Abstract Chimneys are very important structures for the emission of poisonous gases in power plants. After realising the urgent need to
restrict the pollution levels, chimney height is being rapidly increased. So most of the chimneys are tall slender structures which
fail due to wind excitation The present study discusses the dynamic behaviour of tall chimneys. Reinforced concrete chimney of
275m high, which is located in warora, Maharastra is taken for the present study. The objective of this project is to study the
change in the stress pattern due to presence of flue holes and also to carry out the influence of along wind and across wind effects
on the height of chimney for different wind speed and location. The analyse of chimney is carried out by developing a three
dimensional model created with plate elements using STADD Pro. The stress concentrations in the flue duct in the chimney have
been studied.
Keywords: Tall Slender, Warora, Maharastra, Flue Holes, STADD Pro, Stress Concentration
remove from plant critical systems steam piping prior to start-up:
Construction Debris
Scales
Rust
Loose Material
Construction Leftovers
Oil
Weld Spatter…etc.
Remove debris to meet equipment (Turbine) OEM criteria for accepting steam.
Failure to remove debris may cause damage to turbine blades, valve internals
The main objective of this presentation is that how to optimize the mill in pet coke grinding and what modification is required when changing from normal coal to pet coke.
remove from plant critical systems steam piping prior to start-up:
Construction Debris
Scales
Rust
Loose Material
Construction Leftovers
Oil
Weld Spatter…etc.
Remove debris to meet equipment (Turbine) OEM criteria for accepting steam.
Failure to remove debris may cause damage to turbine blades, valve internals
The main objective of this presentation is that how to optimize the mill in pet coke grinding and what modification is required when changing from normal coal to pet coke.
Thermal Power plant familarisation & its AuxillariesVaibhav Paydelwar
PPT in Relation to Power Plant familarisation, Coal to Electricity Basics,Power Plant cycles, Concepts of Supercritical Technology Boiler, Concepts Of BTG Package as well as Balance of Plant
This deals with Boiler feed pumps used in power plants .
contains details about the KHI and FK series pumps , technical parameters and maintenance prctices followed for these pumps
This material provides the basic of design, operation and maintenance so that you can use this as guide line to operation, to inspect your boiler. Hope this will be benefit you.
Analysis of Self Supported Steel Chimney as Per Indian StandardIJMER
Most of the Industrial chimneys are tall structures with circular cross-sections. Such slender,
lightly damped structures are prone to wind-exited vibration. Geometry of a self supporting steel
chimney plays an important role in its structural behaviour under lateral dynamic loading. This is
because geometry is primarily responsible for the stiffness parameters of the chimney. However, basic
dimensions of industrial self supporting self supporting steel chimney such as height, diameter at exit,
etc., are generally derived from the associated environmental conditions. Manholes are provided at the
bottom of the chimney for inspection purpose of the chimney. The presence of manhole reduces the
cross section area and hence the stiffness of the chimney. In the present study investigates the
stresses, deflection and mode shapes of the chimney due to the presence of an inspection manhole.
Maximum Von Mises stress, top deflection and mode shapes were calculated using finite element
software ANSYS. The results show that, the due to the presence of manhole, the stresses are increased
by approximately 1.5 times for the chimney and frequency is decreased by approximately 1.12 times
Thermal Power plant familarisation & its AuxillariesVaibhav Paydelwar
PPT in Relation to Power Plant familarisation, Coal to Electricity Basics,Power Plant cycles, Concepts of Supercritical Technology Boiler, Concepts Of BTG Package as well as Balance of Plant
This deals with Boiler feed pumps used in power plants .
contains details about the KHI and FK series pumps , technical parameters and maintenance prctices followed for these pumps
This material provides the basic of design, operation and maintenance so that you can use this as guide line to operation, to inspect your boiler. Hope this will be benefit you.
Analysis of Self Supported Steel Chimney as Per Indian StandardIJMER
Most of the Industrial chimneys are tall structures with circular cross-sections. Such slender,
lightly damped structures are prone to wind-exited vibration. Geometry of a self supporting steel
chimney plays an important role in its structural behaviour under lateral dynamic loading. This is
because geometry is primarily responsible for the stiffness parameters of the chimney. However, basic
dimensions of industrial self supporting self supporting steel chimney such as height, diameter at exit,
etc., are generally derived from the associated environmental conditions. Manholes are provided at the
bottom of the chimney for inspection purpose of the chimney. The presence of manhole reduces the
cross section area and hence the stiffness of the chimney. In the present study investigates the
stresses, deflection and mode shapes of the chimney due to the presence of an inspection manhole.
Maximum Von Mises stress, top deflection and mode shapes were calculated using finite element
software ANSYS. The results show that, the due to the presence of manhole, the stresses are increased
by approximately 1.5 times for the chimney and frequency is decreased by approximately 1.12 times
Git — мощная, гибкая и, пожалуй, самая популярная система контроля версий на сегодняшний день. Но многие из нас на практике пользуются только небольшим набором самых базовых команд, к которым однажды привыкли. Я постараюсь помочь преодолеть этот барьер, расскажу, в общих чертах, как git устроен изнутри, что стоит за работой базовый команд, покажу, как можно жонглировать коммитами с помощью rebase, cherry-pick и stash и манипулировать историей с reflog и bisect.
Presentation to FourthLion (my former employer) staff on some lessons learnt while doing analytics across three domains, and the motivation for automation. Data science will IMO (a) have significant growing pains (b) see evolution similar to those that we saw in software engineering.
Heat Load Calculations and Duct Design for Commercial Building G 2ijtsrd
The modern commercial or office building consists of the HVAC system which is Heating, Ventilation, Air conditioned. In this report, well going to identify the purpose and goals of HVAC system, describe HVAC types, describe HVAC parts and describe how this part works together or its working cycle. outsides to air conditioning there are ventilation systems like ceiling fan, fresh air supply and exhaust fan where ceiling fan is used is used to ventilate the air with rotating blades and exhaust fan is used to displace the inside air to the outside environment, fresh air supply is used to displace the inside air to the outside environment by supplying fresh air from the outside air. And also the design of duct by using the heat load calculations based on that how much amount of air to be carried out to gain the required cooling inside the area is determined and also creating the comfortable zone for the humans. R. Sateesh Kumar | J. Deepak | O. Srinivas | T. Prashanth ""Heat Load Calculations and Duct Design for Commercial Building G+2"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23309.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23309/heat-load-calculations-and-duct-design-for-commercial-building-g2/r-sateesh-kumar
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE AT ...AM Publications
The main objective of this study is to understand the fundamental behaviour of FRC when it is exposed to elevated temperatures. However, rather than relying on one type of fibre, this study proposed of mixing two different types of fibre in concrete which will then be exposed to elevated temperatures from normal temperature i.e. 27 °C (room temperature) to 200°C, 400 °C and 600 °C for one hour and cooled to room temperature before testing. The two types of fibres used, steel and Recron 3s (polyester) fibres, have different characteristics. The study is mainly focused on the experimental work. Concrete mixes prepared are without fibre, with either or both steel fibre and Recron 3s fibres. Dosage of steel fibre is 1% by volume of concrete and Recron 0.1% by volume of concrete. The study deals with the comparison of residual strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete with fibre reinforced concrete. Experimental work was carried out to study the impact of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength, tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance investigation of a flat plate collector incorporated with differe...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present study a performance evaluation is conducted between a normal flat plate collector (Solar Air Heater) and a flat plate collector incorporated with Tin material. The normal flat plate collector consists of a sheet metal placed within the casing and the Tin incorporated flat plate collector consists of Tin material which is stationed in the form of tins along with the sheet metal within the casing The temperature and velocity of air was measured by using a Thermocouple and Thermo- anemometer respectively. The performance evaluation is done on the basis of efficiencies produced by the two flat plate collectors for natural convection and forced convection. Index terms: Tin, Collector, Convection
Behaviour of fibre reinforce concrete beam in pure torsioneSAT Journals
Abstract It has been observed that a plain concrete member when subjected to cracking torque fails along a spiral inclined at 450 to the axis of the member. It is obvious that reinforcement in the form of 450 rectangular spirals will be most effective in resisting torque in case of a member of rectangular section. Provision of only longitudinal bars without stirrups increases torsional strength to the extent of 15%, the most appropriate system of torsional reinforcement consists of longitudinal bars together with closed transverse stirrups. In view of above observations, an attempt is made to study the following aspects: Behaviour of reinforced concrete beam under. 1)Pure torsional, (a)Without glass fibres (b)With glass fibres 2)The effect of increase of fibre percentage on torsional resistance of beam. 3) To develop torque. Vs. twist relation of the beams. The experimental program consists of casting 4 reinforced concrete beams of size 150mm X150 mm and length 2m. Two of them were cast without fibres to make a comparative study with the remaining 3 beams; one beam is cast with 0.5% fibre by weight, one beam 1.0% fibre by weight in the rest one beam 1.5% fibre by weight added. The longitudinal reinforcement, spacing of shear stirrups is kept constant. Keywords: Aspect ratio, Glass Fibres, Reinforced concrete, Beam,Torsional strength
Design and analysis of ball mill inlet chute for roller press circuit in ceme...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental study on corrosion prevention with rebars along with fibre in r ...eSAT Journals
Abstract All materials or products, plants, constructions and building made of structural elements are subjected to physical wear during
use. Corrosion is a multi- billion dollar problem. Corrosion causes deterioration of material and leads to destruction of
structures ultimately affects the environment. Corrosion is a chemical or electrochemical phenomenon which can attack any metal
or substances through reaction by the surrounding environment. The second is conservation, applied primarily to metal
resources, the world’s supply of which is limited. The project is aimed at preventing corrosion that is minimising the rate of
corrosion using polypropylene fibre and epoxy coating. In this work an attempt is planned to study the effects of fibres in concrete
and to study the coating provided to the reinforcement. To accelerate the corrosion for a short term process of impressed current
is induced. In this project it is aimed to study the effect of coating given to the reinforcement and effect of adding fibre in the
concrete.
Keywords: Fibre, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength.
Similar to Dynamic behaviour of tall chimneys (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
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• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
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Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
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Dynamic behaviour of tall chimneys
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 287
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF TALL CHIMNEYS
Babu1
, B. Jose Ravindraraj2
, R. Ram Kumar3
, R. Saranya4
1
PG Scholar, Structural Engineering, PRIST University Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering, PRIST University Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
3
PG Scholar, Structural Engineering, PRIST University Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
4
PG Scholar, Structural Engineering, PRIST University Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
Chimneys are very important structures for the emission of poisonous gases in power plants. After realising the urgent need to
restrict the pollution levels, chimney height is being rapidly increased. So most of the chimneys are tall slender structures which
fail due to wind excitation The present study discusses the dynamic behaviour of tall chimneys. Reinforced concrete chimney of
275m high, which is located in warora, Maharastra is taken for the present study. The objective of this project is to study the
change in the stress pattern due to presence of flue holes and also to carry out the influence of along wind and across wind effects
on the height of chimney for different wind speed and location. The analyse of chimney is carried out by developing a three
dimensional model created with plate elements using STADD Pro. The stress concentrations in the flue duct in the chimney have
been studied.
Keywords: Tall Slender, Warora, Maharastra, Flue Holes, STADD Pro, Stress Concentration.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
As large scale industrial developments are taking place all
around the world, a large number of tall chimneys would be
required to be constructed every year. The primary function
of chimney is to discharge poisonous gases to a higher
elevation such that the gases do not contaminate the
surrounding atmosphere. Due to increasing demand for air
pollution, height of chimney has been increasing since the
last few decades, However chimneys being tall slender
structures generally with circular cross sections, they have
different associated structural problems and must therefore
be treated separately from other forms of tower structures.
Analysis and design of chimney depends on various factors
such as wind force, environmental conditions, types of
materials used and cross sectional area of the chimney.
Chimneys over the height of 150m are considered as tall
chimneys. Tall RC chimneys form an important part of
major industries and power plants. Damage to the chimneys
leads to shut down of the industry and power plants. A
chimney achieves simultaneous reduction in concentration
of number of pollutants.
1.1 Functions of Chimney
A chimney is a means by which waste gases are discharged
at a high elevation so that after dilution due to atmospheric
turbulence, their concentration and that of their entrained
solid particles is within the acceptable limits on reaching the
ground. A chimney achieves simultaneous reduction in
concentration of a number of pollutants such as sulphur
dioxide, fly ash etc and being highly reliable it does not
require a standby. While these are the distinct merits, it is
well to remember that a chimney is not the complete
solution to the problem of pollution control
1.1.1 Material of Construction
The popular material for construction of chimney in the
beginning were steel and brick, As chimney grew taller, a
stage was reached when brick become uneconomical and
was replaced by the steel chimneys and reinforced concrete
chimneys. In recent years reinforced concrete is the has
greater resistance against wind induced vibration and
foundation settlement.
1.1.2 Height of Chimney
Chimney with a height exceeding 150m are considered as
tall chimneys, However with the recent emphasis on
structural dynamics, it is generally accepted that the
chimney may be considered as tall when its height exceeds
150m and in addition its aspect ratio is such that it calls for
evolution of the structural response to the dynamic wind
loads. Thus it is not only a matter of height but also the
aspect ratio when it comes to classifying a chimney as tall.
1.1.3 Number of Flues
The flue will be made of steel or brick. Often, a single
chimney serves more than one boiler. In such a case, when
one of the gas sources is shut down for maintenance, the gas
exit velocity will be reduced because of a reduction in the
total volume of the gases to be handled. This can lead to
heavy pollution and in order to overcome this problem, a
chimney serving more than one boiler can be provided with
a separate flue for each gas source with such flue housed in
a common enclosing concrete wind shield. These are
popularly called multi flue chimneys. The steel flue liners
can be used up to the exit velocity of 45 m/s, where as brick
flue liners can be used upto 30 m/s.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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1.2 Need for Study
Typically the most critical section in the chimney is the
bottom portion of the chimney, where huge openings are
provided for the flue duct entry. Around the openings the
beam column arrangement with extensive reinforcement is
provided to take care of the increase in stresses due to
presence of openings. Hence extensive studies is required to
suggest viable alternatives.
1.3 Objectives
The objective of the present study is to understand the
behavior of tall RC chimneys. It is proposed
1. To study the changes in the stress pattern due to presence
of flue holes.
2. To carry out the influence of along wind and across wind
effects on the height of chimney for different wind
speeds.
1.4 Methodology
The methodology adopted to achieve the objectives of this
research work is presented in Chart-1
Chart -1: Methodology adopted
2. STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT
As an initial step a typical RC chimney of height 275m has
been taken and analysed. The details of the chimney taken
for the study and the details of load to be considered in the
design are elaborated.
Figure -1: Elevation of chimney
2.1 Details of Chimney
The chimney consist of two main parts viz.outer shell and
inner shell.The flue gases having temperature above 150˚C
will have to be discharged in the atmosphere above
275m,with minimum exit velocity of 25m/s.To reduce the
concentration of entrained solid particles in the waste gases,
after dilution in atmospheric turbulence such that they are
within acceptable limits on reaching the ground.
Literature Review
Design Parameters
Modeling
Validation
Parametric study
Interpretation of
Results
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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2.1.1 Outer Shell
Outer shell is a cylindrical cantilever structure of reinforced
concrete thin structure which supports the flues and shields
the flues from heavy wind.
2.1.2 Steel Flue Liner
It is a steel duct which provides a clear path for the passage
of flue gases or waste gases above temperature 150˚C from
zero. It protects the concrete windshield from high
temperature and also protects the concrete against corrosive
gases and acids.
2.1.3 Foundation
The foundation of chimney shall be annular raft or solid
circular raft. The foundation is to be designed for dead load
from the super structure and moment due to wind load. The
main advantage of using raft foundation is higher uniform
soil pressure under dead loads, it minimizes the gradual
tilting of foundation laid on the cohesive soil, when the
structure is subjected to lateral loads from a predominant
wind direction.
2.2 Geometric Properties
The geometric properties of tall RC chimney under
consideration is given below
Height of chimney- 275m
Number of flues- 2
Wind shield (material of construction)- Reinforced concrete
Flue (material of construction) - Steel
Outer diameter of flue- 5.22m
Inside diameter of flue - 5.2m
Centre to centre distance between flue- 8.18m
Level of foundation - -6.0m
Shell diameter at the top of raft- 27m
Thickness of cell at top of raft - 0.70m
Shell diameter at top of chimney- 17m
Thickness of cell at top of chimney- 0.35m
Grade of concrete used- M35
Basic wind speed- 44m/s
Earth quake zone- III
Soil condition- Hard rocky strata
2.3 Material Properties
Static modulus = 5000√fck
= 5000x√35
= 2958040 t/m²
Dynamic modulus = 3.5x10¹º t/m²
2.4 Details of Platform Provided
Platforms are provided at the intermediate level to permit
only longitudinal movement and lateral resistant is provided
against horizontal load due to earthquake and wind. There
are eight platforms provided at the intermediate levels as
shown in Table 1.
Table -1: Platform provided
Platform Platform level (m)
1 29
2 38
3 83
4 128
5 173
6 218
7 263
8 270
3. TWO DIMENSIONAL MODELLING
A preliminary investigation to assess the behavior of the tall
RC chimney under consideration has been carried out. A
stick model using STADD pro has been developed .The
details of the model, loading considered and analysis result
are elaborated
3.1 Load Calculation
The dead load acting on the chimney is due to the shell,
platform and staircase.
Table -2: Total dead load acting on the chimney
Level
(m)
Load
due to
Beam
(t)
Grating
Load
(t)
Staircase
weight
(t)
Flue
Load
(t)
Total
Dead
Load
(t)
270 48 90 0 0 138
263 54 5.7 22.5 900 982.2
218 19 5.7 45 0 69.7
173 19 5.7 45 0 69.7
128 26 5.7 45 0 79.5
83 34 5.7 45 0 90.7
38 42 5.7 27 0 84.2
29 44 5.7 19 0 78.9
Total live load acting on the chimney is given by
Table -3: Total Live load acting on the chimney
Level(m) Live load (t)
270 16
263 16
218 16
173 16
128 25
83 34
38 45
29 47
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 290
The wind load on the chimney was calculated as per IS : 875
(Part 3) – 1987
Basic wind speed Vb = 44m/s
Risk co efficient K1= 1.07
3.2 MODELLING
The chimney has been modeled in STADD Pro as beam
element .The stick model has been developed for 275m tall
chimney. For the preliminary study, 2D beam element is
considered. The support at the base is fixed. Nodes are
provided by discretization of the structure at 25m intervals
Table -4: Location of Nodes
Nodes Height (m)
1 -6
2 0
3 7
4 25
5 50
6 75
7 100
8 125
9 150
10 175
11 200
12 225
13 250
14 275
Figure -2: 2D model of RC chimney using STAAD Pro
The Dead load, Live load, Seismic load and Wind load is
given as,
Dead load Live load
Seismic load Windload
Figure -3: Input loads in STADD Pro
3.3 Frequency of The Chimney
The model generated using STAAD-Pro was analysed for
the various load combinations mentioned in this chapter.
The frequency of the chimney obtained from the STADD
Pro results are given in the Table below
Table -5: Frequency of the chimney
Mode Frequency (Hz) Period (sec)
1 0.252 3.966
2 1.055 0.947
3 1.059 0.370
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 291
4. THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELLING
A Three Dimensional modeling has been created using plate
element. The modal analysis is performed to study the
dynamic behavior.
4.1 Modeling
The chimney has been modeled in STADD Pro as plate
element .The 3D model had been developed for 275m tall
chimney. The support at the base is fixed.
Figure -4: 3D Plate model
Figure -5: Rendered view of chimney
4.2 Openings Provided For Modeled Chimney
The openings have to be provided in the wind shields to
accommodate the beam supports .The openings are deducted
for the flue duct, vehicular flue erection, and platforms
provided at the intermediate levels.
Figure -6: Shows the opening for vehicular flue erection
and opening for flue duct
4.3 Providing Platform
The platforms rest on the shell. So openings have to be
provided in the wind shield to accommodate the beam
supports. The platforms are provided to support the flue and
also to access the flue area for maintenance and inspection.
There are eight platforms provided at the intermediate level
to permit only the longitudinal movement and lateral
restraint is provided against horizontal load due to
earthquake and wind load
Table -6: Details of platform provided
Platform Platform level (m)
1 29
2 38
3 83
4 128
5 173
6 218
7 263
8 270
5. RESULTS AND DISSCUSION
Wind is essentially the large scale movement of free air due
to thermal currents. It plays an important role in chimney
design because of its capacity to transport and disperse
pollutants and also because it exerts dynamic loads whose
effect on a slender structure such a chimney is significant.
5.1 WIND LOAD CALULATION
Dynamic wind load induces along wind and across wind
load on a RC chimney. Hence to estimate wind loads
knowledge of its characteristics is important
The two methods of estimation of along and across wind
loads are
1. Simplified Method
2. Random Response Method
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 292
5.2 Along Wind Effect
The along wind effects are caused by the drag component of
the wind force on the chimney. This is accompanied by gust
buffeting causing a dynamic response in the direction of the
mean flow. Along wind effects are due to the direct
buffeting action, when the wind acts on the face of the
structure. The chimney should be modeled as a cantilever
structure for the calculation of loads.
5.2.1 Simplified Method
The along wind load or drag force per unit height of
chimney at any level shall be calculated from the equation
Fz =PZ . Cd. dz
Where
PZ- Design wind pressure obtained in accordance with the IS
875(Part 3)1987.
Z- Height of any section of the chimney in m, measured
from the top of foundation
Cd- Drag co-efficient of the chimney
dz - Diameter of chimney at height z in m
Height of the chimney H=275m
Basic wind speed Vb=44 m/sec
Probability factor K1=1.07
Terrain category is taken 2 with well scattered obstructions
over a height of 1.5m to 10m.
Structure classification- Class A components having
maximum dimension of 20m
Topography factor K3=1
Drag Coefficient of Chimney Cd = 0.8 upto 175m and Cd =
0.927 from 175m to 275m.
5.2.2 Random Response Method
The along wind response of the chimney is calculated by the
gust factor method .The gust factor is defined as the ratio of
the expected peak load to the mean load.
The along wind load per unit height on the chimney
Fz = Fzm + Fzf
where Fzm is the wind load in N/m height due to hourly
wind speed
Fzm = PZ . Cd . Dz
Where
Fzf is the wind load in N/m height due to the fluctuating
component of wind
Basic wind speed Vb=44 m/sec
Background factor indicating the slowly varying the
component of wind load fluctuation B=0.53
Turbulence Frequency r = 0.187.
Size reduction factor S = 0.151
Structural damping as the friction of critical
dampingβ=0.016
Energy Response Spectrum E= 0.0602
Gust factor G=1.54
Natural Frequency of the chimney in the first mode of
vibration f1=0.3
Hourly Mean Wind speed V10 =29.48 m/s
Peak Factor g=2.65
5.3 Analysis Of Chimney Using Staad Pro
After calculating the load, the chimney should be analysed
for following loads
1. Dead load including the selfweight , grating load ,
staircase load, hand rail load
2. Live load including flue load
3. Seismic load in X and Z direction
4. Wind load includes
a) Along wind load in simplified method in both X and Z
direction
b) Along wind load in Random Response method in both
X and Z direction
c) Across wind load in both X and Z direction
d) The load combinations are taken as per IS456-2000
e) 1.5x(Dead Load + Wind load)
f) 1.2x(Dead Load +Live load + Wind load)
g) 0.9 x(Dead load + 1.5 x Wind load)
h) 1.5 x (Dead load + Seismic Load)
i) 0.9 x (Dead load + 1.5 x Seismic load)
j) 1.2 x (Dead Load +Live load + Seismic load)
Wind load in +X direction Wind load in -Xdirection
Wind load in +Z direction Wind load in +Z direction
Figure -7: Wind loads as given in STADD Pro
5.4 STRESS PATTERN IN FLUE HOLES
The model generated has been analysed for the different
combinations . There are two openings provided at the
chimney for the flue duct. The openings are in rectangular
and semi circular shape.
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5.4.1 Flue Duct with Rectangular Opening
The flue holes with the rectangular opening had a maximum
compressive stress compared to the circumferential hoop
stress
Plan view Rectangular opening
Figure -8: Rectangular opening in flue
Figure -9: Stress Pattern in rectangular duct
Table -7: Maximum stress in rectangular flue duct
Openings Hoop Stress
(σx)
(N/mm2
)
Compressive Stress
(σy)
(N/mm2
)
Rectangular
opening
5.19 26.8
5.4.2 Flue Duct with Semicircular Opening
When the flue duct is provided with the semicircular
opening, compressive stress is maximum compared to the
circumferential hoop stress.
Figure -9: Semi circular opening in flue
Figure -10: Stress Pattern in Semicircular duct
Table -8: Maximum stress in semicircular flue duct
Openings Hoop Stress
(σx)
(N/mm2
)
Compressive Stress
(σy)
(N/mm2
)
Semi circular
opening
4.45 18.9
When comparing the results of both rectangular and
semicircular openings, it is seen that there is a reduction of
stresses of the order of 30 percent around the corners. It is
necessary to provide the extensive reinforcement for the
rectangular opening around the openings because the
stresses are maximum. But for the semicircular opening, the
stresses around the corners are significantly reduced.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The main objective of the present study was to explain
change in the stress pattern due to presence of flue duct and
also to study the effect of along wind and across wind
effects for different wind speeds. A detailed literature
review is carried out as part of the present study on wind
engineering, design and analysis of reinforced concrete
chimney. Estimation of wind effects such as along wind and
across wind methods are studied. There is no literature
published on the effect of stress due to the presence of the
flue duct. A typical reinforced concrete chimney of 275m
height is taken for the present study. The chimney is
modeled as a two dimensional beam element and three
dimensional plate elements. Both the models are analysed
for wind load .After analyzing the chimney, stress around
the corners of flue duct are studied for two different
openings such as rectangular opening and semi circular
opening . It is seen that the compressive stresses around the
corners are significantly reduced by about 30% and also
seen that as the wind speed increases, the along wind load
also increases.
The following conclusions are drawn from the following
analysis
1. The wind load always governs factor the design of
reinforced concrete chimney.
2. The along wind effect has a major primary effect on
chimney and governs the design, when compared to the
across wind effect.
8. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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3. The semicircular flue duct has a minimum compressive
stress around the corners , when compared to the flue
duct with rectangular opening
4. The stresses around the opening are reduced by 30%
for the semicircular flue duct.
5. The along wind increases with the increasing wind
speed.
6. Irrespective of the wind speed, the across wind speed
increases linearly only with increase in the weight of
the chimney, frequency and its mode shape.
REFERENCES
[1]. Rajkumar,Vishawanathpatil (2013) “Analysis of self
supporting chimney”. International Journal of
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