The central nervous system i
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The document discusses several key topics related to the central nervous system (CNS): 1. It describes special features of the CNS including its complexity, non-regenerative neurons, glial framework, and blood-brain barrier. 2. It discusses the blood-brain barrier and how it regulates molecule passage between blood and brain. Disruption can occur through tight junction separation or vascular injury. 3. It outlines several types of cellular reactions that can occur in the CNS after injury, including neuronal changes like red neurons, axonal reactions, and gliosis.
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The document discusses changing habits and minds through the use of technology in education. It introduces four categories for how technology can be used: doing old things in old ways, doing old things in new ways, doing new things in new ways, and using technology just because it's available. The key questions are whether technology allows old content to be taught differently, creates new learning experiences, and if it represents a change in mindset rather than just the adoption of new tools. The overall message is that technology should thoughtfully enhance education rather than just be utilized for its own sake.
Survivor
The document discusses a class activity where students had to choose survivors from a larger group to continue the human race after an apocalyptic event. The author notes they did not have much information about most of the survivors beyond their occupations. The author reflects that the activity was more about stereotyping and generalization than a fun game. They distinctly remember kicking out a disabled man without knowing his disability, which made them question past decisions that may have been made in ignorance without considering alternatives. The activity opened their eyes to making bad choices based on assumptions.
Nervous System
The nerve cell is the basic unit of communication in the vertebrate nervous system. A neuron consists of a cell body with dendrites that receive signals and a long axon that transmits impulses. An action potential is generated when the voltage across the membrane is briefly switched and moves down the axon. Neurotransmitters are released at the synaptic cleft between neurons to transmit signals to the next cell. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. Sensory neurons carry signals to the CNS while motor neurons carry signals away from the CNS to effector cells like muscles.
The Central Nervous System
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the control center located in the head and is made up of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain controls functions like sensory processing, thinking, language, and motor control. It contains the cerebrum and diencephalon. The cerebrum is divided into four lobes. The midbrain connects the hindbrain and forebrain and controls auditory, visual, and motor functions. The hindbrain extends from the spinal cord and contains the cerebellum and pons. The cerebellum controls movement coordination and balance. The spinal cord runs down the back and connects the brain to the rest of the body.
15 Cranial Nerves
The document provides information about the 12 cranial nerves, including:
- There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from the brain and relay sensory/motor information.
- The first cranial nerve is the olfactory nerve, which is responsible for smell. The second is the optic nerve, which relays visual information.
- Later cranial nerves control eye movement, facial expressions, hearing/balance, swallowing, heart rate and other functions.
- Mnemonics are provided to help remember the cranial nerve numbers, functions and pathways. Videos and websites are also listed as learning resources.
section 1, chapter 10: neurons
The document summarizes the basic structure and function of the nervous system. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which contains the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes cranial and spinal nerves. The PNS has two divisions - the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary skeletal muscles and relays sensory information, and the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions like digestion. The autonomic nervous system has two branches - the sympathetic branch which prepares the body for stress, and the parasympathetic branch which maintains normal functions at rest. Neurons are the basic functional units that receive, conduct and connect information, while glia provide neurons with support.
Structure of the nervous system
The document discusses the structure and function of neurons. It describes the five main parts of a neuron - the cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, and myelin sheath. Dendrites receive signals and pass them to the cell body, while the axon carries signals to other neurons. A nerve impulse is when a neuron sends a signal, and there are three types of neurons. Neurons transmit signals via action potentials, which travel faster along myelinated axons.
The Core Pattern of Changing Minds with David Straker
The document outlines a core pattern for changing minds called "The Core Pattern for Changing Minds" which involves addressing tensions through information, trust, and closure to build commitment. It discusses how this pattern was developed from various disciplines and techniques. The core pattern involves identifying gaps or tensions, managing tension levels, and closing gaps to build performance and flow.
Nervous System
The nervous system is the body's communication network that collects information and directs responses. It has two main parts - the central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system of nerves extending throughout the body. Neurons are the basic cells of the nervous system that transmit electrochemical signals called impulses to coordinate bodily functions and reactions.
Cranial and spinal nerve
This document summarizes the cranial and spinal nerves. It describes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves including their classification, origin, and destination. It also discusses the four principal plexuses where spinal nerves merge - the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses. Finally, it outlines the major nerves of the extremities including the nerves of the arm and leg.
Nervous System
The document describes the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes nerves and ganglia outside the CNS. The nervous system has sensory and motor divisions, with sensory receiving information and motor transmitting it. Neurons conduct nerve impulses while glial cells support neurons. The brain regions include the cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum. The spinal cord extends from the brain stem and is divided into sections.
Cns Compressed 2 Nd
The document provides detailed information about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. It describes the basic functional unit of the neuron and its main parts. It discusses the different types of cells in the nervous system including neuroglial cells and neurotransmitters. It outlines the divisions of the central and peripheral nervous systems and describes key structures and functions of the brain and spinal cord.
CNS (Central Nervous System)
The document discusses the major divisions and functions of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord, as well as the peripheral nervous system and autonomic nervous system. It also discusses neurons, meninges, the ventricular system, and the endocrine system including key glands like the pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands.
22 Digestive System #2
The document summarizes the key parts and functions of the digestive system. It describes the small intestine absorbing most nutrients and transporting waste to the large intestine. It then details the liver which filters blood and produces bile, and the gallbladder which stores and concentrates bile. Diseases like cirrhosis and conditions like jaundice are also mentioned.
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The Core Pattern of Changing Minds with David Straker
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The central nervous system
This document summarizes the anatomy and pathology of the central nervous system. It describes the major arteries of the brain and discusses neurons, glial cells including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. It outlines the normal functions of these cell types and their reactions to injury, including neuronal degeneration, gliosis, and inclusion formation. Vascular reactions like gliosis and edema are also summarized.
7
Irreversible cellular injury can occur through two main types of cell death: necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis is premature, unprogrammed cell death that is always pathological, occurring due to external factors like ischemia, toxins, or infections. It is characterized by loss of membrane integrity and inflammatory changes. Apoptosis is a normal, programmed form of cell death important for development, hormone regulation, and removing damaged cells. It occurs through an active enzymatic process and does not cause inflammation. Both pathways ultimately lead to cellular demise but differ significantly in their mechanisms and morphological appearance.
Pathophysio
Ischemic stroke accounts for 80% of all strokes and occurs when a blood clot blocks or plugs an artery supplying blood to the brain. This deprives neurons of oxygen and glucose, causing rapid damage. The core of damaged tissue is surrounded by an area called the ischemic penumbra where blood flow is reduced but neurons can survive for hours if reperfused. Neuronal injury is caused by excitotoxicity as glutamate accumulates, allowing calcium and other ions to enter cells and activate destructive enzymes. Two main types of cell death occur - coagulation necrosis within hours and apoptosis starting within an hour via DNA cleavage. The pathophysiology is complex with multiple factors like collateral circulation and glucose levels influencing injury progression
Neurodegenerative disorders
This document discusses neurodegenerative diseases and their treatment. It defines neurodegenerative diseases as conditions that primarily affect neurons in the brain, causing problems with movement or mental functioning as neurons are damaged and die. The causes include a buildup of toxic proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction, generally resulting in programmed cell death of neurons. Stroke is also discussed, defined as occurring when a blood vessel blockage or rupture in the brain causes part of the brain to be deprived of oxygen. The two main types of stroke and their symptoms are outlined.
Pathophysiology of extremal states
prepared by M.D., PhD. Marta R. Gerasymchuk, Pathophysiology Department
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Central nervous system 2
This document summarizes several demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system. It describes multiple sclerosis as an autoimmune disorder characterized by distinct episodes of neurological deficits separated in time and space, affecting women twice as frequently as men, with peak onset between childhood and age 50. Parkinson's disease is discussed as resulting from loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor symptoms like tremors and rigidity, with Lewy bodies containing alpha-synuclein found in remaining neurons. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, with pathological hallmarks of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein.
Small Vessel Disease
pathological processes that affect the small vessels of the brain, including small arteries and arterioles
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PPT (1).pptx
Pathophysiology refers to the functional changes that occur due to disease or injury at the cellular level. Understanding pathophysiology is important for nurses as it helps explain a patient's symptoms and allows for faster reaction to changes. Pathophysiology covers diseases, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. The nervous system is susceptible to many pathologies due to its complex structure and functions. Diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's involve degeneration of neurons and nerve fibers. Spinal stenosis compresses the spinal cord and causes pain. Understanding pathophysiology is key for nursing care.
cell injury.pptx
Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible, leading to cell death. Reversible injury causes pathological changes that can be reversed when the stressor is removed, while irreversible injury causes permanent changes and cell death. Cell injury is caused by various stressors like hypoxia, physical/chemical agents, microbiological agents, genetic defects, and nutritional imbalances. The key targets of injury are the mitochondria, cell membrane, proteins, cytoskeleton, and DNA. Injury disrupts cellular energy production and increases reactive oxygen species, calcium influx, and damage to membranes and DNA/proteins. This can lead to either reversible injury or the irreversible processes of necrosis or apoptosis.
Mind Brain and Behavior
The document contains definitions and descriptions of various neurological structures and functions. It discusses topics like the cerebral hemispheres, lobes, limbic system, cerebellum, blood brain barrier, neurons, synapses, long term potentiation, and more. It also touches on histology, gliosis, edema, and psychiatric concepts like operationalism.
Topic of the month...The ischemic microvascular brain disease
This document provides an overview of microvascular brain disease, including its pathogenesis and neuroimaging correlates. Key points include:
- Microvascular brain disease involves vascular arteriolar pathology, metabolic/endocrine abnormalities, and hemorheological changes that clinically present as recurrent cerebral ischemic events and risk of dementia.
- Pathologies include lipohyalinosis of small arteries/arterioles, gliosis, edema, increased whole blood viscosity, and reduced autoregulation leading to fluctuating brain perfusion.
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cell necrosis , apoptosis presentation.pdf
Cellular injury and cell death can occur through several mechanisms:
1. Reversible injury may occur when cells are stressed but can still adapt through changes like swelling. Irreversible injury leads to cell death.
2. Necrosis is caused by severe damage where cell contents leak out. Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death where the cell dismantles itself. Autophagy is a process where cells digest their own components.
3. The causes of cellular injury include hypoxia, physical and chemical agents, infectious agents, immunological reactions, and genetic or nutritional factors. Cell death is identifiable through morphology changes in microscopy.
Shock
This document provides an overview of shock, including its definition, types, etiology, pathogenesis, stages, and pathophysiological changes. It discusses the classification of shock into types such as hypovolemic, septic, traumatic, neurogenic, and distributive shock. For septic shock specifically, it covers the etiology as severe infection, pathophysiology involving the immune response and release of toxins, and key features including hypotension, tissue hypoperfusion, and high mortality rates. Treatment focuses on fluid resuscitation and source control for hypovolemic and septic shock.
Cns response to injury
This document discusses cells of the central nervous system and their response to injury and hydrocephalus. It describes two main cell types - neurons and glia cells. Neurons cannot be replaced if destroyed, while glia cells support and protect neurons. Acute neuronal injury causes cell shrinkage and loss of structure. Chronic injury leads to progressive cell loss and scarring. Hydrocephalus is an enlargement of the ventricles due to increased CSF volume, which can be communicating or non-communicating. Causes include overproduction of CSF, obstruction of flow, or impaired absorption. Symptoms depend on age, with head enlargement in infants and pressure-related issues in adults.
CNS Response To Injury
1) Hydrocephalus is an enlargement of the ventricles caused by increased CSF volume and pressure. It can be communicating due to overproduction or impaired absorption of CSF, or non-communicating due to obstructions.
2) Common causes include congenital malformations, tumors, infections, hemorrhages, or post-meningitic scarring.
3) Symptoms in infants include enlarged head circumference while adults present with increased intracranial pressure. Treatment is typically through ventricular shunting procedures.
neurobiology of neuroglia Applied dr ameer abbas final .pptx
The document discusses various topics related to neuronal injury and diseases of the nervous system including:
1. The causes of neuronal and neuroglial injury such as ischemia, infection, inflammation, trauma, toxins, and metabolic disorders.
2. The response to injury in the central and peripheral nervous systems including neuronal reactions, morphological changes, axonal reactions, demyelination, and axonal degeneration.
3. Various disorders of neurons and neuroglia such as vascular, epileptic, infectious, neoplastic, inflammatory, and degenerative diseases. Specific conditions like cerebral edema, infarction, encephalitis, and gliomas are described.
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This document provides an overview of cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), also known as strokes. It defines CVAs, describes the blood supply to the brain, and classifies the major types of strokes as ischemic (caused by reduced blood flow) or hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding). It discusses the causes, risk factors, clinical presentation, progression, and management of different stroke subtypes, including transient ischemic attacks, infarction, and intracerebral hemorrhage.
Cell death.pptx
Cellular injury and cell death can occur through necrosis or apoptosis. Necrosis is unregulated cell death due to external factors like hypoxia or toxins. It is characterized by cellular swelling, membrane rupture, and inflammatory responses. Apoptosis is regulated cell death that occurs normally or in response to DNA damage. The cell shrinks and fragments into membrane-bound vesicles that are phagocytosed without inflammation. Both can result from ATP depletion, calcium flux, reactive oxygen species, or endoplasmic reticulum stress. The pattern of necrosis in tissue provides clues to the underlying cause, such as coagulative necrosis from ischemia.
Demyelinating and Degenerative Disorders of the CNS
This document summarizes various demyelinating and degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). It discusses diseases that involve preferential damage to myelin such as multiple sclerosis and various leukodystrophies including metachromatic leukodystrophy and Krabbe disease. It also covers degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease that are characterized by selective neuronal loss in specific brain regions. The morphology, pathogenesis, clinical features of each disease are described.
CNS Lecture Data.pdf
This document discusses neurodegenerative, demyelinating, and obstructive diseases. It defines neurodegenerative diseases as disorders characterized by the progressive loss of neurons. Examples include Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Multiple sclerosis is provided as an example of a demyelinating disease characterized by damage to myelin. Hydrocephalus is defined as the abnormal dilation of the ventricular system due to excess cerebrospinal fluid, and examples of causes include congenital abnormalities and obstructions that inhibit cerebrospinal fluid flow or absorption.
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The umbilical cord
The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and measures approximately 50 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter at term. It contains one vein that carries oxygenated blood to the fetus and two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood away. The cord inserts into the placenta near its center in most cases. Abnormalities can include abnormal insertion points, short or long length, knots, torsion, hematoma, or having a single umbilical artery instead of two.
The placenta
The placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues to function as the respiratory, nutritive, excretory, barrier and endocrine organ of pregnancy. It transfers oxygen, nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus. The placenta can develop abnormalities in its shape, size, position or adhesion to the uterine wall which may cause complications like preterm birth or hemorrhage. Placental lesions like infarcts may also occur due to conditions like hypertension.
The foetal membranes
The document discusses the fetal membranes, which include the chorion and amnion. The chorion is the outer membrane that is attached to the placenta and uterine wall. The amnion lines the chorion and encloses the fetus and amniotic fluid. The amniotic fluid provides protection and nutrition for the fetus, and aids in temperature regulation and movement. It is composed primarily of water, carbohydrates, proteins and minerals. The amniotic fluid circulates continuously, with production from the fetal membranes, fetal urine and transudation from maternal and fetal blood.
Physiology of reproduction
The document summarizes the key stages in human reproduction from fertilization through early pregnancy development. It describes how sperm mature and are capacitated in the female reproductive tract. Upon ovulation, sperm meet and fertilize the ovum in the fallopian tubes. The zygote then undergoes cell division and develops into a blastocyst that implants in the uterus. The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst invade the uterine lining and develop into a placenta to exchange nutrients and waste with the mother's blood. Major developmental milestones in early pregnancy include chorion, amnion and decidua formation.
Minor complaints during pregnancy
The document discusses several minor complaints that may occur during pregnancy, including gingivitis, ptyalism, heartburn, constipation, hemorrhoids, varicosities, dyspnea, urinary symptoms, leucorrhea, leg cramps, paraethesia, and backache. For each complaint, the causes and recommended treatments are provided.
Diagnosis of pregnancy
This document discusses the diagnosis of pregnancy over three trimesters. In the first trimester, common symptoms include missed periods, morning sickness, frequent urination, and breast changes. Signs include enlarged, soft breasts and uterus, and a softer, purplish cervix. Pregnancy tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin in urine or blood. Ultrasounds can visualize the gestational sac after 4-5 weeks. In the second trimester, symptoms decrease while the abdomen enlarges and fetal movement is felt. Signs include skin changes and palpable fetal parts. The third trimester confirms pregnancy through palpation of fetal parts and auscultation of the fetal heart.
Antenatal care
Antenatal care involves regular checkups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and baby. Checkups include exams, tests, and education on nutrition, exercise, hygiene, warning signs and avoiding risks. The goals are to prevent or treat complications, detect issues, and ensure healthy development. Women receive more frequent exams as their due date approaches, and are instructed on a nutritious diet, moderate exercise, adequate rest, hygienic practices, and when to seek medical help if problems arise.
Postpartum mood disorders
The document discusses postpartum mood disorders, including prevalence, risk factors, screening tools, diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that postpartum mood disorders range from mild and temporary postpartum blues to more severe postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. Screening tools like the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale can help identify at-risk women. Treatment involves psychosocial therapies and may include antidepressant medication depending on severity. A multidisciplinary approach is important to address biological, psychological and social factors.
Normal and abnormal puerperium
Uterine fibroids are benign smooth muscle tumors that develop in the uterus. They are the most common solid pelvic tumors, affecting 20-25% of women during their reproductive years. Fibroids can vary in size and location, and may cause heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure or pain. Treatment options include observation, medical therapy to reduce estrogen levels, or surgical removal of fibroids.
Version
Version refers to changing the fetal lie or position in the uterus. There are three main types: external cephalic version, internal podalic version, and bipolar podalic version. External cephalic version involves manipulating the fetus externally to convert a breech presentation to head-first. Internal podalic version is performed under anesthesia when the cervix is fully dilated to grasp the fetus's feet and convert a transverse lie to breech. Bipolar podalic version uses both internal and external manipulation through a partially dilated cervix for special circumstances. Complications can include fetal distress, premature separation of the placenta, and maternal hemorrhage.
Vacuum extraction (ventouse)
Vacuum extraction is a method to assist in childbirth using suction from a cup placed on the baby's head to help with traction during contractions. There are different types of cups including metal, soft, and bird's cups. Vacuum extraction is indicated when forceps cannot be used and has advantages over forceps like less need for anesthesia and less compression force applied. Complications can include maternal lacerations and cervical injuries or fetal issues like cephalhematomas and scalp lacerations.
Symphysiotomy
Symphysiotomy is a surgical procedure that divides the symphysis pubis bone to widen the pelvis during childbirth. It is indicated when cephalopelvic disproportion makes vaginal delivery difficult or dangerous but cesarean section is not available or advised. The procedure involves making a small incision above the pubic bone and gradually separating the joint using a scalpel. Complications can include bleeding, injury to nearby organs, infection, and long-term issues like incontinence or an unstable pelvis.
Forceps delivery
This document discusses obstetric forceps, which are metal instruments used to extract a baby's head during delivery. It describes different types of forceps and their proper application techniques. Forceps are indicated for prolonged second stage of labor, maternal distress, or fetal distress. Correct application involves inserting one blade along each side of the baby's head. Potential complications include laceration, hemorrhage, nerve injury, or problems for the baby such as skull fractures. Failure to deliver with forceps may require removal and assessment to determine if cesarean section is needed.
Episiotomy
This document discusses episiotomy, which is an incision made in the perineum during childbirth to widen the vaginal opening. It can help prevent tearing and complications. The two main types are median and mediolateral episiotomies. Median episiotomies involve a midline incision while mediolateral incisions extend laterally towards the ischial tuberosity. Episiotomies are usually performed when the vaginal opening is distended during crowning to prevent stretching injuries. They are sutured closed after delivery.
Caesarean section
The document discusses Caesarean section, including indications, types, procedure, complications, and mode of delivery in subsequent pregnancies. A Caesarean section is a surgical procedure to deliver one or more babies through incisions in the abdomen and uterus. The rate of Caesarean sections has increased from 5% in 1970 to 25% in 1990 due to factors such as abandoning difficult procedures in favor of C-sections and increased use for breech births. Complications can include hemorrhage, infections, and injuries to the mother or baby.
Normal labour
Normal labour involves the spontaneous expulsion of a single, mature fetus through the birth canal within 3-18 hours without complications. It occurs when hormonal and mechanical factors cause the cervix to efface and dilate in stages from 3cm to full 10cm dilation. Labour proceeds through four stages: 1) cervical dilation, 2) expulsion of the fetus, 3) expulsion of the placenta, and 4) recovery. The fetus descends through the birth canal with increased flexion to facilitate delivery of the head.
Anatomy of the foetal skull
The fetal skull consists of three parts: the vault, face, and base. The vault is made up of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones which are separated by sutures. The face extends from the chin to the nose. Fontanelles are soft spots located where sutures meet which are important for assessing fetal position and flexion. The skull has various longitudinal and transverse diameters used to determine which will engage and pass through the birth canal during delivery.
Anatomy of the female pelvis
The female pelvis is divided into the false pelvis and true pelvis. The true pelvis is further divided into the pelvic inlet, cavity, and outlet. The document describes the boundaries and diameters of each region including the anatomical transverse diameter of 13cm at the inlet. It also discusses the pelvic planes and axes, and the Caldwell-Moloy classification of pelvic types including the gynaecoid, anthropoid, android, and platypelloid pelvis.
Active management of normal labour
This document outlines the active management of normal labour in 4 stages: antenatal preparation, first stage (history, exam, procedures), second stage (delivery of baby), third stage (delivery of placenta), and fourth stage (postpartum care of mother and baby). The goal is a healthy delivery with minimal effects. Key procedures include monitoring contractions/fetal heart with a partogram, positioning, nutrition, analgesia, perineal support, and immediate newborn care.
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy can cause complications like abortion and preterm labour. Clinical features include weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, and fast heart rate. It is treated with antithyroid drugs like propylthiouracil or carbimazole. Epilepsy in pregnancy commonly presents as grand mal seizures, which are treated with phenobarbitone or phenytoin along with folic acid. Rhesus isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive blood from her baby. It can be prevented by giving the mother anti-D immunoglobulin after delivery or pregnancy events involving blood transfer from baby to mother. Affected babies may require monitoring, phot
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The central nervous system i
- 1. The Central Nervous System
- 2. Basic Pathologic Reactions of the CNS
- 12. Pathology of the Central Nervous System
- 13. Cellular Pathology of the Central Nervous System
- 14. Reactions of Neurons to Injury
- 16. Cerebral infarction. A, at low magnification, it is possible to see the demarcated areas of an acute infarction. In the underlying white matter, the areas of infarction are well shown by the myelin stain. B, acute ischemic injury causes diffuse eosinophilia of neurons, which are beginning to shrink. C, infiltration of a cerebral infarct by neutrophils begins at the edges of the lesion where vascular supply has remained intact. D, after about 10 days, an area of infarction is characterized by the presence of macrophages and surrounding reactive gliosis. E, Remote small intracortical infarcts are seen as areas of tissue loss with a small amount of residual gliosis.
- 25. Lewy body: Parkinson’s disease
- 26. Hirano body: aging, Alzheimer’s disease
- 28. Reactions of Astrocytes to Injury
- 39. Cerebral Edema, Raised Intracranial Pressure and Herniation, and Hydrocephalus
- 40. Cerebral Edema
- 51. Raised Intracranial Pressure and Herniation
- 57. Major herniations of the brain: subfalcine, transtentorial, and tonsillar
- 60. Duret hemorrhage involving brainstem at the junction of the pons and midbrain
- 62. Hydrocephalus
- 65. A, Hydrocephalus. Dilated lateral ventricles seen in a coronal section through the midthalamus.
- 66. B, Midsagittal plane T1-weighted magnetic resonance image of a child with communicating hydrocephalus, involving all ventricles.
- 67. Trauma
- 69. Periventricular leukomalacia. Central focus of white matter necrosis with a peripheral rim of mineralized axonal processes (staining blue)
- 71. Skull Fractures
- 79. A, Multiple contusions involving the inferior surfaces of frontal lobes, anterior temporal lobes, and cerebellum.
- 80. B, Acute contusions are present in both temporal lobes, with areas of hemorrhage and tissue disruption
- 82. C, Remote contusions are present on the inferior frontal surface of this brain, with a yellow color (associated with the term plaque jaune )
- 87. Epidural hematoma (left) in which rupture of meningeal artery, usually associated with a skull fracture, leads to accumulation of arterial blood between the dura and the skull. In a subdural hematoma (right), damage to bridging veins between the brain and the superior sagittal sinus leads to the accumulation of blood between the dura and the arachnoid.
- 89. Epidural hematoma covering a portion of the dura. Multiple small contusions are seen in the temporal lobe.
- 93. A, Large organizing subdural hematoma attached to the dura. B, Coronal section of the brain showing compression of the hemisphere underlying the hematoma.
- 97. Sequelae of Brain Trauma
- 102. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
- 107. Credits Books: PBD, 7th Ed. Photos: PBD Interactive Case Study Companion Elsevier Internet: http://www.med.uottawa.ca/patho/neuro/introneuropathology.h tm http://www.radnet.ucla.edu/sections/DINR/Part%2013/Part13A2.h tm