indicates data of 30 DAS and 45 DAS, DAS days after sowing , FW Fresh Weight, DW Dry Weight
SECOND PART OF THE EXPERIMENT
TABLE 8
IMPACT OF VERMICOMPOST(FULL DOSE), COMPOST(HALF DOSE), CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS (RECOMMENDED DOSE)
AND FLUORIDE ON MORPHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF MUSTARD
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Root
length
(cm)
Plant
Height
(cm)
FW
(root)
(g)
FW
(shoot)
(g)
FW
(leaves)
(g)
DW
(root)
(g)
Dw
(shoot)
(g)
DW
(leaves)
(g)
Control(T5)
6.850b
10.64cd
10.32ab
14.59ab
39.23ab
57.51ab
0.782c
2.319bcd
5.690ab
3.500b
19.16bc
60.14bcd
2.745bc
7.660de
0.158c
0.575cd
2.220d
0.390cd
2.935a
19.77abc
0.510cde
1.450c
T1
9.930a
14.01a
12.14a
17.78a
44.57a
66.7a
1.099a
2.953a
9.810a
6.730a
26.18a
117.82a
5.350a
12.060a
0.229a
0.750a
3.980a
0.670a
3.605a
29.44a
0.841a
1.935a
T2
7.910b
13.62a
12.10a
15.62ab
43.73a
64.98a
1.072a
2.788ab
7.650ab
4.065b
21.92b
88.83b
3.455b
10.725a
0.247b
0.720ab
3.240b
0.625ab
3.255a
23.67ab
0.627b
1.755ab
T3
7.270b
12.24b
10.85ab
15.43ab
43.18a
63.62ab
0.989ab
2.622abc
6.510ab
4.065b
21.17bc
84.50bc
3.030b
9.825c
0.234b
0.675abc
3.015bc
0.505bc
3.105a
21.87abc
0.574bc
1.640bc
T4
7.070b
11.63bc
10.45ab
14.99ab
40.82ab
62.65ab
0.880bc
2.568abc
5.765ab
3.925b
20.77bc
74.86bc
2.825bc
8.430d
0.169c
0.610bcd
2.525cd
0.450cd
3.030a
20.70abc
0.529bcd
1.505c
T6
6.490b
10.260d
9.83ab
13.97b
36.93bc
56.37ab
0.598d
2.094cd
4.025b
2.855b
18.26c
56.98cd
2.120cd
7.395e
0.155c
0.553d
2.135d
0.370cd
2.765a
16.14bc
0.431de
1.390c
T7
6.390b
10.22d
8.93b
13.10b
33.04c
51.72b
0.452c
1.849d
3.075b
2.685b
14.66d
43.56d
1.525d
6.915e
0.139c
0.520d
1.195e
0.305d
2.275a
10.96c
0.405e
1.040c
Note: Means followed by the same letter within a treatment were not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test (DMRT)
Upper, middle and lower value indicates data of 30 DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS, in case of fresh weoght and dry weight of leaves upper and
lower value indicates data of 30 DAS and 45 DAS, DAS days after sowing , FW Fresh Weight, DW Dry Weight
10. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Page | 93
THIRD PART OF THE EXPERIMENT
TABLE 9
IMPACT OF VERMICOMPOST(HALF DOSE), COMPOST(FULL DOSE), CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS (RECOMMENDED DOSE)
AND FLUORIDE ON MORPHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF MUSTARD
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Root
length
(cm)
Plant
Height
(cm)
FW
(root)
(g)
FW
(shoot)
(g)
FW
(leaves)
(g)
DW
(root)
(g)
Dw
(shoot)
(g)
DW
(leaves)
(g)
Control(T5)
7.04bc
9.52bc
9.04bc
10.77bc
35.33c
57.03bc
0.63de
2.575b
4.361bc
3.314bc
12.4bcd
58.29b
0.461c
4.982c
0.126c
0.411e
1.968bc
0.247de
2.053b
18.28c
0.533bc
0.663d
T1
8.71a
11.12a
11.55a
13.1a
38.8a
65.94a
1.315a
3.373a
7.957a
4.941a
18.84a
92.53a
6.978a
9.439a
0.181a
0.687a
3.370a
0.364a
2.968a
27.84a
0.808a
1.806a
T2
7.94ab
10.4ab
10.24ab
12.56a
38.73a
65.42a
1.13b
2.849ab
7.763a
4.065a
18.52a
88.69a
6.236ab
8.891ab
0.167ab
0.648b
2.873a
0.345ab
2.572ab
21.66b
0.681ab
1.477b
T3
7.83ab
10.37ab
9.61b
11.46b
37.66b
61.29ab
0.775c
2.774ab
5.849b
3.991b
16.25ab
83.44a
4.865b
7.205b
0.152b
0.585c
2.250b
0.308bc
2.335ab
21.52b
0.629bc
1.335b
T4
7.25bc
9.77bc
9.36bc
11.13b
36.69b
60.78abc
0.695cd
2.708ab
5.048bc
3.665b
15.63abc
78.61a
0.488c
5.408c
0.149b
0.493d
2.155b
0.287cd
2.196ab
19.39c
0.569bc
0.932c
T6
6.58cd
9.11c
7.89cd
10.33cd
34.63c
54.67c
0.505e
2.494b
4.272c
2.742cd
12.4cd
47.77b
0.409c
4.783c
0.103d
0.399f
1.572cd
0.203ef
1.853c
15.57d
0.435cd
0.532d
T7
5.56d
7.89d
6.7d
9.91d
32.37d
54.52c
0.36f
2.428b
3.694c
2.138d
11.16d
42.17b
0.36c
3.677c
0.078e
0.190g
1.156d
0.183f
1.506c
9.95e
0.352d
0.470d
Note: Means followed by the same letter within a treatment were not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
Upper, middle and lower value indicates data of 30 DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS, in case of fresh weight and dry weight of
leaves upper and lower value indicates data of 30 DAS and 45 DAS, DAS days after sowing , FW Fresh Weight, DW Dry
Weight
TABLE 10
COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN TWO TREATMENT COMBINATION ON PLANT POPULATION AND LEAF AREA INDEX
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Plant
Population
(1st
part of
the
experiment)
Plant
Population
(2nd
part of
the
experiment)
Plant
Population
(3rd
part of
the
experiment)
LAI
(1st
part of
the
experiment)
LAI
(2nd
part of the
experiment)
LAI
(3rd
part of the
experiment)
Control
(T5)
146cd
139.5d
137.5cd 4.790cd
5.660cd
4.410c
4.770cd
3.185ab
4.395cd
T1 172a
162.5a
160.5a 8.495a
8.593a
6.520a
7.090a
4.315a
6.925a
T2 164ab
151.0b
149.5b 8.000a
6.767b
5.409b
6.410ab
3.995ab
6.205a
T3 161b
149.0bc
146.5b 0.695b
6.435bc
5.215bc
6.385ab
3.865ab
5.900ab
T4 152.5c
145.5c
139.5c 5.800bc
5.995bcd
4.940bc
5.215bc
3.660ab
4.812bc
T6 139.5de
135.5e 134.5d
4.440d
5.480cd
3.470d
4.717cd
2.765b
4.035cd
T7 137e
129.5f
127e 4.130d
5.000d
2.915d
3.610d
2.550b
3.402d
Note: Means followed by the same letter within a treatment were not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
Upper and lower value indicates data of 45 DAS and 60 DAS, DAS days after sowing, LAI Leaf Area Index
11. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Page | 94
First set, second set and third set of the experiment II, the morpho-physiological parameters viz. root length, plant height
significantly highest in T1 and significantly lowest in T7. A similar result was found in fresh weight of root, shoot and leaves
where values were significantly highest in T1 as compared to other treatments. In case of dry weight of root, shoot and leaf
were significantly highest and lowest successively under T1 and T7. Similar trend of the results were found with plant
population and leaf area index. Values were significantly different at 5% level.
3.2 Crop Yield attributes
In the consecutive years of this field trial maximum yield occurred under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1
). The value is above the
control set. Lowest seed yield were recorded with T8 (Table 11 and 12) and T7 (Experiment II, 400 mg Kg-1
fluoride) (Table
13, 14 and 15). In experiment I, the plots which were treated with chemical fertilizers (recommended dose) and different
concentration of sodium fluoride maximum and minimum yield were recorded with T5 (Control) and T8 (500 mg Kg-1
fluoride) (Table 7). DMRT wordings depicted the variation among treatments. In the present investigation some mineral
element may have acted as an activator for accelerating the enzymatic activity with lowest concentration of fluoride i.e., 25
mg Kg-1
fluoride. Such type of action might have occurred through which high yield with low fluoride concentration took
place as reported earlier (Ram et al., 2007). Bachman and Metzger, 2008 reported growth and yield improvement in different
crops with vermicompost application. Theunissen et al., 2010 reported that vermicompost contains most nutrients such as
phosphates, exchangeable calcium, soluble potassium and other macronutrients with a huge quantity of beneficial
microorganisms, vitamins and hormones in plant available from which influence the growth and yield of plants. Atiyeh et al.,
2000; Arancon et al., 2004 and Singh et al., 2008 reported that vermicompost produced significant improvements in the
growth and yield of sweet corn. Not only vermicompost but also compost had a remarkable impact on yield of crops. Dietz
and Krauss (1997) compared the effect of compost on yield with an unfertilized control and a recommended NPK control in
a long term investigation. But at higher concentrations of fluoride under both of treatment combination due to nutrient
deficiency (Sabal et al., 2006) yield were gradually decreased (Ram et al., 2014).
EXPERIMENT I (2012-2013)
TABLE 11
IMPACT OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER AND FLUORIDE ON YIELD ATTRIBUTES
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Silique
length
(cm)
Silique
breadth
(cm)
Grains
Number
1000 seed
weight(g)
Seed
weight
(Kg ha-1
)
Empty pod
weight
(Kg ha-1
)
Straw
Weight
(Kg ha-1
)
Control(T5) 4.423a
0.723a
23.67a
2.478a
683.3a
566.7a
1250a
T1 4.100b
0.687b
2.17b
2.322a
600.0b
533.3ab
1050b
T2 4.040bc
0.673b
21.70b
2.304a
566.7bc
516.7abc
983.3bc
T3 3.950bcd
0.640c
21.40b
2.294a
550.0bc
466.7bc
877.3cd
T4 3.867cde
0.623cd
21.03b
2.244a
533.3c
450.0cd
774.7de
T6 3.823de
0.610d
19.10c
2.205a
516.7cd
363d
664.7ef
T7 3.747e
0.580e
18.47cd
2.193a
466.7de
383.3de
609.0f
T8 3.520f
0.557f
17.40d
2.126a
416.7e
316.7e
523.7f
Note: Means followed by the same letter within a treatment were not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
TABLE 12
IMPACT OF VERMICOMPOST, COMPOST, BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM AND FLUORIDE ON YIELD ATTRIBUTES
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Silique
length
(cm)
Silique
breadth
(cm)
Grains
Number
1000 seed
weight(g)
Seed weight
(Kg ha-1
)
Empty pod
weight
(Kg ha-1
)
Straw
Weight
(Kg ha-1
)
Control(T5) 4.083cd
0.713c
21.83cd
2.209a
751.7c
760cd
1350abc
T1 4.367a
0.820a
25.53a
2.411a
1016.7a
1083.3a
1567a
T2 4.307ab
0.773b
24.87ab
2.39a
950.0ab
900.0b
1533ab
T3 4.230abc
0.757b
23.30bc
2.274a
900.0b
866.7bc
1383abc
T4 4.170bc
0.740bc
21.30c
2.245a
816.7c
816.7bcd
1376abc
T6 4.083cd
0.713c
21.83cd
2.132a
665.0d
733.3d
1317bc
T7 3.970de
0.673d
20.30d
2.110a
586.7e
616.7e
1217c
T8 3.857e
0.667d
18.23e
2.066a
503.3f
533.3e
900d
Note: Means followed by the same letter within a treatment were not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
12. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Page | 95
EXPERIMENT II (2013-2014)
FIRST PART OF THE EXPERIMENT
TABLE 13
IMPACT OF VERMICOMPOST(FULL DOSE), COMPOST(FULL DOSE), BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM, CHEMICAL
FERTILIZERS (RECOMMENDED DOSE) AND FLUORIDE ON YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF MUSTARD
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Silique
length
(cm)
Silique
breadth(cm)
Grains
number
1000seed
weight(g)
Seed weight
(Kg ha-1
)
Empty pod
weight
(Kg ha-1
)
Straw
weight
(Kg ha-1
)
Control(T5) 5.325bc
1.865a
30.75bc
2.424bc
175.0bcd
350.0cd
725.0bcd
T1 6.380a
3.425a
37.95a
2.734a
525.0a
615.0a
1100.0a
T2 5.915ab
3.390a
35.15ab
2.673a
325.0b
490.0b
975.0ab
T3 5.855ab
1.925a
34.15ab
2.562ab
300.0bc
425.0bc
870.0abc
T4 5.540bc
1.895a
33.75ab
2.530ab
275.0bc
420.0bc
795.0bcd
T6 5.085cd
1.750a
28.65cd
2.368bc
145.0cd
280.0d
635cd
T7 4.620d
1.715a
25.35d
2.266c
75.0d
275.0d
530.0d
Note: Means followed by the same letter within a treatment were not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
SECOND PART OF THE EXPERIMENT
TABLE 14
IMPACT OF VERMICOMPOST (FULL DOSE), COMPOST (HALF DOSE), CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
(RECOMMENDED DOSE) AND FLUORIDE ON YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF MUSTARD
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Silique
length
(cm)
Silique
breadth(cm)
Grains
number
1000seed
weight(g)
Seed weight
(Kg ha-1
)
Empty pod
weight
(Kg ha-1
)
Straw
weight
(Kg ha-1
)
Control(T5) 5.035ab 1.375ab
22.65c
2.321cd
200cd
325c
627.5bcd
T1 5.280a
1.615a
24.85a
2.673a
435a
500a
1025a
T2 5.205ab
1.565ab
24.05b
2.641a
400ab
495ab
830b
T3 5.110ab
1.470ab
22.95c
2.503b
335abc
430ab
754bc
T4 5.060ab
1.435ab
22.80c
2.405c
250bc
400bc
710bcd
T6 1.750a
1.265ab
21.50d
2.276d
75d
225d
550cd
T7 1.715a
1.215b
20.70e
2.119e
50d
200d
527.5d
Note: Means followed by the same letter within a treatment were not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
THIRD PART OF THE EXPERIMENT
TABLE 15
IMPACT OF VERMICOMPOST (HALF DOSE), COMPOST(FULL DOSE), CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
(RECOMMENDED DOSE) AND FLUORIDE ON YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF MUSTARD
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Silique
length
(cm)
Silique
breadth(cm)
Grains
number
1000seed
weight(g)
Seed weight
(Kg ha-1
)
Empty pod
weight
(Kg ha-1
)
Straw
weight
(Kg ha-1
)
Control(T5) 4.585bc
0.370b
20.66b
2.304e
100d
165de
800bc
T1 5.175a
0.455a
22.6a
2.688a
377.5a
475a
1325a
T2 4.950ab
0.40b
21.05b
2.625b
315ab
375b
1025ab
T3 4.845ab
0.390b
21.05b
2.478c
260b
300c
1000ab
T4 4.735b
0.375b
20.91b
2.384d
177.5c
200d
875abc
T6 4.300cd
0.360b
19.71b
2.202f
72.5d
135ef
700bc
T7 4.110d
0.300c
18.15c
2.105g
50d
105f
400d
Note: Means followed by the same letter within a treatment were not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
3.3 Fluoride accumulation in different plant parts
The present result revealed that maximum fluoride accumulation took place in the leaves and minimum quantity of fluoride
within the seeds. Similar types of results were reported by Agarwal and Singh Chauhan (2014). They have reported that in
13. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Page | 96
Triticum aestivum (Wheat) var. Raj 3077 under pot experiment with different concentration of fluoride solution maximum
fluoride accumulated within leaves (20.64 mg Kg-1
) and minimum accumulation occurred within seeds (10.65 mg Kg-1
). In
the present investigation result of fluoride accumulation within the seeds were within the permissible range (Maximum
contaminant level of 4.0 mg Kg-1
in and the level of dose capable of causing illness which is 0.3 mg Kg-1
recommended by
EPA, FAO and WHO) (Table 18, 19 and 20). In case of chemical fertilizer plus sodium fluoride treatment, maximum amount
of fluoride accumulated compared to the indigenous organic inputs treated plots (Table 16 and Table 17). Maximum amount
of fluoride accumulated within the leaves and meagre amount accumulated within the root (Agarwal and Singh Chauhan,
2014).This is perhaps due to self regulation of plant system. Fluoride may not stay in the root and it migrated either to stem
or to leaves to seeds as par their suitable place for their deposition. Besides the tap root which goes inside deeper layer of the
soil and active transport through the root and shoot system makes it possible for maximum amount of fluoride accumulation
in the leaf and seed coat. Moreover, results of experiment I with indigenous organic inputs fluoride accumulation within root,
shoot, leaf, seed coat and seed were significantly higher in T8 and significantly lower in T1. Under experiment II, fluoride
accumulations in different parts of mustard were significantly higher in T7 and significantly lower in T1. The trends of the
results were similar under all three sets of experiment.
EXPERIMENT I (2012-2013)
TABLE 16
IMPACT OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER AND FLUORIDE ON DIFFERENT PARTS OF MUSTARD
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Root(ppm) Shoot(ppm) Leaf(ppm) Seed coat(ppm) Seed(ppm)
Control(T5) 0.002c
0.005e
0.007d
0.012d
0.008f
T1 0.008c
0.017d
0.026cd
0.018d
0.016e
T2 0.020b
0.024c
0.051cd
0.031c
0.027d
T3 0.024ab
0.026c
0.076c
0.036bc
0.029cd
T4 0.028ab
0.029c
0.087c
0.041abc
0.032bc
T6 0.030ab
0.037b
0.155b
0.042ab
0.037b
T7 0.032a
0.044a
0.175b
0.048a
0.044a
T8 0.036a
0.047a
0.265a
0.050a
0.046a
Note: Means followed by the same letter within a treatment were not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
TABLE 17
IMPACT OF VERMICOMPOST, COMPOST, BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM AND FLUORIDE ON DIFFERENT PARTS
OF MUSTARD
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Root(ppm) Shoot(ppm) Leaf(ppm) Seed coat(ppm) Seed(ppm)
Control(T5) 0d
0d
0d
0d
0d
T1 0d 0.012c
0.016cd
0.010c
0d
T2 0.009c
0.015c
0.021cd
0.012c
0d
T3 0.012bc
0.018bc
0.045bcd
0.015c
0.003cd
T4 0.014bc
0.023ab
0.065bc
0.016bc
0.006c
T6 0.018ab
0.025a
0.085b
0.022ab
0.013b
T7 0.023a
0.026a
0.087b
0.023a
0.016ab
T8 0.024a
0.028a
0.155a
0.026a
0.017a
Note: Means followed by the same letter within a treatment were not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
14. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Page | 97
EXPERIMENT II (2013-2014)
FIRST PART OF THE EXPERIMENT
TABLE 18
IMPACT OF VERMICOMPOST (FULL DOSE), COMPOST (FULL DOSE), BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM, CHEMICAL
FERTILIZERS(RECOMMENDED DOSE) AND FLUORIDE ON DIFFERENT PARTS OF MUSTARD
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Root(ppm) Shoot(ppm) Leaf(ppm) Seed coat(ppm) Seed(ppm)
Control(T5) 0.00b
0.000e
0.000f
0.000e
0.000d
T1 0.00b
0.018d
0.019e
0.010d
0.000d
T2 0.004b
0.020cd
0.024de
0.013cd
0.000d
T3 0.006b
0.025bc
0.027cd
0.013c
0.000c
T4 0.007b
0.027ab
0.030c
0.015c
0.005c
T6 0.009b
0.029ab
0.044b
0.018b
0.009b
T7 0.024a
0.032a
0.049a
0.023a
0.014a
Note: Means followed by the same letter within a treatment were not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
SECOND PART OF THE EXPERIMENT
TABLE 19
IMPACT OF VERMICOMPOST (FULL DOSE), COMPOST (HALF DOSE), CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
(RECOMMENDED DOSE) AND FLUORIDE ON DIFFERENT PARTS OF MUSTARD
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Root(ppm) Shoot(ppm) Leaf(ppm) Seed coat(ppm) Seed(ppm)
Control(T5) 0.000e
0.000e
0.000e
0.000g
0.000e
T1 0.004de
0.024d
0.015d
0.012f
0.002de
T2 0.005cd
0.027cd
0.017d
0.014e
0.003d
T3 0.008cd
0.029c
0.033b
0.016d
0.006c
T4 0.010c
0.033b
0.037b
0.018c
0.009b
T6 0.022b
0.034b
0.039a
0.021b
0.010b
T7 0.032a
0.044a
0.052a
0.025a
0.014a
THIRD PART OF THE EXPERIMENT
TABLE 20
IMPACT OF VERMICOMPOST (HALF DOSE), COMPOST (FULL DOSE), CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
(RECOMMENDED DOSE) AND FLUORIDE ON DIFFERENT PARTS OF MUSTARD
Note: Means followed by the same letter within a treatment were not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
IV. CONCLUSION
In the present study with full dose of vermicompost, ½ dose of compost and bacterial consortium, it has been observed that
such treatment combination, reduced the level of fluoride as compared to the recommended dose of chemical fertilizers and
sodium fluoride treatment. Therefore, such treatment combination, have a positive role in combating fluoride level in such an
agro-ecosystem under such soil and field condition. Again this can duplicated for other crops for reduction of fluoride under
such agro ecological condition.
Treatments
(mg Kg-1
F)
Root(ppm) Shoot(ppm) Leaf(ppm) Seed coat(ppm) Seed(ppm)
Control(T5) 0.000bd
0.000f
0.000d
0.000e
0.000d
T1 0.000c
0.018d
0.011d
0.002e
0.001d
T2 0.000bd
0.025d
0.033c
0.013d
0.005c
T3 0.016ab
0.026d
0.035c
0.015c
0.006c
T4 0.019a
0.030c
0.071b
0.020b
0.011b
T6 0.023a
0.036b
0.082b
0.021b
0.012ab
T7 0.031a
0.060a
0.150a
0.031a
0.015a
15. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-6, June- 2016]
Page | 98
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The work was supported by the Department of Science and Technology Government of India in the form of INSPIRE
Fellowship (No. DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/2011dated 29th
June, 2011). We are thankful to Dr. Shampa Dutta, Assistant
Professor, Microbiology (contractual), for her help in microbiological work. For field work we are thankful to field staff of
Rural Technology Centre, Burdwan University.
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