Abstract The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing are generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track. There are 3 main methods in construction of road under bridge. Box pushing method, Cut and cover method, Rolling technique using RH girder. In this we discuss about the implements, soil friction, effects required, capacity of jacks and there uses, skew angles and at square angles. Keywords: Road Under Bridge, Level Crossing, Box Pushing Method and RUB etc
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The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to as a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing is generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over the bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track.
The vacuum dewatering process basically improves strength, durability, and other properties of concrete by reducing the water-cement ratio immediately after the mix is placed, usually in floors and other flatwork. A Bridgeport, Connecticut vacuum dewatering demonstration, although it involved no new ...
vacuum dewatering system
vacuum dewatering pump
vacuum dewatering box
wellpoint pump systems
dewatering pump system
dewatering pump
dewatering wellpoint
small wellpoint dewatering systems
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics pdf
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
seminar topic for civil engineering pdf
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download.
The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to as a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing is generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over the bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track.
The vacuum dewatering process basically improves strength, durability, and other properties of concrete by reducing the water-cement ratio immediately after the mix is placed, usually in floors and other flatwork. A Bridgeport, Connecticut vacuum dewatering demonstration, although it involved no new ...
vacuum dewatering system
vacuum dewatering pump
vacuum dewatering box
wellpoint pump systems
dewatering pump system
dewatering pump
dewatering wellpoint
small wellpoint dewatering systems
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics pdf
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
seminar topic for civil engineering pdf
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) is a binder course used for roads with more number of heavy commercial vehicles and a close-graded premix material having a voids content of 5-10 per cent.
Following are some suggestions for future research. As GFRSCC technology is now being adopted in many countries throughout the world, in the absence of suitable
standardized test methods it is necessary to examine the existing test methods and identify or, when necessary, develop test methods suitable for acceptance as International Standards. Such test methods have to be capable of a rapid and reliable assessment of key
properties of fresh SCC on a construction site. At the same time, the testing equipment should be reliable, easily portable and inexpensive. The test procedure should be carried out by a single operator and the test results have to be interpreted with a minimum of training. Also, the results have to define and specify different GFRSCC mixes. One primary application of these test methods would be in verification of compliance on sites and in concrete production plants, if self- compacting concrete could be manufactured in large quantities..
Construction sequence for metro Project (Elevated and Underground) and Time c...Akhilesh Shukla
Construction sequence for metro Project (Elevated and Underground) and Time cycle of the metro construction activity . For more details u can contact me on my mail id -shuklaakhilesh08@gmail.com
This is a powerpoint presentation on summer training from public works department. This presentation will be very helpful for civil engineering students.
For full course visit our website
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Description
Wash boring is a fast and simple method for advancing holes in all types of soils.
Boulders and rock cannot be penetrated by this method.
The method consists in first driving a casing through which a hollow drill rod with a sharp chisel or chopping bit at the lower end is inserted.
Water is forced under pressure through the drill rod which is alternately raised and dropped and also rotated.
The resulting chopping and jetting action of the bit and water disintegrate the soil.
The cutting is forced up to the ground surface in the form of soil − water slurry through the annular space between the drill rod and the casing.
The change of soil stratification could be guessed from the rate of progress and the colour of wash water.
The samples recovered from the wash water are almost valueless for interpreting the correct geotechnical properties of soil.
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
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A Study on Design and Analysis of Precast Box for Road Bridge Construction us...ijtsrd
Transportation always plays an important role in economic growth and globalization for a country. Road transportation is one of the main transporting way in India. Therefore it requires connectivity of cities. Hence bridges and culverts are constructing to connect Roads.Box Culvert can be defined as a structure having box shape which is constructed below the embankment to drain water from one side of the bank to the other side of the bank. Failure reasons of a Box Culverts are maintenance failure, erosion and increase in scour depth, and Installation Failures. To improve the problems occurring in the Structure are described briefly. Box Culverts are normally constructed without RCC cut off and curtain walls. Due to which structure gets damaged easily. In previous researches Box Culvert are constructed with PCC cut off and curtain walls while taking various parameters in design. Movements of people and transportation will not be affected because structure will not be constructed number of times because life of structure will be very long. Seepage pressure is less in box culvert with RCC Cut off and curtain walls because the gripping in RCC structure is good as compare to PCC Structure, and Seepage pressure is directly proportional to voids that makes PCC structure unstable against seepage pressure. BM of PCC walls is also less than as compare to RCC walls. Life of structure will also increase around two times, and also Government planning will not be affected because project will be for long time period. In designing of structure the two major factors should be kept in mind i.e. economy and safety. If the load is overestimated than the structure will be uneconomical whereas if the load is underestimated the safety of structure will be compromised. Hence the calculation of load and their combination should be done very precisely The study included estimation of PCC and RCC Cut off and Curtain walls through comparative results in SOR 2017. Sandeep Salve | Prof. Afzal Khan "A Study on Design and Analysis of Precast Box for Road Bridge Construction using STAAD Pro: Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49938.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/49938/a-study-on-design-and-analysis-of-precast-box-for-road-bridge-construction-using-staad-pro-review/sandeep-salve
Abstract: In consideration of geological strength of the structure, pile foundations are commonly adopted for various types of multi storied and industrial structures, bridges and offshore structures. Pile foundation is generally used in the areas where the stability of the soil is low. It can be done by drilling the pile from the ground surface until it reaches the hard strata. The safe design is very important to ensure efficient functioning of various structures even under severe loading conditions. In the design process, ground conditions (soil type) play an important role in terms of loads transferred to foundation and foundation capacity. This paper presents design of pile foundations for different ground conditions. Estimation of loads, for a typical structure considered being located in specific site, for different ground conditions according to Indian standards are presented. Design considerations based on various theories evolved on pile foundation performance concepts under loading conditions are discussed.
Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) is a binder course used for roads with more number of heavy commercial vehicles and a close-graded premix material having a voids content of 5-10 per cent.
Following are some suggestions for future research. As GFRSCC technology is now being adopted in many countries throughout the world, in the absence of suitable
standardized test methods it is necessary to examine the existing test methods and identify or, when necessary, develop test methods suitable for acceptance as International Standards. Such test methods have to be capable of a rapid and reliable assessment of key
properties of fresh SCC on a construction site. At the same time, the testing equipment should be reliable, easily portable and inexpensive. The test procedure should be carried out by a single operator and the test results have to be interpreted with a minimum of training. Also, the results have to define and specify different GFRSCC mixes. One primary application of these test methods would be in verification of compliance on sites and in concrete production plants, if self- compacting concrete could be manufactured in large quantities..
Construction sequence for metro Project (Elevated and Underground) and Time c...Akhilesh Shukla
Construction sequence for metro Project (Elevated and Underground) and Time cycle of the metro construction activity . For more details u can contact me on my mail id -shuklaakhilesh08@gmail.com
This is a powerpoint presentation on summer training from public works department. This presentation will be very helpful for civil engineering students.
For full course visit our website
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Description
Wash boring is a fast and simple method for advancing holes in all types of soils.
Boulders and rock cannot be penetrated by this method.
The method consists in first driving a casing through which a hollow drill rod with a sharp chisel or chopping bit at the lower end is inserted.
Water is forced under pressure through the drill rod which is alternately raised and dropped and also rotated.
The resulting chopping and jetting action of the bit and water disintegrate the soil.
The cutting is forced up to the ground surface in the form of soil − water slurry through the annular space between the drill rod and the casing.
The change of soil stratification could be guessed from the rate of progress and the colour of wash water.
The samples recovered from the wash water are almost valueless for interpreting the correct geotechnical properties of soil.
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
A Study on Design and Analysis of Precast Box for Road Bridge Construction us...ijtsrd
Transportation always plays an important role in economic growth and globalization for a country. Road transportation is one of the main transporting way in India. Therefore it requires connectivity of cities. Hence bridges and culverts are constructing to connect Roads.Box Culvert can be defined as a structure having box shape which is constructed below the embankment to drain water from one side of the bank to the other side of the bank. Failure reasons of a Box Culverts are maintenance failure, erosion and increase in scour depth, and Installation Failures. To improve the problems occurring in the Structure are described briefly. Box Culverts are normally constructed without RCC cut off and curtain walls. Due to which structure gets damaged easily. In previous researches Box Culvert are constructed with PCC cut off and curtain walls while taking various parameters in design. Movements of people and transportation will not be affected because structure will not be constructed number of times because life of structure will be very long. Seepage pressure is less in box culvert with RCC Cut off and curtain walls because the gripping in RCC structure is good as compare to PCC Structure, and Seepage pressure is directly proportional to voids that makes PCC structure unstable against seepage pressure. BM of PCC walls is also less than as compare to RCC walls. Life of structure will also increase around two times, and also Government planning will not be affected because project will be for long time period. In designing of structure the two major factors should be kept in mind i.e. economy and safety. If the load is overestimated than the structure will be uneconomical whereas if the load is underestimated the safety of structure will be compromised. Hence the calculation of load and their combination should be done very precisely The study included estimation of PCC and RCC Cut off and Curtain walls through comparative results in SOR 2017. Sandeep Salve | Prof. Afzal Khan "A Study on Design and Analysis of Precast Box for Road Bridge Construction using STAAD Pro: Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49938.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/49938/a-study-on-design-and-analysis-of-precast-box-for-road-bridge-construction-using-staad-pro-review/sandeep-salve
Abstract: In consideration of geological strength of the structure, pile foundations are commonly adopted for various types of multi storied and industrial structures, bridges and offshore structures. Pile foundation is generally used in the areas where the stability of the soil is low. It can be done by drilling the pile from the ground surface until it reaches the hard strata. The safe design is very important to ensure efficient functioning of various structures even under severe loading conditions. In the design process, ground conditions (soil type) play an important role in terms of loads transferred to foundation and foundation capacity. This paper presents design of pile foundations for different ground conditions. Estimation of loads, for a typical structure considered being located in specific site, for different ground conditions according to Indian standards are presented. Design considerations based on various theories evolved on pile foundation performance concepts under loading conditions are discussed.
Seismic performance of a rc frame with soft storey criteriaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Soft first storey is a typical feature in the modern multi-storey constructions in urban India. Social and functional need to provide parking space at ground level leads seismic vulnerability of such a building. The computer software usage in civil engineering has greatly reduced the complexities of different aspects in the analysis and design of projects. In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the seismic behaviour of a multi-storey building with soft first storey. When subjected to seismic loads, it was observed that soft storey frames are less resistant when compared to infill frames.
Keywords: Masonry Infill (MI), Soft storey, relative stiffness, Diagonal strut, Base shear, response spectrum analysis, Time history analysis.
Study on rutting and surface behaviour of urban flexible pavementeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design of low volume road in dallo manna, ethiopiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Transportation by the road is the most used mode of transport in Ethiopia, especially in rural areas. However large portion of the
rural residents are still isolated from the rest of the country due to lack of adequate road access. Only 37% of the sub districts
(Kebele) are accessible by all season roads. Communities are often left isolated and without access, particularly during periods of
rains. This excludes them from exposure to new ideas and influences. Most of rural population in Ethiopia still relies on pack
animals as means of transportation and carrying goods to market places. Thus improving existing road infrastructures and
construction of new roads will improve the living conditions of the citezens, especially the rural residents. Recently Ethiopia is
renowened as one of the fastest growing nation in the worled. In order to sustain nation’s economic growth and reduce citezens
poverty the government needs to address Ethiopia’s severe infrastructures constraints. Less road network is one of the
challenges of of nation’s economic growth. To overcome the challenge, Ethiopia is implementing the Universal Rural Road
Access Program (URRAP). It’s objective to free the rural residents from their access constraints and to connect all Kebele by allweather
roads. Low volume roads typically carry less than 300 vehicles per day and may extend up to the regional and
federal networks. The majority of the total road network of the country can be considered as low volume roads. Since
1993 such roads have been administered by Regional Roads Authorities and Weredas. This paper aims for design of 6km
long rural road in Bale district connecting Nanniga Dhera village to main roads. This paper discus about surveying and leveling
of proposed road, Traffic Data survey, Laboratory test of material of construction and designing of road based on Ethiopian Road
Authority (ERA) manual.
Keywords: ERA, CBR, Survey, Pavement Design, Geometric Design
Analysis and Design of Pre Cast Box for Road under Bridge RUB and Road Over B...ijtsrd
A level intersection or a level intersection is where a railroad line and a road meet each other at a comparative level. In the Urban locales generally the level crossing points are checked by qualified railroad staffs that screen the train advancement and close the level convergence entryway to stop the intruding road traffic yet such closing of portals prompts gridlock in roads, makes loss of time the road customers and from time to time similarly prompts a disaster. The most ideal decisions to murder the level going across are Road under Bridge RUB and Road over Bridge ROB . There are 3 essential systems for advancement of road under framework. Box pushing system, Cut and spread procedure, moving strategy using RH support. In this paper an arrangement of Road under Bridge or Subway by Box Pushing Method is presented. During that time, traffic is proceeding with overhead ordinarily, uninformed of the improvement underneath. The no risky nature of the cycle alongside its unavoidable prosperity, ease and economy make box pushing an important mechanical assembly for the practicing auxiliary fashioner. This paper intends to convey a more essential involvement in the carton pushing cycle to the peruser and subsequently give a couple of considerations and rules to help engineers in arranging an endeavor that can be collected using the holder pushing methodology. Box pushing is a settled strategies for planning conduits or entries under rail banks or streams to oblige road or rail traffic. Shubham Rghuvanshi | Prof. Nitesh Kushwah | Rajat Palya "Analysis and Design of Pre Cast Box for Road under Bridge (RUB) and Road Over Bridge (ROB) by using STAAD Pro. and Box Pushing Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35884.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/35884/analysis-and-design-of-pre-cast-box-for-road-under-bridge-rub-and-road-over-bridge-rob-by-using-staad-pro-and-box-pushing-technique/shubham-rghuvanshi
Pushover analysis of rc frame structure with floating column and soft story i...eSAT Journals
Abstract Open first story and Floating column are typical features in the modern multi-storey constructions in urban India. Such features are highly undesirable in buildings built in seismically active areas; this has been verified in numerous experiences of strong shaking during the past earthquakes like Bhuj 2001. In this study an attempt is made to reveal the effects of floating column & soft story in different earthquake zones by seismic analysis. For this purpose Push over analysis is adopted because this analysis will yield performance level of building for design capacity (displacement) carried out up to failure, it helps determination of collapse load and ductility capacity of the structure. To achieve this objective, three RC bare frame structures with G+4, G+9, G+15 stories respectively will be analysed and compared the base force and displacement of RC bare frame structure with G+4, G+9, G+15 stories in different earthquake zones like Rajkot, Jamnagar and Bhuj using SAP 2000 14 analysis package. Keywords: - floating column, soft story, pushover analysis, earthquake resistant structure
Analysis and Design of Pre Cast Box for Road under Bridge and Road Over Bridg...ijtsrd
A level crossing or a grade crossing is a place where railroad line and a street meet each other at a similar level. In the Urban regions for the most part the level intersections are checked by qualified railroad staffs that screen the train development and close the level intersection door to stop the meddling street traffic yet such shutting of entryways prompts gridlock in streets, makes loss of time the street clients and now and again likewise prompts a mishap. The best choices to kill the level going across are Road under Bridge RUB and Road over Bridge ROB . There are 3 fundamental strategies for development of street under scaffold. Box pushing strategy, Cut and spread strategy, moving method utilizing RH brace. In this paper a plan of Road under Bridge or Subway by Box Pushing Method is introduced. During that time, traffic is continuing overhead typically, ignorant of the development beneath. The no problematic nature of the cycle along with its inalienable wellbeing, effortlessness and economy make box pushing a valuable apparatus for the rehearsing structural designer. This paper means to carry a more noteworthy experience with the crate pushing cycle to the peruser and afterward give a few contemplations and rules to help engineers in planning an undertaking that can be assembled utilizing the container pushing strategy. Box pushing is a settled methods for designing ducts or passages under rail banks or streams to oblige street or rail traffic. Oriz Khan | Prof. Kapil Mandloi "Analysis and Design of Pre Cast Box for Road under Bridge and Road Over Bridge by using Staad Pro" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35762.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/35762/analysis-and-design-of-pre-cast-box-for-road-under-bridge-and-road-over-bridge-by-using-staad-pro/oriz-khan
GIRDER DESIGN OF A BALANCED CANTILEVER BRIDGE WITH ANALYSIS USING MIDAS CIVILAM Publications
Balanced cantilever bridges are used for special requirements like 1) Construction over traffic 2) Short lead time compared to steel 3) Use local labour and materials. If continuous spans are used, the governing bending moment can minimised and hence the individual span length can increase. But unyielding supports are required for continuous construction. Hence for the medium span in the range of about 35 to 60 m, a combination of supported span, cantilever and suspended span can be adopted and bridge with this type of superstructure is known as balanced cantilever bridge. This chapter include the analysis and design of a 50m span prestressed balanced cantilever bridge which comprises of 6 numbers of Pre-Cast Post Tensioned-I Girder 38m long Simply Supported at one end and connected through a Cast-in-Situ Stitch Concrete to a Continuous Balanced Cantilever Box Girder (2x11m). The bridge structure has been modelled by Finite element Technique using MIDAS Civil and analysis has been performed to get various output such as primary and secondary bending moment, shear forces and torsion quantities at various locations of the bridge. The design of super structure is performed as per IRC standards.
GIRDER DESIGN OF A BALANCED CANTILEVER BRIDGE WITH ANALYSIS USING MIDAS CIVILAM Publications
Balanced cantilever bridges are used for special requirements like 1) Construction over traffic 2) Short lead time compared to steel 3) Use local labour and materials. If continuous spans are used, the governing bending moment can minimised and hence the individual span length can increase. But unyielding supports are required for continuous construction. Hence for the medium span in the range of about 35 to 60 m, a combination of supported span, cantilever and suspended span can be adopted and bridge with this type of superstructure is known as balanced cantilever bridge. This chapter include the analysis and design of a 50m span prestressed balanced cantilever bridge which comprises of 6 numbers of Pre-Cast Post Tensioned-I Girder 38m long Simply Supported at one end and connected through a Cast-in-Situ Stitch Concrete to a Continuous Balanced Cantilever Box Girder (2x11m). The bridge structure has been modelled by Finite element Technique using MIDAS Civil and analysis has been performed to get various output such as primary and secondary bending moment, shear forces and torsion quantities at various locations of the bridge. The design of super structure is performed as per IRC standards.
Trenchless Technology is the the science science of installing, repairing and renewing underground pipes, ducts and cables using techniques which minimize or eliminate the need for excavation.
It is basically basically making a tunnel below the surface and installing service lines like water or gas pipes, pipes, electric or tele communication cables etc.,with out any disruption to the public .
Selection of alignment for feeder canal from pillaipally flood flow canal to ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Selection of alignment for a canal is critical in terms of cost and execution time. Several alignments may be possible between the source and destination of a canal, but command area and cost of work is more important. Canal works costs include the cost of earthwork both for embankment and cuttings. This paper presents the study of Flood Flow Canal from Pillaipally Anicut to the Minor Irrigation Tanks of Bhudan Pochampally, Chotuppal, Ramannapet and Chityal Mandals in Nalgonda District. With the use of Toposheets and Satellite Image (CartoDEM), various thematic layers such as watershed, streams, contours are prepared. ArcGIS 10.2 desktop software and Google Maps API is used for data preparation, analysis and planning for canal alignment of feeder canal to Wankamamidi Tank. Keywords: Canal, Remote Sensing, Alignment using GIS, Feeder Canal, Tank Irrigation
Rajapeth flyover ROB(by akash Kolamkar) an research report Bharat Badre
Rajapeth is a main area of Amravati. Traffic from Dastur nagar, Shankar nagar are directly flow from Rajapeth square, but
Amravati railway station is placed at just side of crossing and train from Amravati to badnera are travelled from Rajapeth
crossing, daily many trains are travelled over Rajapeth crossing . and at an every time its need to close these gate to stop the
movement of traffic for the safe movement of trains over this crossing . In this whole phenomenon the traffic will be
completely stop whenever train will not cross from gate . when gate will be closed then some people are try to cross this section
under the gate of crossing. At this movement the possibility of major accidents was not ignored.Sometimes, due to technical
error the gate will failure, in this situation possibility of accidents was increased. The demand of ROB on Rajapeth crossing will
be pending from last many years, also many time’s same work will be inaugurated by political persons and this issue was made
during period of election. When gate will be opened after the train will crossed over this section. Then a large traffic
complication should be formed. Within this complication if a person whose come from Dastur nagar and he will try to go
towards Rajapeth square and that same time . a person come from Rajapeth square whose going towards Shankar nagar because
of this movement the possibility of accidents was increased.Sometimes, due to technical
error the gate will failure, in this situation possibility of accidents was increased. The demand of ROB on Rajapeth crossing will
be pending from last many years, also many time’s same work will be inaugurated by political persons and this issue was made
during period of election. When gate will be opened after the train will crossed over this section. Then a large traffic
complication should be formed. Within this complication if a person whose come from Dastur nagar and he will try to go
towards Rajapeth square and that same time . a person come from Rajapeth square whose going towards Shankar nagar because
of this movement the possibility of accidents was increased.
this report is helpful for highway work or road construction, its also useful for pavement works or pavement design. this report told about bitumen road work construction, in this report cement used for work in side of road.its helpful for those civil engineers who want to submit there training report or seminar report.
Evaluation of rigid pavements by deflection approacheSAT Journals
Abstract
Since 1951 there has been a sevenfold increase in the Indian road network while the traffic has increased 120 times. This leads to
the deterioration of the surface of the pavements. Deterioration of pavements may be functional or structural in nature.
Evaluation and timely assessment of pavement condition will help to judge the necessary steps to be taken to improve pavement
conditions. Pavement surface deflection measurements are one of the primary means of evaluating a flexible pavement structure.
‘Benkelman Beam Deflection (BBD) Technique is used to find out the characteristic deflection for flexible pavement. The testing
and analysis by BBD technique finally provides us with overlay thickness in terms of Bituminous Macadam.
The use of BBD technique may not be only limited to evaluate flexible pavements. Evaluation of newly constructed rigid
pavements on the basis of Load Transfer Efficiency of dowel bars gives an idea of the overall performance. The accuracy of
evaluating load transfer efficiency (LTE) of joint is important to estimate whether the dowel is disabled or not. The ratio of the
edge deflection of unloaded slab to the edge deflection of loaded slab is used as index to evaluate LTE of joint. The objective of
this paper is to find out the utility of Benkelman Beam Deflection Test on rigid pavements. In this paper based on the known
deflection relationship between loaded and unloaded slab calculated with the help of two Benkelman beams which is a technique
generally used to determine the overlay thickness for flexible pavements. A rigid pavement road stretch (Swami Vivekanand Road)
constructed 2 years ago in Pune city was evaluated using BBD technique. Deflections measured on slabs (loaded slab and
unloaded slab) across the dowel bars would give a measure of the load transfer efficiency of the dowel bars.
Keywords: Rigid Pavement, Benkelman Beam Deflection Test, Load Transfer Efficiency
Similar to Procedure and construction of road under bridge by box pushing method (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Procedure and construction of road under bridge by box pushing method
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 429
PROCEDURE AND CONSTRUCTION OF ROAD UNDER BRIDGE BY
BOX PUSHING METHOD
Ranjeet. P1
, D.V.S. Narshima Rao2
, Mohd Akram Ullah Khan3
, K. Hanumanthu4
1
Assistant Professor, Civil Department, GNITC, Telangana, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Civil Department, GNITC, Telangana, India.
3
Assistant Professor, Civil Department, GNITC, Telangana, India.
4
Assistant Professor, Civil Department, GNITC, Telangana, India.
Abstract
The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to a level crossing. In the urban areas the level
crossing are generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing
gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to
road users. Road under bridge and road over bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway
track. There are 3 main methods in construction of road under bridge. Box pushing method, Cut and cover method, Rolling
technique using RH girder. In this we discuss about the implements, soil friction, effects required, capacity of jacks and there
uses, skew angles and at square angles.
Keywords: Road Under Bridge, Level Crossing, Box Pushing Method and RUB etc…
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Level crossings continue to be the weakest link, most unsafe
element and source of accidents on Railway track from
safety point of view. Due to increase in train speed and non-
observance of rules by road users, these are more critical.
Although, the total number of accidents occurring on the
Indian Railways is showing a progressive decline, level
crossing accidents are still hovering at around the same
level. With the growing impetus on urbanization and
increase in the road network, the demand for providing road
under bridges by elimination of level crossings is on the rise.
To construct such openings with least disruption not only to
the train services but also to the public and related
infrastructure is a challenge to the Railway Engineers
1.1 Necessity for Construction of Road Under
Bridge
With the introduction of high speed trains on several routes
and the plans of the Indian Railways to join the high speed
club shortly, the safety aspect / elimination of level
crossings must be studied in detail since the speed of the
approaching train will be much higher and so will be the
danger of accident at LC`s, despite the fact that most of the
accidents at level crossings are due to the carelessness of the
road users, Railways have to be more pro-active to improve
the safety.
With the continuous increase in the rail traffic as well as
road traffic, the interface between rail and road traffic is
bound to multiply as we proceed towards becoming a
developed nation. Grade separators i.e. Road over bridges /
Road under bridges / subways, therefore, shall not only
ensure the best safety standards but also shall be cost
effective in the long run.
One of the measures initiated to reduce the number of level
crossings is replacement of level crossings with ROB`s /
RUB`s and limited height subways which eliminates
accidents at level crossings besides significant improvement
in operational benefits and enhanced safety.
Construction of RUB`s offers excellent operational leverage
both for Railways and Highways and offers win – win
situation for all end users i.e. pedestrian traffic , road traffic
and rail traffic. It is the safest techno – socio – economic
solution to the existing problem at rail – road interface.
1.2 Methods of Elimination of Level Crossing`S
Flow Chart -1: Methods of elimination of level crossings
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 430
Before taking up the work followings are to be ensured:-
Feasible Level Crossing`s to be identified, State
Government consent to be obtained, Sanction of work,
Preparation of GAD, detailed estimate, tendering etc. CRS
sanction to be obtained, Execution of the work
2. ROAD OVER BRIDGES
A bridge is a span structure is built to physical obstacles
such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of
passage over the obstacle. Designs of bridges vary
depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the
terrain where the bridge is constructed, the material used to
make it and the funds available to build it.
Fig -1: I section girder on ROB.
3. ROAD UNDER BRIDGES
The movement of traffic in both perpendicular directions
which is above and below is said to be road under bridge.
This may vary in location. The road above the water bodies
is also said to be road under bridge
Fig -2: Box pushing method of RUB.
4. METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
Flow Chart -2: Methods of Construction ROB and RUB
Out of the above three methods, Box pushing is the latest
and is widely used in our country. The advent of Box
pushing technique has revolutionized the construction world
and proven to be an ideal and the best as it is non –
intrusive, best suited for construction of underpasses and
subways in urban areas in a manner that minimizes
disruption to road traffic, constraints of space and time.
4.1. Procedure of Box Pushing
A properly designed RCC thrust bed is casted at appropriate
location. Generally the top layer of 50mm is finished with
screwing layer to obtain a perfect level surface. This thrust
bed along with the connected thrust walls and shear keys
serves the purpose of forming the base to the casting of the
box segments and also enables jacking of the segments. It
acts as a medium to transfer the entire jacking force into the
ground. The auxiliary thrust bed also may be constructed
depending upon site requirement, which in turn helps in
saving of reinforcement, time, labor and expenditure.
Fig -3: Foundation of road in Box Pushing in RUB.
4.2. Casting of RCC Box Segments
Over the well set and leveled thrust bed, RCC box segments
are casted. The front face of the box will be cast in a slope to
match with the shape of the cutting edge which is fabricated
from structural steel and is integrated into the concrete. The
cutting edge is provided all round the box and it also acts as
a shield preventing soil from top and sides from slipping. A
rear shield is provided which houses and guides the
subsequent segments while supporting the soil. In case of
more than one segment in a span, the necessary recess
arrangement with MS plate is provided at pre-determined
locations while casting the boxes for accommodating the
jacks during pushing. An intermediate cutting shield with
MS plate is also required to be provided depending upon site
conditions, type of soil, size of box etc
Fig 4: MS Plate/Front Shield for Box Pushing in RUB.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 431
4.3. Pushing of Box Segments
Under suitable speed restriction, the segments are jacked
into the embankment by means of hydraulic jacks of suitable
capacity installed at the rear end of the segment taking
reaction through an assembly of steel pins and beams.
Measures like GI drag sheets are provided to reduce drag
effect and lateral movement of overburden. Further epoxy
coating on sides and top of the box segments is also applied
to reduce the soil friction. In order to reduce the friction
between the thrust bed and box segment, two layers of
polyethylene sheet sandwiched with a coat of grease is
provided. Grid arrangement with rails / channels / timbers
etc. was also provided at needy locations to ensure the safety
especially in non-cohesive type soils. Controlled blasting
with due precautions is also carried out in case where rock is
encountered.
The box is jacked into the embankment in a controlled and
phased manner with simultaneous excavation of material
from inside manual / machinery after every stage of jacking.
Throughout the entire process of jacking, alignment is
monitored by optical instruments at regular intervals.
Rectification of alignment is achieved through jacks. The
jacking of segments, in case of more than one in a span, first
segment will follow the second segment for each stroke.
Fig 5: Pushing of Box Segment with help of Piston.
5. MATERIALS USED
5.1. Thrust Bed
The thrust bed mainly consists of thrust wall, thrust bed with
pin pockets on bed, keys for additional resistance. The basic
feature of the thrust bed is to provide necessary resistance
needed for the jacking operation. For this purpose, a well-
designed RCC slab will be constructed outside the bridge
with its top level being kept exactly at the proposed bottom
level of the RCC box. Thrust bed will have suitable pockets
at different locations for housing jacking pins designed for
resisting the pushing force exerted by hydraulic jacks as the
box is being jacked through the embankment. Over the
thrust bed, 50mm screed is to be provided to get exact line,
level of the bed for pushing operation. At pockets location,
precast cover blocks are provided to cover the pin pockets
during pushing operation.
5.2. Front Shield
It is a MS Plate which is made up of mild steel material and
used in the site for cutting the soil surface under the railway
track. It has cutting edges in the front which helps to cut the
soil and move the box segment easily.
5.3. Rear Shield
It is made up of mild steel will be fixed on rear end of the
first unit of the box. This is connected to the back side of the
RCC box segment which helps the box to move properly
with out and tilting under the railway track.
5.4. Drag Sheets / Epoxy Coating
Drag sheets are provided at the top of box if required. Or the
top of the box is coated with epoxy coating to reduce the
friction between the box and the soil.
5.5. Jacking Operation
For pushing the box unit, the jacking (if found necessary to
control the alignment) will be placed behind the RCC box
along the axis of the pockets and the jacking pins will be
inserted in pockets of thrust bed. Jacking rig will help in
maintaining the alignment of the box.
Fig 6: Pushing of Box Segment with help of Piston.
The process of maintaining of proper alignment of railway
track when the box segment is pushing under the track is
said to be jacking operation.
The jack is used to relocate the track to the original position
when the box segment is moving.
While the pushing of first segment is in progress, second
segment of the box will be cast on adjacent area of the thrust
bed. After complete casting and curing of second box unit,
the same will be shifted on the line of alignment of the
pushing on thrust bed, the second segment of the box will be
positioned in line and level of first box pushed, by suitably
operating the hydraulic jacks and joined to the first segment
through the rear shield to form the intermediate jacking
station (IJS). The IJS also enables pushing of individual
units one by one by taking reaction against the rear units,
thus reducing the total jacking force needed at a time. For
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 432
pushing of first box, second box will be held at rear by pins
and jacks will be provided at IJS.
Pins and jacks will now be shifted on main thrust bed behind
second box unit and the second unit will be pushed near
shield of the first box unit by hydraulic jacks provision may
also kept to place hydraulic jacks in the walls and top slab of
the second box which are used for any adjustment of the
alignment needed during the jacking operation.
The above process of pushing first segment after excavating
and removal of soil and pushing of second segment to close
the gap created in IJS as described above will be continued
taking care that a minimum overlap of about 200mm is
always available to the top of front portion of second
segment as the rear shield is preventing the soil above and
onside of the box. During the process of jacking both units
one after the other alignment of the box and level will be
checked immediately before and after each pushing
operation and in case of misalignment it will be corrected by
adjusting the operation of different hydraulic jacks.
5.6. Plumb Bob
This is a process to know that the box is moving in the
correct position or not.
Axis lines are drawn on the box slab which gives the
information of box moment.
5.7. Piston
It is a cylindrical machine which is used to push the
constructed box to its position in road under bridge.
The pressure which is applied to push the box is of 400kN to
600KN.
5.8. Pockets
Pockets are holes which are made at the construction site
and filled with red sand of 70cm height before covering up
with concrete.
Pockets are used for marking at the construction site after
RCC work.
After the RCC work the red sand is removed and counter
box is laced in the pockets.
5.9. Counter Box
It is an iron rectangular box on 70cm height and 800 kgs of
weight.
Counter box is placed in pocked for the support of piston.
5.10. Biscate
These are used to place in front of the piston which helps to
push the constructed box .
6. ADVANTAGES OF BOX PUSHING
No disruption to rail traffic.
Better quality control.
Economical
Time of completion is less.
Saving in man power & Machinery.
No involvement of crane & heavy equipment.
Less involvement of other Departments
6.2. Disadvantages Of Box Pushing
Needs trained staff and skilled supervision.
Imposition of caution order exists for a longer period.
No scope of night working.
Once the vertical & lateral alignment of box disturbed it
becomes almost impossible to rectify it.
6.3. Problems Encountered During Box Pushing
Tilting of box.
Shifting of longitudinal alignment.
Failure of pin pocket.
Leaking of joints.
Occurrence of boulder layer.
Occurrence of hard rock.
Occurrence of collapsible strata.
Unexpected floods during box pushing.
Disturbance in track geometry.
7. SELECTION OF SITE DATA
Topography of area.
Detail cross section considering
Rail level
Formation level
Width of embankment Ground level. Route of signaling
cables, electric &telecom cables.
Nearest river.
Trail pit bore details, on embankment, on ground level.
8. CONCLUSIONS
Box pushing work means at least partly working in
blind, so problems usually come up during execution of
work.
Box pushing work requires close supervision and
monitoring and quite often the unsafe conditions develop
at these sites.
Track must be watched regularly to see signs of heaving,
settlement, misalignment etc.
LWR must be cut and site isolated during box pushing.
Work must be done under block protection / caution
order only.
REFERENCES
[1]. Highway Engineering- S.P.BINDRA, DHANPAT RAI
& SONS- 4th
Edition
[2]. Text Book of Railway Engineering- S.C.SAXENA & S.
ARORA, DHANPAT RAI & SONS- New Delhi
[3]. Dock & Harbour Engineering- HASMUKH P OZA,
GUTAM H OZA
[4]. Principal of traffic and highway engineering- Garbar &
Hoel, Cengage learning
[5]. TRB, 2010 Transportation Research Board (TRB)
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 433
Highway Capacity Manual 2010 (fifth edition) TRB,
Washington DC (2010)
[6]. Harkey et al., 2008 D.L. Harkey, S. Raghavan, B.
Jongdea, et al. Crash Reduction Factors for Traffic
Engineering and ITS Improvement NCHRP Report No.
617 Transportation Research Board, Washington DC (2008)
[7]. Robin et al., 2009 T. Robin, G. Antonini, M.
Bierlaire, et al. Specification, estimation and validation of a
pedestrian walking behavior model Transportation Research
Part B: Methodological, 43 (1) (2009), pp. 36–56
[8]. Railway engineering, B.L.Gupta & Amit Gupta 3rd
edition, Reprint 2012
[9]. Bridge Tunnel and Railway Engineering, S.P.Bindra,
Latest.
[10]. Railway Works Engineering, M.M.Agarwal, 4th
revised edition, Reprint 2014
BIOGRAPHIES
Ranjeet.P holds M Tech Degree in
Transportation Engineering from JNTUH,
Telangana, India. Presently working as
Asst Professor in Civil Department in
GNITC, Telangana, India.
DVS Narashimha Rao, Holds a degree in
M sc (Geology), Presently working as Asst
Professor in Civil Department in GNITC,
Telangana, India.
Mohd Akram Ullah Khan, Holds a
Master degree in M sc (Geology), Presently
working as Asst Professor in Civil
Department in GNITC, Telangana, India.
Korakuti Hanumanthu,. Holds M Tech
Degree from JNTUA in structural
engineering. Presently working as Asst
Professor in Civil Department in GNITC,
Telangana, India.