The Art of the Possible: Pump curves and system head curves
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What people call "pump problems" are usually system problems. Here's how to understand the systems in play -- and how the pump fits into them.
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Pump total basics
This document discusses pumps, including their function, principle of operation, types, selection criteria, and engineering design process. The main types of pumps covered are centrifugal pumps and positive displacement pumps. Key factors in pump selection include the nature of the fluid being pumped, system requirements, environmental conditions, and cost. Pump performance is characterized using curves showing head, flow rate, and efficiency. Proper pump sizing and installation are important to avoid issues like cavitation.
Centrifugalpumpsizingselectionandd lesignpractices 12758726575297-phpapp01
NPSHa = 94.12 kPa + 16.06 kPa - 3.44 kPa - 8.65 kPa = 98.09 kPa
Centrifugal pumps in series and parallel
Centrifugal pumps work by using a rotating impeller to increase the velocity of a liquid and discharge it out of the pump housing. They have advantages like being simple, compact, and able to handle high rpm, but disadvantages like poor suction power and needing multiple stages to increase pressure. Proper installation requires a tight suction line, independently supported piping, minimal fittings, and protection against air intake to optimize performance. Pumps can be arranged in series to increase total head or in parallel to increase overall flow rate.
Rceprocating pump
Three key points about reciprocating pumps from the document are:
1) Reciprocating pumps use pistons or plungers that oscillate back and forth to move water from lower to higher points, converting mechanical energy to hydraulic energy. They are commonly used for applications requiring variable flow rates or high pressures.
2) The main types are piston pumps, plunger pumps, and diaphragm pumps. Piston pumps are often used to transmit fluids under pressure, while plunger pumps are efficient and can develop very high pressures. Diaphragm pumps can handle viscous or toxic liquids.
3) Reciprocating pumps can be single acting, where water is moved in one direction, or double
Hydraulic Pumps
Pumps are mechanical devices that use prime mover energy to move fluids from one place to another. Positive displacement pumps apply pressure directly to the liquid using reciprocating or rotating components. The main types of positive displacement pumps are reciprocating pumps like piston pumps and diaphragm pumps, and rotary pumps like gear pumps. Reciprocating piston pumps use oscillating pistons to move fluid, and can be single or multi-cylinder designs. Axial and radial piston pumps use rotating cylinders to pump fluid. Diaphragm pumps use a reciprocating rubber diaphragm and check valves to pump fluid on each stroke. Positive displacement pumps are suitable for high-pressure applications and handling viscous or abrasive fluids.
Centrifugal & reciprocating pumps
1. The document presents information on centrifugal and reciprocating pumps, including their basic workings, components, uses, and efficiencies.
2. Centrifugal pumps use centrifugal force to accelerate and move fluid outwards from the center to increase pressure, while reciprocating pumps use pistons or plungers that move back and forth to displace fluid.
3. Key components of centrifugal pumps include casings, impellers, while reciprocating pumps have cylinders, pistons, valves. Both are used widely for irrigation, industry, buildings and other purposes.
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The document discusses the key parameters for selecting a centrifugal pump, including:
1) Capacity and head, which are the primary factors that determine the pump's performance.
2) Efficiency, which impacts the amount of power required to run the pump.
3) Net positive suction head, which must provide enough energy to prevent cavitation within the pump.
4) Total dynamic head required by the system, which accounts for static lift, static discharge, friction losses, and other factors.
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Pump total basics
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NPSHa = 94.12 kPa + 16.06 kPa - 3.44 kPa - 8.65 kPa = 98.09 kPa
Centrifugal pumps in series and parallel
Centrifugal pumps work by using a rotating impeller to increase the velocity of a liquid and discharge it out of the pump housing. They have advantages like being simple, compact, and able to handle high rpm, but disadvantages like poor suction power and needing multiple stages to increase pressure. Proper installation requires a tight suction line, independently supported piping, minimal fittings, and protection against air intake to optimize performance. Pumps can be arranged in series to increase total head or in parallel to increase overall flow rate.
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Three key points about reciprocating pumps from the document are:
1) Reciprocating pumps use pistons or plungers that oscillate back and forth to move water from lower to higher points, converting mechanical energy to hydraulic energy. They are commonly used for applications requiring variable flow rates or high pressures.
2) The main types are piston pumps, plunger pumps, and diaphragm pumps. Piston pumps are often used to transmit fluids under pressure, while plunger pumps are efficient and can develop very high pressures. Diaphragm pumps can handle viscous or toxic liquids.
3) Reciprocating pumps can be single acting, where water is moved in one direction, or double
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Pumps are mechanical devices that use prime mover energy to move fluids from one place to another. Positive displacement pumps apply pressure directly to the liquid using reciprocating or rotating components. The main types of positive displacement pumps are reciprocating pumps like piston pumps and diaphragm pumps, and rotary pumps like gear pumps. Reciprocating piston pumps use oscillating pistons to move fluid, and can be single or multi-cylinder designs. Axial and radial piston pumps use rotating cylinders to pump fluid. Diaphragm pumps use a reciprocating rubber diaphragm and check valves to pump fluid on each stroke. Positive displacement pumps are suitable for high-pressure applications and handling viscous or abrasive fluids.
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2. Centrifugal pumps use centrifugal force to accelerate and move fluid outwards from the center to increase pressure, while reciprocating pumps use pistons or plungers that move back and forth to displace fluid.
3. Key components of centrifugal pumps include casings, impellers, while reciprocating pumps have cylinders, pistons, valves. Both are used widely for irrigation, industry, buildings and other purposes.
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The document discusses the key parameters for selecting a centrifugal pump, including:
1) Capacity and head, which are the primary factors that determine the pump's performance.
2) Efficiency, which impacts the amount of power required to run the pump.
3) Net positive suction head, which must provide enough energy to prevent cavitation within the pump.
4) Total dynamic head required by the system, which accounts for static lift, static discharge, friction losses, and other factors.
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Pumps convert mechanical energy to fluid energy and come in various types. The main types are positive displacement pumps, centrifugal pumps, axial flow pumps, and mixed flow pumps. Centrifugal pumps are frequently used in water distribution systems and work by spinning an impeller to push water outward. Axial flow pumps have flow entering and leaving along the pump axis. Multiple impellers can be arranged in series for higher head applications. Pump performance is characterized by curves showing how head and efficiency vary with flow. Total dynamic head and net positive suction head are important concepts for pump sizing and operation. Cavitation can occur if net positive suction head drops too low. Pumps can be arranged in series or parallel to meet different flow
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Centrifugal pumps work by using an impeller to increase the pressure and flow of a liquid. Liquid enters the center of the impeller and is accelerated outward by the curved blades of the impeller. This increases the pressure and flow of the liquid. Calculating the required head of a centrifugal pump involves accounting for static head, pipe friction losses, and adding additional head for safety. Proper pump selection is based on matching the required head and flow rate to the pump performance curves. Cavitation and ensuring adequate Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) are also important considerations for centrifugal pump operation.
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Pompa.pptx
Based on the information provided:
- Gage pressure (vacuum) = -20 inches of Hg
- Convert to psi: -20 inches Hg x 0.4912 psi/inch Hg = -9.824 psi
- Atmospheric pressure = 14.7 psi
- Liquid level above pump centerline is not provided
To calculate NPSHA:
- Atmospheric pressure (psi) converted to head = 14.7 psi x 2.31 ft/psi = 34 ft
- Gage pressure (vacuum, psi) converted to head = -9.824 psi x 2.31 ft/psi = -22.7 ft
- Static head = Unknown (not provided)
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Page 1 of 6
ECET 380-Numerical Methods-Project 1 – Week 1
Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1
The Pump ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
The Pump Curve ........................................................................................................................................ 2
Pumps in series ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Pumps in parallel ....................................................................................................................................... 3
The system curve .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Where does the pump operate? ................................................................................................................... 4
The Project Itself ........................................................................................................................................... 5
What you need to do ................................................................................................................................ 6
Tips for solving this project ........................................................................................................................... 6
What should be in your report ..................................................................................................................... 6
Introduction
This week’s project concerns itself with a pump-valve combination, in which a pump discharges
to a valve, which then discharges back to a pump. For ECE students, think of a pump as a
current dependent voltage source (the voltage is dependent on the current), and the valve is a
resistor. Later we will show how the system obeys a mechanical version of Kirchoff’s Voltage
Law. ECE students have actually seen this kind of a system: In ECEL 302 you worked with BJTs,
which is basically an electrical version of a pump.
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The purpose of a pump is to increase the pressure of a flow so it can flow. In a closed system.
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This document discusses various terms related to pumps, including types of pumps (positive displacement, centrifugal), pump components (impeller, casing), pump operation concepts (head, suction lift, cavitation, NPSH), and pump performance parameters (specific speed, affinity laws). It provides definitions and formulas for key terms like head, specific speed, NPSH, cavitation, and discusses how different types of pumps like centrifugal and rotary pumps operate.
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The document discusses different types of pumps used in hydraulic systems. It introduces positive displacement pumps, which physically push fluid through high, consistent pressures, and centrifugal pumps, which use an impeller to create pressure differentials and push fluid. The document outlines key components of centrifugal pumps like wearplates, impellers, shafts, and seals. It also discusses factors that influence pump performance like system head curves, pipe roughness, air pockets, valves, and multiple pump configurations. Safety considerations for pumps are also addressed.
S3 Minor Losses Assignment
This document discusses techniques for analyzing energy losses in pipeline systems that contain components like valves, fittings, and changes in pipe size. It begins by introducing the concept of minor losses, which are energy losses caused by components other than pipe friction. Methods are provided for calculating the energy loss associated with specific minor loss elements like sudden pipe enlargements using resistance coefficients. The document lists learning objectives and provides examples of calculating minor losses for water flowing through a pipe enlargement.
Pump sizing basics
This article provides guidance on specifying pumps for industrial processes. It explains that there are two main types of pumps - rotodynamic pumps which use an impeller to impart energy, and positive-displacement pumps which trap and discharge discrete amounts of fluid. The article describes how to size a pump by matching its pressure and flow capabilities to the system head and required flowrate. System head depends on static head from pipe elevation and dynamic head from pipe friction losses. Methods for calculating dynamic head losses involving fittings and straight pipe sections are presented.
Pumps and pumping systems
This document provides information on various types of pumps, with a focus on centrifugal pumps. It defines different types of pumps and discusses why centrifugal pumps are commonly used. It then provides details on the components and operating principles of centrifugal pumps. The document also discusses pump performance curves, cavitation, net positive suction head (NPSH), affinity laws, and best practices for pumping systems.
Similar to The Art of the Possible: Pump curves and system head curves (20)
If we're running two pumps, why aren't we getting twice as much flow?
If we're running two pumps, why aren't we getting twice as much flow?
If we're running two pumps, why aren't we getting twice as much flow?
If we're running two pumps, why aren't we getting twice as much flow?
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Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
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Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
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Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
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Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
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一比一原版(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
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Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surface
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdf
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
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一比一原版(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
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An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
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The Art of the Possible: Pump curves and system head curves
- 1. The Art of the Possible: Pump Curves and System Head Curves Brian Gongol DJ Gongol & Associates, Inc. November 7, 2019 Nebraska Section AWWA Fall Conference Kearney, Nebraska
- 2. Let's all take a deep breath and relax...
- 3. How do you feel when a pump goes down?
- 4. What if I told you...
- 5. ..."pump problems" are almost never pump problems
- 6. It's almost always a system problem
- 7. Can't see inside a pump system (no glass pipes)
- 8. The only way to understand a pump system: Graphs
- 9. What's a pump curve for?
- 10. Tradeoffs
- 11. Energy in, flow and pressure out
- 13. It looks like this
- 14. A pump curve is only half of what you need
- 15. System head curve is the other half
- 16. Pump speed, pressure, and flow
- 17. -- If you know two, you can find the third
- 18. You're just finding a point on a system head curve
- 19. A curve is just a set of connected points
- 21. Pump capacity curves The pump is stupid: It doesn't know what to do, other than to produce some combination of head and flow with the energy it's given
- 22. System head curves The system sets the terms of how the pump will behave
- 23. We've come to a crossroads Pump curve: Possibilities System head curve: Limits Intersection: What happens
- 24. Parts of a good pump curve
- 25. Head
- 26. Flow
- 27. Horsepower
- 28. Er...horsepower
- 29. Speed
- 31. Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHr)
- 33. Flat curves
- 34. Steep curves
- 37. How to think of the difference
- 38. System head curves: Let's take a deeper dive
- 39. Static head
- 40. Friction head
- 41. Multiple friction curves (C values)
- 42. Pump capacity curves: Deeper dive
- 43. How a centrifugal impeller works
- 44. Basic stable curve: Constantly falling
- 45. Beware flatness at the top; it's very common
- 46. Unstable curve: Operating head > shutoff head
- 47. Finding the most beautiful curves
- 48. BEP is nice, but it's not the only thing
- 49. Everything in life comes with tradeoffs
- 50. Tradeoff: Pressure vs flow
- 51. Tradeoff: Higher flow raises NPSHr
- 52. Tradeoff: Suction capacity requires speed
- 53. Tradeoff: Solids size vs efficiency
- 54. Affinity laws (don't break 'em!)
- 55. Flow = x * Speed1
- 56. Head = y * Speed2
- 57. Horsepower = z * Speed3
- 58. How much power do you need?
- 59. Small jumps in speed mean big jumps in hp
- 62. Is there room on the curve if demand grows?
- 63. What makes curves change?
- 64. Main breaks and open valves
- 65. What does that do to the curve?
- 66. Friction rise
- 67. What does that do to the curve?
- 68. Recirculation inside the pump
- 69. What does that do to the curve?
- 71. Solids size
- 72. Priming and/or reprime capacity
- 73. System vs pump curves
- 74. Flat pump curve on flat system head curve
- 75. What happens if we add friction?
- 76. Small head rise with a big flow drop
- 77. Flat pump curve on steep system head curve
- 78. What if we add friction this time?
- 79. Headloss gets amplified into big flow loss
- 80. Steep pump curve on flat system head curve
- 81. Adding friction once again...
- 82. Rise in head more prominent than flow loss
- 83. Steep pump curve on steep system head curve
- 84. Why not add more friction?
- 85. Flow drops a lot and head rises even more
- 86. To generalize
- 87. General rules of thumb
- 88. General rules of thumb
- 89. General rules of thumb
- 90. Questions? Thanks for your attention! Contact anytime with questions: Brian Gongol DJ Gongol & Associates 515-223-4144 brian@gongol.net www.gongol.net @djgongol (social media)
- 91. Credits Photo of Little Rock Creek Dam (public domain): https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ ca1230.photos.011757p/ Photo of NASA Mission Control (public domain): https://www.loc.gov/resource/highsm.14154/?r=-0.572,- 0.1,2.144,0.855,0 All other photographs are original work of the author Computer-generated pump curves courtesy of the Gorman-Rupp Co. and Patterson Pump Co. Illustrations are original work of the author All rights reserved to their respective owners