The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
The major challenge in municipal solid waste management using landfills is
leachate, which causes a significant threat to subsurface resources. Leachate is the
liquid that passes through soil and has extracted dissolved and suspended solids from
it. Municipal solid waste landfills are one of the severe environmental impacts on the
urban environment. Landfills are one of the practices of disposal of municipal solid
waste in the Indian scenario. Understanding the leachate composition is an equally
important and critical factor in terms of environmental production. When the
municipal solid waste is buried in a landfill, physical, chemical and biological
reactions occur, and the refuse reacts with the moisture present in the soil. Studying
leachate characteristics and its treatment is essential as it could threaten the
ecosystem. Rapid urbanization is one of the major contributions to the generation of
municipal solid waste. The present study reviews the different applications available
to treat the leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfills. Nano-particles
are recently gaining great interest in the protection of the environment, which will
ensure sustainable development.
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
The major challenge in municipal solid waste management using landfills is
leachate, which causes a significant threat to subsurface resources. Leachate is the
liquid that passes through soil and has extracted dissolved and suspended solids from
it. Municipal solid waste landfills are one of the severe environmental impacts on the
urban environment. Landfills are one of the practices of disposal of municipal solid
waste in the Indian scenario. Understanding the leachate composition is an equally
important and critical factor in terms of environmental production. When the
municipal solid waste is buried in a landfill, physical, chemical and biological
reactions occur, and the refuse reacts with the moisture present in the soil. Studying
leachate characteristics and its treatment is essential as it could threaten the
ecosystem. Rapid urbanization is one of the major contributions to the generation of
municipal solid waste. The present study reviews the different applications available
to treat the leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfills. Nano-particles
are recently gaining great interest in the protection of the environment, which will
ensure sustainable development.
Phytoremediation is a low cost and effective soil
treatment option for metal reclamation. The use of plants to
remove heavy metals from soil is the phytoremediation. Heavy
metals are among the most dangerous substances in the
environment because of their high level of persistence and
harmfulness to living organisms. The present study in the field
deals with phytoremediation of heavy metals from contaminated
soil around Steel industry at Boisar Industrial area, using Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plant. The impact of addition of
chelating agents like EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)
and Citric acid on the bioaccumulation efficiency of the plant
were investigated. Mustard plants were grown in soil around
steel industry. The results indicated significant reduction of
metals in the soil and increased accumulation in biomass. EDTA
proved better than citric acid in extraction of metals from the
soil. Order of percentage phytoextraction by plant was Fe+2 >Cd
>Al > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn.
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Soil is a mixture of broken rocks and mineral which contain living organisms, in which microorganisms can transfer either by erosion or wind dispersal to other living things when come in close contact which can be as a source of contact to pathogenic microbes and can ponderous to health hazard of the community. This study investigates the microbial analysis and also to check the influence of soil with fallen rotten cocoa against soil without rotten cocoa on soil microbes in Ikeji-Arakeji, Osun state, Nigeria. Total bacterial and fungal counts were determined using pour plating method. Total bacterial count was higher from soil with fallen rotten cocoa pod 92 ×105 cfu/ml to soil without fallen rotten cocoa which is 86 ×105 cfu/ml and Total fungal count ranges was higher from soil with fallen rotten cocoa pod is 44 ×105 cfu/ml to soil without rotten cocoa pod which is 33 ×105 cfu/ml. The isolation and enumeration of microbial population was carried out using standard culture-based methods. Bacteria isolates such as Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp, Enterobacter aerogene., Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Micrococcus sp, Erysipelothrix spp and the fungi isolate include Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer. All the microbes were present for the two samples except Micrococcus sp and Enterobacter aerogenes. The bacteria count were more alpine and higher in bacterial count than the fungal count. The presence of these microorganisms indicates a suitable soil for general plantation by the microbial degradative activities.
Qualitative Study of Landfill Leachate from Different Ages of Landfill Sites ...iosrjce
The present paper describes the qualitative analysis of landfill leachate at different ages of landfill
sites (LFS) around the world and it has been prepared on the basis of extensive survey of literatures. The main
objective of this study was to explore the knowledge on qualitative analysis of municipal solid waste landfill
leachate. This paper provides a reliable and robust database for the prediction of leachate quality when new
landfills are to be developed in Nepal and other parts of the world.
Large amount of biodegradable organic matter is indicated though high ratio of BOD/COD. This in turn leads
to relative high concentration of Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. The lower concentration of VFAs and high pH represents
“old” leachate from the late methanogenic phase. The humic substances give a dark color to stabilized
leachate. Due to the decreasing solubility of many metal ions with increasing pH, the concentration of metal
ions is low in general. The strength of the leachate decreases with time with precipitation of soluble elements
such as heavy metals as the organic compounds break down biologically. This is the reason why leachate
management is problematic due to complexity in its design, operation, and composition, age of landfill, specific
climate conditions and moisture routing through the landfill. In order to avoid pollution and toxicity level in the
water bodies, it is legal necessity to treat landfill leachate before discharging it
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
Environmental impact of biosolids land applicationSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Cabrera M. 2017 Environmental impact of biosolids land application. In: Organic Waste: Management Strategies, Environmental Impact and Emerging Regulations, Editor: M Collins, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788, ISBN: 978-1-53610-936-8, 185-208, 226 pp
Abstract— The content of the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) which is excessive in the soil could affects on the soil and plants health. The aim of this descriptive study was to investigate the ability of selected indigenous plants in stabilizing Cd. The study was conducted at an agricultural production center in Batu City, East Java, Indonesia. There were two stages of this study, namely: (1) analysis of nutrient and heavy metal contamination, and (2) phytoremediation experiment by using five types of indigenous plants. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Once the plants were harvested, the plant materials then were analyzed the heavy metal content remaining in the soil and absorbed by the plants. The heavy metal content analysis used AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry). Subsequently, the analysis result data were calculated for the bio-concentration factor (BCF) and heavy metal reduction. The initial content of heavy metal Cd in the soil prior phytoremediation had passed the threshold value (2.26 mg kg-1). The five indigenous plants tested on the contaminated soil showed a good growth pattern, especially in the fourth week after planting. The average ability of this selected plant to reduce heavy metals Cd was up to 71.2%. The reductions of heavy metals Cd obtained by each plant were Vetiveria zizanioides (71.2%), Eleusine indica, L. (58.9%), Ageratum conyzoides L. (52.2%), Euphorbia hirta (51.8%) and Chromolaena odorata (22.1%).
Phytoremediation potential of native plant species for gaseous pollution from...Innspub Net
In developing countries, brick kilns are not well regulated by government agencies. As a result most of the time they are installed near to the cities to reduce transport cost. They use coal, waste plastic, scrap tires, etc as fuel. Brick kiln produces number of toxic pollutant like CO2, SOx, NOx, HF, etc. They produce tons of gaseous pollution which effect near and far settled human population. Phytoremediation is considered the most suitable option for developing countries because of low cost, eco-friendliness and easily manageable. In current study, the purpose was to identify tolerant plant species near the brick kilns by measuring air pollution tolerance index (APTI). Species of trees including Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus globulus, Dalbergia sissoo and Moringa oleifera were selected for sampling. Samples were collected during July and December at 100m, 300m, 500m and 700m distance around the brick kilns from two selected sampling sites. Moringa oleifera (APTI=17.60) was identified as tolerant and a sink of hydrogen fluoride (HF). Whereas, Eucalyptus globules (APTI=9.91) was found sensitive, so it can be used as bio-indicator of HF. This study recommends the plantation of Moringa oleifera around brick kiln for HF phytoremediation.
Soil Remediation Technologies for Heavy Metals – A ReviewDr. Amarjeet Singh
Soil is a very vital necessity to the ecosystem and
human population. Due to the urbanization and
industrialization, the quality and the fertility of soil is
deteriorating. This has been a huge concern among countries
to discover the suitable yet effective solution to remediate the
soil as the contaminated soil may introduce unhealthy and
unsafe environment to society. One of the common pollutants
in soils are heavy metals and it is very challenging to
remediate as it is not biodegradable materials. Remediation
methods for metals can be classified to two categories; in-situ
remediation and ex-situ remediation. Studies show that
chemical remediation the most effective methods used.
Chemical remediation and biological remediation are also
another two available options. Chemical remediation
methods can be categorized into four; chemical leaching,
chemical fixation, electrokinetic remediation and vitrify
technology. Biological remediation includes
phytoremediation, bioremediation and the combination of the
remediation are one of the most cost effective methods that
can be implemented especially in poor and middle income
countries as it involves natures such as plants and animals in
the process.
Phytoremediation is a low cost and effective soil
treatment option for metal reclamation. The use of plants to
remove heavy metals from soil is the phytoremediation. Heavy
metals are among the most dangerous substances in the
environment because of their high level of persistence and
harmfulness to living organisms. The present study in the field
deals with phytoremediation of heavy metals from contaminated
soil around Steel industry at Boisar Industrial area, using Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plant. The impact of addition of
chelating agents like EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)
and Citric acid on the bioaccumulation efficiency of the plant
were investigated. Mustard plants were grown in soil around
steel industry. The results indicated significant reduction of
metals in the soil and increased accumulation in biomass. EDTA
proved better than citric acid in extraction of metals from the
soil. Order of percentage phytoextraction by plant was Fe+2 >Cd
>Al > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn.
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Soil is a mixture of broken rocks and mineral which contain living organisms, in which microorganisms can transfer either by erosion or wind dispersal to other living things when come in close contact which can be as a source of contact to pathogenic microbes and can ponderous to health hazard of the community. This study investigates the microbial analysis and also to check the influence of soil with fallen rotten cocoa against soil without rotten cocoa on soil microbes in Ikeji-Arakeji, Osun state, Nigeria. Total bacterial and fungal counts were determined using pour plating method. Total bacterial count was higher from soil with fallen rotten cocoa pod 92 ×105 cfu/ml to soil without fallen rotten cocoa which is 86 ×105 cfu/ml and Total fungal count ranges was higher from soil with fallen rotten cocoa pod is 44 ×105 cfu/ml to soil without rotten cocoa pod which is 33 ×105 cfu/ml. The isolation and enumeration of microbial population was carried out using standard culture-based methods. Bacteria isolates such as Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp, Enterobacter aerogene., Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Micrococcus sp, Erysipelothrix spp and the fungi isolate include Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer. All the microbes were present for the two samples except Micrococcus sp and Enterobacter aerogenes. The bacteria count were more alpine and higher in bacterial count than the fungal count. The presence of these microorganisms indicates a suitable soil for general plantation by the microbial degradative activities.
Qualitative Study of Landfill Leachate from Different Ages of Landfill Sites ...iosrjce
The present paper describes the qualitative analysis of landfill leachate at different ages of landfill
sites (LFS) around the world and it has been prepared on the basis of extensive survey of literatures. The main
objective of this study was to explore the knowledge on qualitative analysis of municipal solid waste landfill
leachate. This paper provides a reliable and robust database for the prediction of leachate quality when new
landfills are to be developed in Nepal and other parts of the world.
Large amount of biodegradable organic matter is indicated though high ratio of BOD/COD. This in turn leads
to relative high concentration of Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. The lower concentration of VFAs and high pH represents
“old” leachate from the late methanogenic phase. The humic substances give a dark color to stabilized
leachate. Due to the decreasing solubility of many metal ions with increasing pH, the concentration of metal
ions is low in general. The strength of the leachate decreases with time with precipitation of soluble elements
such as heavy metals as the organic compounds break down biologically. This is the reason why leachate
management is problematic due to complexity in its design, operation, and composition, age of landfill, specific
climate conditions and moisture routing through the landfill. In order to avoid pollution and toxicity level in the
water bodies, it is legal necessity to treat landfill leachate before discharging it
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
Environmental impact of biosolids land applicationSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Cabrera M. 2017 Environmental impact of biosolids land application. In: Organic Waste: Management Strategies, Environmental Impact and Emerging Regulations, Editor: M Collins, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788, ISBN: 978-1-53610-936-8, 185-208, 226 pp
Abstract— The content of the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) which is excessive in the soil could affects on the soil and plants health. The aim of this descriptive study was to investigate the ability of selected indigenous plants in stabilizing Cd. The study was conducted at an agricultural production center in Batu City, East Java, Indonesia. There were two stages of this study, namely: (1) analysis of nutrient and heavy metal contamination, and (2) phytoremediation experiment by using five types of indigenous plants. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Once the plants were harvested, the plant materials then were analyzed the heavy metal content remaining in the soil and absorbed by the plants. The heavy metal content analysis used AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry). Subsequently, the analysis result data were calculated for the bio-concentration factor (BCF) and heavy metal reduction. The initial content of heavy metal Cd in the soil prior phytoremediation had passed the threshold value (2.26 mg kg-1). The five indigenous plants tested on the contaminated soil showed a good growth pattern, especially in the fourth week after planting. The average ability of this selected plant to reduce heavy metals Cd was up to 71.2%. The reductions of heavy metals Cd obtained by each plant were Vetiveria zizanioides (71.2%), Eleusine indica, L. (58.9%), Ageratum conyzoides L. (52.2%), Euphorbia hirta (51.8%) and Chromolaena odorata (22.1%).
Phytoremediation potential of native plant species for gaseous pollution from...Innspub Net
In developing countries, brick kilns are not well regulated by government agencies. As a result most of the time they are installed near to the cities to reduce transport cost. They use coal, waste plastic, scrap tires, etc as fuel. Brick kiln produces number of toxic pollutant like CO2, SOx, NOx, HF, etc. They produce tons of gaseous pollution which effect near and far settled human population. Phytoremediation is considered the most suitable option for developing countries because of low cost, eco-friendliness and easily manageable. In current study, the purpose was to identify tolerant plant species near the brick kilns by measuring air pollution tolerance index (APTI). Species of trees including Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus globulus, Dalbergia sissoo and Moringa oleifera were selected for sampling. Samples were collected during July and December at 100m, 300m, 500m and 700m distance around the brick kilns from two selected sampling sites. Moringa oleifera (APTI=17.60) was identified as tolerant and a sink of hydrogen fluoride (HF). Whereas, Eucalyptus globules (APTI=9.91) was found sensitive, so it can be used as bio-indicator of HF. This study recommends the plantation of Moringa oleifera around brick kiln for HF phytoremediation.
Soil Remediation Technologies for Heavy Metals – A ReviewDr. Amarjeet Singh
Soil is a very vital necessity to the ecosystem and
human population. Due to the urbanization and
industrialization, the quality and the fertility of soil is
deteriorating. This has been a huge concern among countries
to discover the suitable yet effective solution to remediate the
soil as the contaminated soil may introduce unhealthy and
unsafe environment to society. One of the common pollutants
in soils are heavy metals and it is very challenging to
remediate as it is not biodegradable materials. Remediation
methods for metals can be classified to two categories; in-situ
remediation and ex-situ remediation. Studies show that
chemical remediation the most effective methods used.
Chemical remediation and biological remediation are also
another two available options. Chemical remediation
methods can be categorized into four; chemical leaching,
chemical fixation, electrokinetic remediation and vitrify
technology. Biological remediation includes
phytoremediation, bioremediation and the combination of the
remediation are one of the most cost effective methods that
can be implemented especially in poor and middle income
countries as it involves natures such as plants and animals in
the process.
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
Impact of Compost Prepared from Invasive Alien Species in Alleviating Water S...YogeshIJTSRD
Invasive alien plant species are major thread to biodiversity, climate change and environmental sustainability. Management of these invasive alien plant species become a typical task at global level. Composting can be an efficient and environment friendly solution for management of these invasive alien species. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of compost prepared from three invasive alien species Cuscutareflexa, Eupatorium adenophorum and Lantana camaraon the tomato plant vigour, antioxidant and nutrient content under water deficit and irrigated well watered conditions. The results revealed that Cuscutareflexa CR compost treatment gave highest shoot length 23.0 , 23.7 , root length 30.0 , 21.4 , shoot fresh weight 47.9 , 52.2 , shoot dry weight 71.0 , 49.4 and root dry weight 66.7 , 51.5 , under water stressand irrigated conditions, respectively. The application of compostCR under water stress has enhanced chlorophyll and prolinecontent over control. Similarly, antioxidant enzymes analysis showed the increased superoxide dismutase 1.33 2.17fold , peroxidase 1.38 1.82fold and catalase 1.06 1.73fold activity under water deficit condition. Nutrient content such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodiumin tomato leaf were higher under both water stress and irrigated conditions compared to their respective control. It can be concluded from above outcomes that compost prepared from invasive alien species have potential to ameliorate the negative effects of water stress and enhance the tomato growth. Sandhya Bind | A. K. Sharma "Impact of Compost Prepared from Invasive Alien Species in Alleviating Water Stress in Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39961.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/39961/impact-of-compost-prepared-from-invasive-alien-species-in-alleviating-water-stress-in-tomato-solanum-lycopersicum-l/sandhya-bind
Earthworms for Safe and Useful Management of Solid Wastes and Wastewaters, Remediation of Contaminated Soils and Restoration of Soil Fertility, Promotion of Organic Farming and Mitigation of Global Warming
Earthworms for Safe and Useful Management of Solid Wastes and Wastewatersx3G9
Earthworms for Safe and Useful Management of Solid Wastes and Wastewaters, Remediation of Contaminated Soils and Restoration of Soil Fertility, Promotion of Organic Farming and Mitigation of Global Warming
A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected carrot plan...Innspub Net
Carrots were first used for medical purposes and gradually used as food. It is also a good source of magnesium and manganese. Cadmium is a nonessential element that adversely affects plant growth and development. It is considered as one of the significant pollutants due to its high toxicity and more solubility in water. Experiment was conducted in Old Botanical Garden of University of Agriculture Faisalabad to check the response of carrot genotypes grown under Cadmium Chloride stress (0µM, 10µM, 15µM and 20µM). Variety of carrot (gajar) used was Red Gold. Seeds were sown in 12 pots, which were filled with sand, in 2nd week of November. Germination observed after one week of sowing. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Seeds of carrot (red gold) were purchased from Ayyub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad and sown directly in the plastic pot. 8 seeds per pot were distributed. Hogland solution was also applied to replicates and then I applied Cadmium Chloride stress to the plants to start my experiment. Cadmium stress decreased the uptake and distribution of essential elements in plant. Studies had revealed that heavy metals cause adverse effects on plant growth, which further lead to decrease plant yield and inhibition of enzymatic activities.In the present study, plant growth characteristics, root length and shoot length decreased under Cd stress. In fact, salt stress decreased all attributes in carrot when the concentrations of Cadmium chloride increased higher and higher.
Alterations in macro and micronutrient uptake by Jambu (Acmella oleracea (L.)...Open Access Research Paper
The Jambu, an herbaceous plant widely consumed in the Amazon in typical dishes and in natura, is also found in Central America, Asia, and even in Europe. Its behavior when exposed to heavy metals is unknown and, being Cd one of the most phytotoxic metals, the objective is to elucidate how Cd influences nutrient uptake by jambu. The experimental design was entirely randomized with five treatments and six repetitions, in a hydroponic culture system. Four doses of Cd (1, 3, 6 and 9mg/L), plus a control were used. At the end of the experiment, chemical analyses were performed to quantify the content of K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in the leaf, stem, inflorescence and root. The results were submitted to ANOVA and regression analysis and show a significant increase in K, Mg and Ca, up to a dose of 6mg/L of Cd. The micronutrients Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu also showed a significant increase in the absorption, until the dose of 6mg/L. The difference in uptake ranged from 23.02% for Cu to 151.9% for Ca in relation to the uptake of the nutrients by the control plants. The dose of 9mg/L, produced an antagonistic effect, with a reduction in the uptake of the nutrients, with the exception of Ca. In general, Cd in small doses produced in the jambu a stimulant effect and in larger doses, a toxic effect. This behavior indicates a hormetic effect of jambu against Cd.
Biochar impact on physiological and biochemical attributes of spinachGJESM Publication
Disastrous effect of nickel on spinach was discussed by number of authors but the effect of amendments like biochar with nickel on Spinacea oleraceaL. is not still discussed by any author of the world because biochar was used as soil amendments which play a vital role in reducing mobilization and uptake of nickel by spinach plants. As nickel contaminated plants are very harmful for the consumption by living organisms. Nickel can be gathered in agronomic soils by anthropogenic actions such as Ni-Cd batteries. In this study, the growth, physiological, photosynthetic and biochemical responses of Spinacia oleracea grown in Ni-spiked soil (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg Ni/Kg soil) at three levels of cotton-sticks-derived biochar “CSB” (0, 3 and 5 %) were evaluated. The results exposed significant decrease in growth, photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical traits of S. oleracea when grown in Ni-polluted soil. However, this decrease was less pronounced in CSB amended soil. A steady rise in the MDA (0.66 µg/g to 2.08 µg g-1), ascorbic acid (1.24 mg/g to 1.57 mg/g)and sugar concentrations (1.73 mg/g to 2.16 mg/g)was observed with increased concentration of Ni. The increasing percentages of CSB from 3 % to 5 % decreased Ni concentrations in root and shoot of experimental plant. Higher production of chlorophyll, amino acids and protein with CSB amendment looked like alleviation in Ni toxicity. Therefore, it is concluded that, Ni toxicity and availability to the plants can be reduced by CSB amendments.
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
2. the negative effects of those methods, phytoremediation is poten-
tially a more ecofriendly technology (Suchkova et al., 2014). Phy-
toremediation is generally accepted by the public because it has
successfully mitigated anthropogenically influenced environments
without destroying soil functions (Visoottiviseth et al., 2002). In
addition to remedying the polluted soil, phytoremediation provides
other benefits, such as soil erosion mitigation, carbon sequestra-
tion, biodiversity protection and biofuel production (Hu et al.,
2012).
There are still disadvantages of this technology; the main
obstacle is disposing of contaminated plants after remediation
(Mani et al., 2015; Pandey et al., 2015). Most published studies focus
mainly on the ability of plants to accumulate contaminants (Wei
et al., 2006) or on the effect of chelate addition to improve phy-
toextraction (Chen et al., 2003), with rare exploration of the envi-
ronmental risks caused by phytoremediation. Metals can enter food
chains and transfer to other trophic levels through bio-
magnification during phytoremediation processes, as metal-rich
plants can provide pathways for pollutants (Rathod et al., 2014).
Hence, although phytoremediation contributes to the mitigation of
contaminated soil, the resulting potential risks to the environment
must be carefully considered.
Eucalyptus globulus is considered a suitable candidate for
contaminated soil phytoremediation, although the Cd content in
this species is generally below the thresholds for Cd hyper-
accumulators (Arriagada et al., 2007). It performs in line with
known Cd hyperaccumulators because its significant biomass
production can compensate for low Cd content in plant tissues
(Fine et al., 2013). Chickpea and earthworm are well-known ni-
trogen (N) fixers. Chickpea improves the production of intercrop-
ping plants by nitrogen fixing and decontaminates heavy metals
from the soil (Huang et al., 2006). Earthworms can increase soil
nutrient status via atmospheric nitrogen fixation (Ozawa et al.,
2005), and their activity can improve soil conditions by facili-
tating water and organic matter exchange (Costello and Lamberti,
2009). Forrester et al. (2010) observed that, in direct relation with
pollutant translocation, evapotranspiration and water consumption
of Eucalyptus globules are different under various cultivation sys-
tems. Cd can enter the food chain when using edible species such as
Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Eisenia foetida (earthworm) and Gus
gallus (chicken) for soil remediation, so environmental risk during
phytoremediation is a non-negligible factor in the present study.
According to the above factors, a series of experiments without
chemical reagent addition have been designed in the present study.
The specific objectives of this study were initiated to assess (1)
the phytoremediation efficiency of each species under different
cultivation systems, (2) the role of nitrogen-fixers in promoting the
phytoremediation ability of non-nitrogen-fixing plants, and (3) the
potential environmental risks caused by Cd exposure during phy-
toremediation processes.
2. Materials and methods
A finished ecological geochemistry survey for Guiyu preceding
the present experiment showed soil in this town is a typical ferric
acrisol, slightly acidic (pH ¼ 6.4), having a CEC (cation exchange
capacity) of 12.7 cmol kgÀ1
and TOC (total organic carbon) of
42 g kgÀ1
. Heavy metals such as Cd (0.67 mg kgÀ1
), copper (Cu)
(56.2 mg kgÀ1
), mercury (Hg) (0.44 mg kgÀ1
), and lead (Pb)
(69.5 mg kgÀ1
) in this soil exceed the Chinese soil quality standard
II published by the China MEP (2008) (0.3, 50, 0.25 and 50 mg kgÀ1
for Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb, respectively). Only Cd among these elements
is further discussed because Cd was a unique element that can be
phytoremediated successfully by the chosen species without other
additional technology aids in this experiment.
Chaonan, approximately 20 km away from Guiyu, whose major
industry is fishing, was chosen as a reference site. This town was
never involved in e-waste recycling activity and the heavy metals in
its soil have significantly weaker negative impact on creatures (Li
et al., 2008).
2.1. Experimental design
In situ experiments were designed to compare the capacity of E.
globulus with different nitrogen fixers to enhance growth and Cd
uptake under different systems (Fig. 1).
The heterogeneity of soil makes it difficult to assess phytor-
emediation efficiency of planted species for field experiments
because the success of phytoremediation is generally determined
by point-to-point evaluation instead of averages of a data matrix
from experimental sites (Han et al., 2015). To minimize the effect
of the heterogeneity of soil on phytoremediation evaluation, a
small area with a low heterogeneous soil Cd concentration was
selected according to our previous ecological and geochemical
survey. Eight contiguous anthropogenically influenced sites
(20 m  24 m) were set up, each divided into six 10 m  8 m
quadrats as replicates, and buffer trees were planted around the
perimeter of the quadrats. After large e-waste debris was removed
manually, all sites were plowed thoroughly down to the clay
basement (approximately 30 cm) and leveled homogeneously by a
rotary tiller.
The eight chosen sites were encoded as E1 to E8. E1 to E3 were
planting experiments in which earthworms were dislodged and
captured by an electrical method (Schmidt, 2001) before E. glob-
ulus and chickpeas were planted. Three-year-old E. globulus with
similar characteristics such as tree height (approximately 5.5 m)
and diameter at breast height (approximately 8 cm) were culti-
vated in E1 at a density of 2500 crops per ha in April, 2010.
Chickpeas were planted in E2 synchronously at a recommended
density of 445,000 crops per ha (Wu et al., 2008). Half of the E.
globulus and Chickpeas were planted crisscross in E3 instead of as
cultivated trees within a row in order to reduce light competition
(Forrester et al., 2005). E4, E5 and E6 categories correspond to E1,
E2 and E3, respectively, with earthworm application. For the
earthworm addition experimental sites, 10 kg of fresh earth-
worms (Costello and Lamberti, 2009) caught from similar soil
conditions were added directly to the center of every quadrat
(125 g mÀ2
). E7 was an earthworm control experiment without
plants, and E8 was a control experiment without earthworms and
plants. Sixty-three 8-month-old free-ranging chickens were
divided into 21 equal groups and placed into three of the six
quadrats (three chickens per quadrat) of every experimental site
(except E8, as there was no food for chickens). A 100-mesh nylon
net (200 cm high) was attached to the buffer trees to prevent
chickens moving between quadrats. The experimental designs are
summarized in Table 1.
E1 is E. globules in the monoculture with chicken, E2 is chickpea
in the monoculture with chicken, E3 is E. globules and chickpea
mixed cultivation with chicken, E4 is E. globules in the monoculture
with chicken and earthworm, E5 is chickpea in the monoculture
with chicken and earthworm, E6 is E. globules and chickpea mixed
cultivation with chicken and earthworm, E7 is the unplanted site
with earthworm and chicken and E8 is the bare control.
Each 10 m  8 m quadrat was further divided into four equal-
area sampling sites (5 m  4 m). Five subsamples of topsoil
(20 cm) were collected at each corner and the center of the
established sampling site by a stainless steel sampler and then
combined into one composite sample. Four collected composite
samples for every quadrat were air dried and sieved through a 2.0-
mm mesh for analysis.
J. Luo et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 119 (2016) 25e3126
3. In late August, five E. globulus were harvested randomly in each
quadrat by felling at 30 cm above the ground. Half of the chickpeas
were harvested by felling at 15 cm above the ground. The harvested
plants were separated into roots and shoots, washed thoroughly
with deionized water three times to remove adhered soil particles
and oven dried at 80 C until reaching a constant weight. Weighed
samples were ground into powder in a stainless steel mill for
analysis.
Earthworms were seized by an electrical method in four of the
six quadrats at each experimental site and those in the other two
quadrats were caught by a hand sorting technique that is
considered to provide realistic species representation estimates
(one with chicken addition and one without). All data were
presented on a centiare basis for comparison. After starving for
72 h to clean the soil in the guts, earthworms were washed with
distilled water to remove soil particles and then oven dried at
90 C for 8 h.
Although Cd concentrations are different among various or-
gans, different edible portions were not considered separately
because predators consume their prey whole. Chickens were
numbered and slaughtered. Edible portions such as muscle tissue,
internal organs, fat and cartilage were sampled from each chicken
on a proportional weight basis. Materials of each edible portion
were blended thoroughly and 20 g of homogenized samples were
dried at 140 C for 4 h and incinerated in a muffle furnace at
600 C for 12 h.
Earthworm and chicken samples collected from an uncontam-
inated site were processed in the same way as background values
for comparison.
2.2. Chemical analysis
The prepared dry powder of soil, plant, earthworm and chicken
samples were digested using a di-acidic mixture of concentrated
nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) (3:1, v/v). A 1-mL
solution was diluted with 3% HNO3 in a 10-mL colorimetric tube.
Total Cd was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry (ICP-MS). Quality assurance tests were performed by
comparison with certified reference material GBW10012 for plants,
GBW07410 for soil and GBW10018 for earthworms and chickens.
Limits of detection for Cd were 0.02, 0.03 and 0.02 mg/kg in soil,
plant and animal organ samples, respectively. The recovery rates of
Cd for soil, plant and animal organ samples were 94 ± 7%, 94 ± 5%
and 97 ± 3%, respectively.
2.3. Data analysis
The bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF)
were used to evaluate Cd uptake and translocation (Wu et al., 2015).
BCF ¼ Cd content in shoot or root/Cd content in soil
TF ¼ Cd content in shoot/Cd content in root
The total Cd extraction by plant (TE) (Niazi et al., 2012) was
calculated as
TE ¼ Cd content in plant  dry biomass of plant.
The environmental risk index (ERI) was calculated by dividing
the Cd content in earthworms or chickens caught from each
experimental site by the Cd content in the corresponding creature
collected from the clean location (Rodriguez-Ruiz et al., 2015; Song
et al., 2015).
Fig. 1. Map of the experiment sites.
Table 1
Experimental designs.
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8
Eucalyptus globulus þ e þ þ e þ e e
Chickpea e þ þ e þ þ e e
Earthworm e e e þ þ þ þ e
Chicken þ þ þ þ þ þ þ e
J. Luo et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 119 (2016) 25e31 27
4. Experimental data were processed using two-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA) with STATISTICA 6.0 software, using cultivation
conditions, nitrogen fixers and experimental sites as fixed factors.
All reported data are the means ± SD of six replicates (three rep-
licates for chickens). The statistical significance of the differences
between experimental sites was analyzed by Duncan's Multiple
Range Tests at the level of p 0.05.
3. Results and discussion
The results are presented and discussed in the following order:
physical signs of plants under different cultivation systems,
biomass production of plants and receptors and characteristics of
Cd in different media, and the success of phytoremediation and
possible environmental risks during the remediation process.
3.1. Physical signs of plants
E. globulus grew well in all cultivation systems without visible
phytotoxicity caused by high Cd content in the soil. This result
corresponds well with the finding of Gomes et al. (2012), who
observed that Cd at 5.5 mmol mÀ3
only depressed 10% of E. globulus
production. That level was much higher than the Cd concentration
in this study, which varied within a relatively small range from 0.58
to 0.82 mg kgÀ1
, with a mean value of 0.68 mg kgÀ1
.
The leaves of chickpeas slightly crinkled, showing symptoms of
early senescence in monoculture cultivation regardless of the
presence of earthworms. The more obvious phytotoxic signs in
chickpeas under mixture cultivation may be due to competition for
nutrients and water from E. globules. This result corresponds well
with the results of Forrester et al. (2005), who reported E. globules
inhibited the growth of Acacia mearnsii under a mixture cultivation
system. Crops showed necrosis from blade tips to petioles and
stipules and subsequently to the entire lamina. The health status of
the plants under different cultivation systems are summarized in
Table 2.
3.2. Biomass production of plants and animals
E. globulus produced the greatest roots and shoots dry biomass
in mixture cultivation with earthworm addition (E6), followed by
mixture cultivation without earthworms (E3) and monoculture
with earthworms (E4). E. globulus monoculture without earth-
worms (E1) produced the lowest roots and shoots dry biomass. E.
globulus in E3 produced less roots but more shoots dry biomass
than in E4. In both experiments, similar total dry biomass was
produced (Table 3).
Chickpeas produced less dry biomass in all experimental sites
compared to their production in clean soil (Soltani and Sinclair,
2011), as they are sensitive to contaminants (Gupta et al., 2006).
Chickpeas produced the least dry biomass in mixture cultivation
with earthworm addition (E6), followed by mixture cultivation
without earthworms (E3) and the greatest dry biomass in mono-
culture cultivation without earthworms (E2).
Nitrogen fixers can improve the growth of non-nitrogen-fixing
plants (Forrester et al., 2010) and intraspecific competition was
decreased in mixture cultivation due to the development of canopy
stratification (Hubbard et al., 2004). Therefore, E. globulus under
mixture cultivation systems produced more biomass. Chickpeas
can fix 30 kg of nitrogen per ha from the atmosphere in the area
having a similar planting density with the monoculture chickpea
cultivation systems in the present study (Zhang et al., 2011).
Chickpeas cannot fix the same amount of nitrogen under mixture
cultivation systems due to low planting density and the competi-
tive environment in this study. Earthworms can also increase soil
nitrogen concentration, either directly via metabolite excretion and
carcass decomposition, or indirectly via soil structure changing,
oxidation increase, organic substance fragmentation and nitrifying
bacteria promotion (Ozawa et al., 2005). Parkin and Berry (1999)
reported that earthworms can fix 6.9 kg of nitrogen per ha at a
density of 50 earthworm (approximately 25 g fresh weigh) per
square meter. Thus, they may produce more nitrogen (approxi-
mately 34.5 kg per ha) than chickpeas in the present study. Previous
research has concluded that competition was more intense among
different plant species relative to plant, animal and microorganisms
(Nie et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2005). These results support the present
observation that compared with chickpea, earthworms help E.
globulus produce more biomass (Table 3).
Earthworms in experimental sites without chickens had
significantly higher fresh weight per square meter than those with
chickens regardless of whether the earthworms had been removed
beforehand. Earthworms in chickpea monoculture and mixture
cultivation systems had more fresh biomass than those in E. glob-
ulus monoculture, indicating that chickpeas improve earthworm
fresh biomass more effectively than E. globulus. E. globulus may
compete with earthworms for nutrients such as N, calcium (Ca),
magnesium (Mg) and organic matter (Mboukou-Kimbatsaa et al.,
2007). Chickpeas facilitated the growth of earthworms in two
ways, namely, providing organics to earthworms directly and
reducing earthworm consumption by chickens through offering an
alternative food source.
The body weight of chickens at the end of the experiment fol-
lowed the descending order of E6 E5 E7 E4 E2 E3 E1.
Chickens in experimental sites with earthworm addition were
significantly heavier than those in sites without earthworms. E.
globulus promoted the growth of chickens less effectively than
Chickpeas because E. globulus are unpalatable to chickens, and
evergreen trees produce less plant debris for earthworms than
deciduous trees such as chickpea.
3.3. Cd concentrations in different media
The soil Cd concentrations were not significantly different in all
experimental sites due to the short duration of the experiment
(Table 4).
The Cd content of E. globulus was higher when a nitrogen fixer
existed. Root BCF values of E. globulus ranged from 4.6 to 12.8
(Table 5). The maximum value occurred in E4, followed by E6 and
E3. The trend of shoot BCF values of E. globulus were similar to root
BCF values, i.e., E4 E6 E3. All BCF values of E. globulus except
shoot BCF in E1 were greater than one, which means the plant is
suitable for Cd phytoremediation (Kim and Lee, 2010). Root BCF
values of chickpeas were greater than one, ranging from 3.8 to 7.7
and shoot BCF values were lower than one.
The TF values in all experimental sites were lower than one; the
TF values of E. globulus ranged from 0.13 to 0.15, which were similar
in E1, E3 and E6 and significantly higher in E4. TF values of chick-
peas ranged from 0.06 to 0.11, which were significantly lower than
the values of E. globulus.
The success of phytoremediation depends on the metal forms,
nutrient availability and physics-chemical properties of soil,
Table 2
Health status of the plants.
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6
E. globulus Grow
well
e Grow
well
Grow
well
e Grow well
Chickpea e Early
senescence
Leaf tip
necrosis
e Early
senescence
Petiole and
stipule necrosis
J. Luo et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 119 (2016) 25e3128
5. biomass production of the chosen plant species and response of
plants to contaminants (Kuppens et al., 2015). The nutrient and
metal absorption ability of plants is a key factor influencing their
biomass, physiology and remediation effectiveness (Guo et al.,
2002). Water use efficiency plays a vital role in extracting nutri-
ents and metals because such materials can be dissolved in water
and then assimilated by plants via water absorption (Licht and
Isebrands, 2005). Nitrogen-fixing plants enhanced water con-
sumption of E. globules and, consequently, nutrient accumulation
and biomass production (Forrester et al., 2010; Lou et al., 2013).
Therefore, the root and shoot Cd concentration of E. globulus
increased in mixture cultivation (E3) compared to E. globulus
monoculture (E1), which may be explained by high growth rate,
nutrient use efficiency and water consumption.
BCF and TF values of E. globulus were higher in E. globulus
monoculture with earthworm application (E4) than in mixture
cultivation without earthworms (E3), indicating that earthworms
can more effectively facilitate the uptake and transport capability of
Cd from the sediment by the corresponding planted crops than
nitrogen-fixing plants such as chickpeas in present study. The trend
of BCF and TF values of E. globules was consistent with their biomass
production under the different cultivation systems mentioned
above, which concurs with the finding of Yu et al. (2005) that
earthworms can improve bioavailability and mobility of Cd because
they can change the physical and chemical characteristics of soil,
including organic materials, pH, redox potential (Eh) and moisture.
Ll et al. (2012) concluded that earthworms had more positive ef-
fects on regulating the soil ecosystem than maize and Glomus
intraradices. Interestingly, although the BCF value of E. globulus in
mixture cultivation with earthworms (E6) was higher than in
mixture cultivation without earthworms (E3), it was lower than in
E. globulus monoculture with earthworms (E4). The interaction
effect of two nitrogen fixers may not simply be the superposition of
their individual effects and their synthetic action may be more
complex. This complexity remains to be elucidated in the future.
The Cd contents of earthworms were generally higher when
chickpeas existed, elucidating that earthworms' metal uptake
ability depends on food source. In support of this result, Du et al.
(2014) and Mo et al. (2012) concluded that Cd concentrations of
earthworms increased significantly in the presence of edible plant
species, and Manna et al. (1997) reported the synergistic effect that
earthworms with maize stover and chickpea straw accelerated
residue breakdown. The Cd concentrations of chickens were
significantly higher in experimental sites with earthworms (E4 to
E7) than in soils without earthworms (E1 to E3), and the values
have approached or even exceeded the maximum toxicity
threshold of 0.5 mg/kg permitted by Chinese legislation for live-
stock offal. Chickpeas deteriorated the Cd contamination of chicken
more obviously than E. globulus regardless of the presence of
earthworms because chickens were more inclined to grazing on
them. This study corresponds well with the findings of Guruge et al.
(2005) and Zhuang et al. (2009) regarding biomagnification of
organic and inorganic pollutants in the food chain of domestic
Table 3
Biomass production of plants and creatures.
Eucalyptus globulus kg/plant (dry
weight)
Chickpea g/plant (dry
weight)
Earthworm g/m2
(fresh weight) Chicken g/chicken (fresh weight)
Root Shoot Root Shoot Chicken No chicken Earthworm No earthworm
E1 1.31 ± 0.27a 2.90 ± 0.42a e e 4.7 ± 2.3a 9.7 ± 3.1a e 1087(6) ±116a
E2 e e 6.3 ± 1.8a 17.1 ± 3.2a 5.3 ± 1.7a 12.9 ± 4.5a e 1264(7) ±201b
E3 1.72 ± 0.45b 3.78 ± 0.53b 4.9 ± 1.2b 14.2 ± 4.1b 6.6 ± 2.6a 11.4 ± 2.8a e 1259(7) ±158b
E4 1.89 ± 0.22b 3.54 ± 0.29b e e 20.9 ± 6.4b 192.8 ± 38.6b 1297(6) ±111a e
E5 e e 5.2 ± 1.6b 14.9 ± 2.1b 37.2 ± 4.8c 224.3 ± 42.1c 1429(9) ±261b e
E6 2.07 ± 0.56c 4.52 ± 1.03c 3.7 ± 1.2c 13.6 ± 4.2b 34.5 ± 7.2c 201.4 ± 16.8b 1514(8) ±181b e
E7 e e e e 9.8 ± 3.1d 216.8 ± 30.5c 1327(8) ±128a e
E8 6.9 ± 1.4a 8.7 ± 3.2a
The numbers in parentheses refer to the chicken alive at the end of the experiment. Numerical values followed by different letters in the same column were significantly
different at p 0.05.
Table 4
Cd concentrations of plants, earthworms and chickens.
Soil mg/kg Eucalyptus globulus mg/kg Chickpea mg/kg Earthworm mg/kg Chicken mg/kg
Root Shoot Root Shoot Chicken No chicken Earthworm No earthworm
E1 0.74 ± 0.16a 3.37 ± 0.28a 0.46 ± 0.21a e e 3.84 ± 1.04a 4.27 ± 1.29a e 0.22(6) ±0.07a
E2 0.69 ± 0.07a e e 2.59 ± 1.02a 0.07 ± 0.05a 5.52 ± 1.32b 5.47 ± 2.31b e 0.37(7) ±0.11b
E3 0.62 ± 0.08a 5.21 ± 2.03b 0.77 ± 0.29b 4.79 ± 0.58b 0.29 ± 0.07b 5.02 ± 0.62b 5.19 ± 1.92b e 0.31(7) ±0.09b
E4 0.58 ± 0.12a 7.42 ± 1.16c 1.49 ± 0.56c e e 4.53 ± 1.89b 3.91 ± 0.86a 0.44(6) ±0.09a e
E5 0.67 ± 0.04a e e 4.53 ± 0.76b 0.52 ± 0.07c 8.43 ± 0.92c 5.80 ± 0.97b 0.57(9) ±0.21b e
E6 0.64 ± 0.10a 6.89 ± 1.81c 0.93 ± 0.09b 4.42 ± 1.21b 0.40 ± 0.12d 5.41 ± 1.43b 3.66 ± 1.82a 0.52(8) ±0.16b e
E7 0.70 ± 0.08a e e e e 3.12 ± 2.12a 2.48 ± 0.56c 0.39(8) ±0.12a e
E8 0.82 ± 0.21b 2.57 ± 1.16d 2.03 ± 1.09c
Numerical values followed by different letters in the same column were significantly different at p 0.05.
Table 5
Phytoremediation potential and environmental risk.
Eucalyptus globulus Chickpea ERI
RBCF SBCF TF TE RBCF SBCF TF TE Chicken Earthworm
E1 4.6a 0.6a 0.1a 5.7a e e e e 2.00a 2.75a
E2 e e e e 3.8a 0.1a 0.03a 0.02a 2.71a 4.63b
E3 8.4b 1.2b 0.1a 11.9b 7.7b 0.5b 0.06b 0.03a 2.51a 3.88a
E4 12.8c 2.6c 0.2a 19.3c e e e e 2.08a 5.50b
E5 e e e e 6.8b 0.8c 0.11c 0.03a 3.50b 7.13c
E6 10.8c 1.5b 0.1a 18.5c 6.9b 0.6b 0.09b 0.02a 2.23a 6.50c
E7 e e e e e e e e 1.38a 4.88b
E8 e e e e e e e e 1.13a e
Numerical values followed by different letters in the same column were significantly
different at p 0.05. RBCF means BCF of root and SBCF means BCF of shoot.
J. Luo et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 119 (2016) 25e31 29
6. animals. Chickens with higher Cd contents having a generally
higher (not significantly) survival rate indicated that chicken
mortality was controlled by famine rather than pollution.
3.4. Phytoremediation effectiveness and environmental risks
TE (total metal extraction by plant) values were used widely to
estimate the time required to reduce pollutants in soil to their safe
thresholds (Beames et al., 2015; Harris et al., 2009; Niazi et al.,
2012; Wei et al., 2006). It is worth noting that the time required
for remediation can only be predicted roughly through this
method, although the method has been adopted generally. The TE
values of E. globulus were 5.7, 11.9, 19.3 and 18.5 mg per plant in E1,
E3, E4 and E6 and the TE values of chickpeas were 0.018, 0.028,
0.031 and 0.022 mg per plant in E2, E3, E5 and E6, respectively. TE
values were assumed to remain constant. To estimate the quantity
of Cd to be removed, pollution was assumed to occur only in the top
20 cm soil, which gives a total soil mass of 2700 t haÀ1
(Ferric
Acrisols density of 1.35 g cmÀ3
).
It would require 72, 132, 49, 21, 72 and 37 years for E. globulus
monoculture (E1), chickpea monoculture (E2), mixture cultivation
without earthworms (E3), E. globulus monoculture with earth-
worms (E4), chickpea monoculture with earthworms (E5) and
mixture cultivation with earthworms (E6) to reduce the initial
average soil Cd content (0.68 mg/kg) to safe thresholds. Biomass
production and Cd accumulation and transportation demonstrated
that animal N-fixers assist phytoremediation better than plant N
fixers, at least in the present study.
The average Cd content of earthworms and chickens from clean
locations were 2.03 and 0.08 mg/kg, and the ERI values of earth-
worms ranged from 1.13 to 3.50. These values did not significantly
vary among experimental sites except in E5. ERI values of earth-
worms were generally higher when chickpea existed due to bio-
magnification. Rodriguez-Ruiz et al. (2015) observed a similar
phenomenon that environmental risk of Eisenia fetida from a
chronically polluted site was significant in the present of Lactuca
sativa and Dictyostelium discoideum. The ERI values of chickens
ranged from 2.75 to 7.15, and the presence of earthworms made
chicken ERI values significantly higher. ERI values of chickens were
generally greater than the corresponding values of earthworms.
Moreno-Jimenez et al. (2011) assessed the risk affecting potential
receptors in an abandoned mine in Spain and found earthworms
influenced terrestrial vertebrates activity in the lower positions of
the food chain; Song et al. (2015) concluded that chironomids and
flutter earthworm can transfer Cu, zinc (Zn), Pb and Cd to higher
trophic levels and trigger various ecological risks. Combining pre-
vious and present studies, these observations suggest that slight
variations in the bottom of the trophic chain may lead to large
differences in the upper part of the trophic chain.
4. Conclusion
The phytoremediation effectiveness of plants and potential
environmental risks during remediation processes in different
cultivation systems have been assessed. Nitrogen fixers, including
chickpeas and earthworms, can enhance biomass production and
Cd accumulation of E. globulus significantly. E. globulus monoculture
with an earthworm addition system had the best phytoremediation
effect which would reduce the time required to decontaminate the
pollution in soil by 30% compared to the next most effective system.
Earthworms can more effectively promote the uptake capability of
Cd in the soil by the corresponding planted crops than chickpeas
but the presence of them also exacerbated ERI values of corre-
sponding chickens in a process known as biomagnification. The
decision of which cultivation system is more suitable for an
anthropogenically influenced site should be balanced between the
capacity of the plant to remove pollution and environmental
preservation. The conclusions of this study provide an efficient
phytoremediation method with low environmental risks. Addi-
tional studies as to the exposure pathways of each receptor and as
to the cost and economic benefit of different cultivation systems are
warranted in the future.
Compliance with ethical standards
All applicable international, national, and/or institutional
guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All pro-
cedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance
with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the
studies were conducted.
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants
included in the study.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the
Department of Finance of Guangdong Province ([2007]137).
Thanks are also given to our colleagues for their support.
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