The document provides an introduction to pump analysis. It discusses that the purpose of a pump is to increase the mechanical energy in a fluid by transporting it from a lower elevation to a higher elevation. It then covers key pumping concepts like capacity, head, efficiency, and power input. Specific types of pumps are defined, including centrifugal pumps which are most commonly used for wastewater applications. Methods for analyzing pump performance including head-capacity curves and affinity laws are also introduced.
This document discusses pumps, including their function, principle of operation, types, selection criteria, and engineering design process. The main types of pumps covered are centrifugal pumps and positive displacement pumps. Key factors in pump selection include the nature of the fluid being pumped, system requirements, environmental conditions, and cost. Pump performance is characterized using curves showing head, flow rate, and efficiency. Proper pump sizing and installation are important to avoid issues like cavitation.
This Presentation is about working principle of Pumps.Basic Presentation regarding pumps , will definitely help beginners to learn pump types , their working , their parts etc.
This document discusses cavitation in centrifugal pumps. It defines cavitation as the formation of vapor bubbles when liquid pressure drops below vapor pressure. Cavitation can cause damage, noise, vibration and efficiency losses in pumps. To avoid cavitation, the pump inlet pressure must exceed the net positive suction head required by the pump. Proper pump submergence, suction piping design and avoidance of air in the line can also prevent cavitation. Cavitation reduces pump head and efficiency according to the specific speed of the pump. Higher specific speed pumps are less susceptible to cavitation issues.
This document provides an overview of different pump types, including their key components and applications. It discusses the main categories of pumps as either dynamic (centrifugal) or positive displacement. Within centrifugal pumps, it describes the main components of a single-stage pump and different designs such as single-stage, multi-stage, vertical, horizontal, and submersible configurations. The document also discusses pump classifications according to API 610 standards and provides examples of pump types that fall under different classifications such as between bearings pumps, overhung pumps, and vertically suspended pumps. Key industries where different pump types are used such as oil and gas, power generation, and water treatment are also outlined.
This document provides information on pump efficiency, power requirements, and system curves for sprinkler irrigation systems. It defines key terms like total dynamic head (TDH), water horsepower (WHP), and brake horsepower (BHP). An example calculation is shown to determine the TDH, WHP, and BHP required for a centrifugal pump discharging into air. Different types of system curves are described for scenarios involving static lift, friction loss, and multiple laterals or center pivots. Affinity laws relating flow, head, speed, and power are also covered, along with using these laws to adjust a pump's operating point to match a system curve.
This document summarizes a parametric study evaluating design parameters for pulsation dampeners on plunger pumps. The study uses a pulsation model to examine the effects of:
1) Pump system configuration, finding that complex piping can significantly impact pulsations compared to just the pump package.
2) Dampener location, finding pulsations generally increase as the dampener moves farther from the pump, and are still high when located next to the pump due to quarter-wave resonances.
3) Dampener neck geometry, finding pulsations decrease with a larger neck diameter and shorter neck length to maximize the dampener's effect.
The study also examines the impacts of fluid compressibility and
The document provides an introduction to pump analysis. It discusses that the purpose of a pump is to increase the mechanical energy in a fluid by transporting it from a lower elevation to a higher elevation. It then covers key pumping concepts like capacity, head, efficiency, and power input. Specific types of pumps are defined, including centrifugal pumps which are most commonly used for wastewater applications. Methods for analyzing pump performance including head-capacity curves and affinity laws are also introduced.
This document discusses pumps, including their function, principle of operation, types, selection criteria, and engineering design process. The main types of pumps covered are centrifugal pumps and positive displacement pumps. Key factors in pump selection include the nature of the fluid being pumped, system requirements, environmental conditions, and cost. Pump performance is characterized using curves showing head, flow rate, and efficiency. Proper pump sizing and installation are important to avoid issues like cavitation.
This Presentation is about working principle of Pumps.Basic Presentation regarding pumps , will definitely help beginners to learn pump types , their working , their parts etc.
This document discusses cavitation in centrifugal pumps. It defines cavitation as the formation of vapor bubbles when liquid pressure drops below vapor pressure. Cavitation can cause damage, noise, vibration and efficiency losses in pumps. To avoid cavitation, the pump inlet pressure must exceed the net positive suction head required by the pump. Proper pump submergence, suction piping design and avoidance of air in the line can also prevent cavitation. Cavitation reduces pump head and efficiency according to the specific speed of the pump. Higher specific speed pumps are less susceptible to cavitation issues.
This document provides an overview of different pump types, including their key components and applications. It discusses the main categories of pumps as either dynamic (centrifugal) or positive displacement. Within centrifugal pumps, it describes the main components of a single-stage pump and different designs such as single-stage, multi-stage, vertical, horizontal, and submersible configurations. The document also discusses pump classifications according to API 610 standards and provides examples of pump types that fall under different classifications such as between bearings pumps, overhung pumps, and vertically suspended pumps. Key industries where different pump types are used such as oil and gas, power generation, and water treatment are also outlined.
This document provides information on pump efficiency, power requirements, and system curves for sprinkler irrigation systems. It defines key terms like total dynamic head (TDH), water horsepower (WHP), and brake horsepower (BHP). An example calculation is shown to determine the TDH, WHP, and BHP required for a centrifugal pump discharging into air. Different types of system curves are described for scenarios involving static lift, friction loss, and multiple laterals or center pivots. Affinity laws relating flow, head, speed, and power are also covered, along with using these laws to adjust a pump's operating point to match a system curve.
This document summarizes a parametric study evaluating design parameters for pulsation dampeners on plunger pumps. The study uses a pulsation model to examine the effects of:
1) Pump system configuration, finding that complex piping can significantly impact pulsations compared to just the pump package.
2) Dampener location, finding pulsations generally increase as the dampener moves farther from the pump, and are still high when located next to the pump due to quarter-wave resonances.
3) Dampener neck geometry, finding pulsations decrease with a larger neck diameter and shorter neck length to maximize the dampener's effect.
The study also examines the impacts of fluid compressibility and
Pumps are widely used in process plants to transfer fluid from one point to the other and the Process Engineer is often required to specify the correct size of pumps that will optimize system performance. Though pump sizing can easily be performed using software such as Pipe-Flo®, understanding the basic principle will not only aid one to better interpret the results obtained by pump sizing software but also to better design pumps. Centrifugal pump sizing overview is presented in this tutorial.
Basics of centrifugal. Topics covered are operating principles, energy conversion, components in centrifugal pump, the concept of NPSH, pump rating calculation and affinity laws
A pump is a mechanical device that transfers rotational energy to liquid to move it from one place to another. There are two main types of pumps: dynamic and positive displacement. A reciprocating pump is a type of positive displacement pump that uses a piston or plunger to trap and move liquid. A rotary pump also positively displaces liquid but does so continuously rather than reciprocating. A centrifugal pump is a type of dynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to accelerate liquid and convert kinetic energy to pressure energy to move the liquid.
Positive displacement pumps are reciprocating and rotary pumps that move liquid by the positive displacement of liquid volume. In this presentation, you will learn the operating principles and performance characteristics of positive displacement pumps, what determines their capacity, pressure, horsepower and efficiency, and how NPSH is calculated. You will also learn the basic types of reciprocating and rotary pumps, including piston pumps, plunger pumps, diaphragm pumps, direct-acting steam and air pumps, and rotary lobe, vane, gear and screw pumps, and how these pumps differ from each other in design and performance.
Basics Fundamentals and working Principle of Centrifugal Pump.SHASHI BHUSHAN
Basics Fundamentals and working Principle of Centrifugal Pump. Centrifugal pumps are the rotodynamic machines that convert mechanical energy of shaft into kinetic and pressure energy of Fluid which may be used to raise the level of fluid. A centrifugal pump is named so, because the energy added by the impeller to the fluid is largely due to centrifugal effects.
This document outlines technical requirements for positive displacement pumps used in the petroleum, chemical, and gas industries according to API 675 standards. It covers hydraulic diaphragm and packed plunger pump designs, excluding rotary pumps. Requirements include materials of construction, pressure containment, liquid end connections, flanges, check valves, diaphragms, relief valves, gears, bearings, lubrication, capacity control, and accessories like drivers, motors, couplings and guards.
The document discusses different types of pumps used in fluid transport systems. It describes positive displacement pumps which use a fixed volume cavity to trap and transport fluid with each cycle. Dynamic pumps are also discussed, which add momentum to fluid without a fixed volume. Centrifugal pumps are described in detail, with their construction, working principle, performance parameters and efficiency calculations explained. The key aspects covered are the use of impellers to impart energy and velocity to fluid which is then converted to pressure by the volute casing.
This document provides information about industrial air compressors. It discusses the key differences between pumps and compressors, with compressors being able to compress gases by decreasing their volume and increasing pressure. Compressed air is widely used in industrial processes due to properties like its elastic nature and non-toxicity. The document then describes the working principles of positive displacement and dynamic compressors. It provides details on types of positive displacement compressors like reciprocating, screw, and vane compressors. Reciprocating compressors are explained in depth, covering components like cylinders, pistons, crankshafts and valves.
A pump is a machine or mechanical equipment which is required to lift fluid from low level to high level or to flow fluid from a low-pressure area to the high-pressure area or as a booster in a piping network system.
A step-by-step procedure, adopted in troubleshooting the pump and/or
the system helps in easily locating the problem and in finding appropriate solutions.
Consistent and Systematic maintenance of pipes, pumps, and other
equipment are essential.
This document provides an introduction to different types of pumping equipment, including their principles of operation and categories. It discusses the main differences between rotodynamic pumps (like centrifugal pumps) and positive displacement pumps (like reciprocating and rotary pumps). Centrifugal pumps are best for medium to high flow rates and low to medium pressures, while positive displacement pumps can achieve very high pressures or handle low flows. The document also compares characteristics like flow patterns, pressure capabilities, cost considerations, and fluid handling for different pump categories.
This document provides information on various types of pumps, with a focus on centrifugal pumps. It defines different types of pumps and discusses why centrifugal pumps are commonly used. It then provides details on the components and operating principles of centrifugal pumps. The document also discusses pump performance curves, cavitation, net positive suction head (NPSH), affinity laws, and best practices for pumping systems.
The document discusses cavitation in high energy pumps. It provides an overview of cavitation, how to detect it, and what causes it. Cavitation occurs when vapor bubbles form in a liquid due to a local pressure drop below the vapor pressure. When these bubbles collapse as pressure increases, it can cause damage to pump components from micro jets of liquid. The document explains factors like net positive suction head (NPSH) required by pumps and available from system components in order to prevent cavitation. It also discusses how cavitation affects pumps and methods for detecting potential damage.
This document provides information on various types of pumps and piping systems. It describes the main types of pumps as centrifugal, rotary, reciprocating, and deep well pumps. It also discusses the classification and basic operating principles of centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. Additionally, it covers topics such as pipe sizes, fittings, valves, head losses, cavitation, affinity laws, and equations for calculating pump parameters.
Pumps convert mechanical energy to fluid energy and come in various types. The main types are positive displacement pumps, centrifugal pumps, axial flow pumps, and mixed flow pumps. Centrifugal pumps are frequently used in water distribution systems and work by spinning an impeller to push water outward. Axial flow pumps have flow entering and leaving along the pump axis. Multiple impellers can be arranged in series for higher head applications. Pump performance is characterized by curves showing how head and efficiency vary with flow. Total dynamic head and net positive suction head are important concepts for pump sizing and operation. Cavitation can occur if net positive suction head drops too low. Pumps can be arranged in series or parallel to meet different flow
The document discusses the basics of hydraulics including definitions, classifications, formulas, Pascal's law, and the multiplication of forces. It explains how pressure is transmitted undiminished through confined liquids according to Pascal's law. Bramah's press and the law of conservation of energy are also summarized. Practical uses of hydraulics like linear and rotary power transmission are mentioned. The advantages of hydraulics include speed, direction, and force control as well as overload protection. The document concludes by covering topics like how pressure is created, parallel vs series flow paths, principles of flow measurement, laminar vs turbulent flow, and pressure drops due to friction.
Hydraulic Valves and Hydraulic System AccessoriesRAHUL THAKER
Hydraulic Valves and Hydraulic System Accessories:
Direction control valves,Pressure control valves, Flow control valves, Non-return valves, Reservoirs,Accumulators, Heating & cooling devices, Hoses. Selection of valves for circuits.
Pumps theory www.chemicallibrary.blogspot.comFARRUKH SHEHZAD
This document discusses various terms related to pumps, including types of pumps (positive displacement, centrifugal), pump components (impeller, casing), pump operation concepts (head, suction lift, cavitation, NPSH), and pump performance parameters (specific speed, affinity laws). It provides definitions and formulas for key terms like head, specific speed, NPSH, cavitation, and discusses how different types of pumps like centrifugal and rotary pumps operate.
Centrifugal pumps work by using an impeller attached to a rotating shaft to move liquid from the pump inlet to the discharge outlet. As the impeller spins, it creates lower pressure at the center to draw liquid in and higher pressure at the outer edge to push liquid out.
When selecting a pump, the key parameters are capacity (flowrate) and total head. Total head considers the static head from elevation changes as well as friction, pressure, and velocity heads from piping, valves, and changes in pressure or speed of the liquid. The specific gravity of the liquid affects the pressure but not the total head required from the pump.
Pumps are widely used in process plants to transfer fluid from one point to the other and the Process Engineer is often required to specify the correct size of pumps that will optimize system performance. Though pump sizing can easily be performed using software such as Pipe-Flo®, understanding the basic principle will not only aid one to better interpret the results obtained by pump sizing software but also to better design pumps. Centrifugal pump sizing overview is presented in this tutorial.
Basics of centrifugal. Topics covered are operating principles, energy conversion, components in centrifugal pump, the concept of NPSH, pump rating calculation and affinity laws
A pump is a mechanical device that transfers rotational energy to liquid to move it from one place to another. There are two main types of pumps: dynamic and positive displacement. A reciprocating pump is a type of positive displacement pump that uses a piston or plunger to trap and move liquid. A rotary pump also positively displaces liquid but does so continuously rather than reciprocating. A centrifugal pump is a type of dynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to accelerate liquid and convert kinetic energy to pressure energy to move the liquid.
Positive displacement pumps are reciprocating and rotary pumps that move liquid by the positive displacement of liquid volume. In this presentation, you will learn the operating principles and performance characteristics of positive displacement pumps, what determines their capacity, pressure, horsepower and efficiency, and how NPSH is calculated. You will also learn the basic types of reciprocating and rotary pumps, including piston pumps, plunger pumps, diaphragm pumps, direct-acting steam and air pumps, and rotary lobe, vane, gear and screw pumps, and how these pumps differ from each other in design and performance.
Basics Fundamentals and working Principle of Centrifugal Pump.SHASHI BHUSHAN
Basics Fundamentals and working Principle of Centrifugal Pump. Centrifugal pumps are the rotodynamic machines that convert mechanical energy of shaft into kinetic and pressure energy of Fluid which may be used to raise the level of fluid. A centrifugal pump is named so, because the energy added by the impeller to the fluid is largely due to centrifugal effects.
This document outlines technical requirements for positive displacement pumps used in the petroleum, chemical, and gas industries according to API 675 standards. It covers hydraulic diaphragm and packed plunger pump designs, excluding rotary pumps. Requirements include materials of construction, pressure containment, liquid end connections, flanges, check valves, diaphragms, relief valves, gears, bearings, lubrication, capacity control, and accessories like drivers, motors, couplings and guards.
The document discusses different types of pumps used in fluid transport systems. It describes positive displacement pumps which use a fixed volume cavity to trap and transport fluid with each cycle. Dynamic pumps are also discussed, which add momentum to fluid without a fixed volume. Centrifugal pumps are described in detail, with their construction, working principle, performance parameters and efficiency calculations explained. The key aspects covered are the use of impellers to impart energy and velocity to fluid which is then converted to pressure by the volute casing.
This document provides information about industrial air compressors. It discusses the key differences between pumps and compressors, with compressors being able to compress gases by decreasing their volume and increasing pressure. Compressed air is widely used in industrial processes due to properties like its elastic nature and non-toxicity. The document then describes the working principles of positive displacement and dynamic compressors. It provides details on types of positive displacement compressors like reciprocating, screw, and vane compressors. Reciprocating compressors are explained in depth, covering components like cylinders, pistons, crankshafts and valves.
A pump is a machine or mechanical equipment which is required to lift fluid from low level to high level or to flow fluid from a low-pressure area to the high-pressure area or as a booster in a piping network system.
A step-by-step procedure, adopted in troubleshooting the pump and/or
the system helps in easily locating the problem and in finding appropriate solutions.
Consistent and Systematic maintenance of pipes, pumps, and other
equipment are essential.
This document provides an introduction to different types of pumping equipment, including their principles of operation and categories. It discusses the main differences between rotodynamic pumps (like centrifugal pumps) and positive displacement pumps (like reciprocating and rotary pumps). Centrifugal pumps are best for medium to high flow rates and low to medium pressures, while positive displacement pumps can achieve very high pressures or handle low flows. The document also compares characteristics like flow patterns, pressure capabilities, cost considerations, and fluid handling for different pump categories.
This document provides information on various types of pumps, with a focus on centrifugal pumps. It defines different types of pumps and discusses why centrifugal pumps are commonly used. It then provides details on the components and operating principles of centrifugal pumps. The document also discusses pump performance curves, cavitation, net positive suction head (NPSH), affinity laws, and best practices for pumping systems.
The document discusses cavitation in high energy pumps. It provides an overview of cavitation, how to detect it, and what causes it. Cavitation occurs when vapor bubbles form in a liquid due to a local pressure drop below the vapor pressure. When these bubbles collapse as pressure increases, it can cause damage to pump components from micro jets of liquid. The document explains factors like net positive suction head (NPSH) required by pumps and available from system components in order to prevent cavitation. It also discusses how cavitation affects pumps and methods for detecting potential damage.
This document provides information on various types of pumps and piping systems. It describes the main types of pumps as centrifugal, rotary, reciprocating, and deep well pumps. It also discusses the classification and basic operating principles of centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. Additionally, it covers topics such as pipe sizes, fittings, valves, head losses, cavitation, affinity laws, and equations for calculating pump parameters.
Pumps convert mechanical energy to fluid energy and come in various types. The main types are positive displacement pumps, centrifugal pumps, axial flow pumps, and mixed flow pumps. Centrifugal pumps are frequently used in water distribution systems and work by spinning an impeller to push water outward. Axial flow pumps have flow entering and leaving along the pump axis. Multiple impellers can be arranged in series for higher head applications. Pump performance is characterized by curves showing how head and efficiency vary with flow. Total dynamic head and net positive suction head are important concepts for pump sizing and operation. Cavitation can occur if net positive suction head drops too low. Pumps can be arranged in series or parallel to meet different flow
The document discusses the basics of hydraulics including definitions, classifications, formulas, Pascal's law, and the multiplication of forces. It explains how pressure is transmitted undiminished through confined liquids according to Pascal's law. Bramah's press and the law of conservation of energy are also summarized. Practical uses of hydraulics like linear and rotary power transmission are mentioned. The advantages of hydraulics include speed, direction, and force control as well as overload protection. The document concludes by covering topics like how pressure is created, parallel vs series flow paths, principles of flow measurement, laminar vs turbulent flow, and pressure drops due to friction.
Hydraulic Valves and Hydraulic System AccessoriesRAHUL THAKER
Hydraulic Valves and Hydraulic System Accessories:
Direction control valves,Pressure control valves, Flow control valves, Non-return valves, Reservoirs,Accumulators, Heating & cooling devices, Hoses. Selection of valves for circuits.
Pumps theory www.chemicallibrary.blogspot.comFARRUKH SHEHZAD
This document discusses various terms related to pumps, including types of pumps (positive displacement, centrifugal), pump components (impeller, casing), pump operation concepts (head, suction lift, cavitation, NPSH), and pump performance parameters (specific speed, affinity laws). It provides definitions and formulas for key terms like head, specific speed, NPSH, cavitation, and discusses how different types of pumps like centrifugal and rotary pumps operate.
Centrifugal pumps work by using an impeller attached to a rotating shaft to move liquid from the pump inlet to the discharge outlet. As the impeller spins, it creates lower pressure at the center to draw liquid in and higher pressure at the outer edge to push liquid out.
When selecting a pump, the key parameters are capacity (flowrate) and total head. Total head considers the static head from elevation changes as well as friction, pressure, and velocity heads from piping, valves, and changes in pressure or speed of the liquid. The specific gravity of the liquid affects the pressure but not the total head required from the pump.
Generally Pumps classification done on the basis of its mechanical configurat...ShriPrakash33
Pumps simplify the transportation of water and other fluids, making them very useful in all types of buildings - residential, commercial, and industrial. For example, fire pumps provide a pressurized water supply for firefighters and automatic sprinklers, water booster pumps deliver potable water to upper floors in tall buildings, and hydronic pumps are used in HVAC systems that use water to deliver space heating and cooling.
TYPES OF PUMPS AND THEIR WORKING PRINCIPLES
Generally Pumps classification done on the basis of its mechanical configuration and their working principle. Classification of pumps mainly divided into two major categories:
Dynamic pumps / Kinetic pumps
Dynamic pumps impart velocity and pressure to the fluid as it moves past or through the pump impeller and, subsequently, convert some of that velocity into additional pressure. It is also called Kinetic pumps Kinetic pumps are subdivided into two major groups and they are centrifugal pumps and positive displacement pumps.
Classification of Dynamic Pumps
1.1 Centrifugal Pumps
A centrifugal pump is a rotating machine in which flow and pressure are generated dynamically. The energy changes occur by virtue of two main parts of the pump, the impeller and the volute or casing. The function of the casing is to collect the liquid discharged by the impeller and to convert some of the kinetic (velocity) energy into pressure energy.
1.2 Vertical Pumps
Vertical pumps were originally developed for well pumping. The bore size of the well limits the outside diameter of the pump and so controls the overall pump design.2.) Displacement Pumps / Positive displacement pumps
2. Displacement Pumps / Positive displacement pumps
Positive displacement pumps, the moving element (piston, plunger, rotor, lobe, or gear) displaces the liquid from the pump casing (or cylinder) and, at the same time, raises the pressure of the liquid. So displacement pump does not develop pressure; it only produces a flow of fluid.
Classification of Displacement Pumps
2.1 Reciprocating pumps
In a reciprocating pump, a piston or plunger moves up and down. During the suction stroke, the pump cylinder fills with fresh liquid, and the discharge stroke displaces it through a check valve into the discharge line. Reciprocating pumps can develop very high pressures. Plunger, piston and diaphragm pumps are under these type of pumps.
2.2 Rotary Type Pumps
The pump rotor of rotary pumps displaces the liquid either by rotating or by a rotating and orbiting motion. The rotary pump mechanisms consisting of a casing with closely fitted cams, lobes, or vanes, that provide a means for conveying a fluid. Vane, gear, and lobe pumps are positive displacement rotary pumps.
2.3 Pneumatic Pumps
Compressed air is used to move the liquid in pneumatic pumps. In pneumatic ejectors, compressed air displaces the liquid from a gravity-fed pressure vessel through a check valve into the discharge line in a series of surges spaced by the time required.
This document defines various pump calculations and terms. It discusses total dynamic head, total suction head, total discharge head, static suction/discharge heads, velocity head, viscosity, friction head, pump work, water horsepower, pump efficiency, maximum discharge pressure, minimum flow, net positive suction head (NPSH), cavitation, affinity laws, specific speed, suction specific speed, and recommended dimensions for a sump pump intake structure. Equations are provided for calculating many of these terms.
The document discusses the selection and application of pumps. It begins by defining different types of pumps, including piston pumps, plunger pumps, diaphragm pumps, and centrifugal pumps. It then discusses key considerations for pump selection like fluid characteristics, pressure requirements, and space availability. The document also covers pump performance concepts like net positive suction head (NPSH), total dynamic head, brake horsepower calculations, and affinity laws relating pump parameters like flow, head, and rpm. Overall, the document provides an overview of different pump types and the important technical factors to examine when choosing a pump for a given application.
This document discusses different types of pumps. It describes hydrodynamic or centrifugal pumps, which use centrifugal force to move fluid and are used for low pressure, high volume applications. It also describes hydrostatic or positive displacement pumps, which use close-fitting components to move a fixed amount of fluid with each cycle and can handle higher pressures. The document provides examples of different types of positive displacement pumps, including gear, vane, and piston pumps, and describes their applications. It also provides details on centrifugal pump components and operation.
Based on the information provided:
- Gage pressure (vacuum) = -20 inches of Hg
- Convert to psi: -20 inches Hg x 0.4912 psi/inch Hg = -9.824 psi
- Atmospheric pressure = 14.7 psi
- Liquid level above pump centerline is not provided
To calculate NPSHA:
- Atmospheric pressure (psi) converted to head = 14.7 psi x 2.31 ft/psi = 34 ft
- Gage pressure (vacuum, psi) converted to head = -9.824 psi x 2.31 ft/psi = -22.7 ft
- Static head = Unknown (not provided)
This document provides an overview of a short course on domestic pumps. It discusses different types of pumps including submersible pumps and service pumps. It covers pump selection criteria such as direct lift pumps, displacement pumps, and gravity pumps. Key pump specifications are defined, including net positive suction head, head, and power. The objectives are for learners to understand different pump types, their importance, and selection criteria for domestic use.
This document provides an overview of pumps and turbines (turbo-machines). It begins by defining a turbo-machine as a device that extracts or imparts energy from a continuously flowing fluid stream using rotating blades. Pumps and turbines are then classified based on whether they supply energy to (pumps) or extract energy from (turbines) a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are discussed in detail, including their main components like the impeller and volute casing, as well as how they work by imparting kinetic energy to increase a fluid's pressure. Positive displacement pumps are also introduced. Common turbine types are described briefly, including impulse turbines like the Pelton wheel and reaction turbines like the Francis and Kaplan turbines.
This document discusses various types of pumps used to move water from lower to higher points. It describes centrifugal pumps, which use centrifugal force to move water radially outward, and positive displacement pumps like screw and reciprocating pumps. Key parts of centrifugal pumps are identified, including the impeller, casing, suction pipe, and delivery pipe. Concepts discussed include total dynamic head, pump efficiency, cavitation, net positive suction head, and the process of selecting a pump by matching its characteristic curve to the system curve.
This document provides an overview of centrifugal pumps and reciprocating pumps. It defines key components of centrifugal pumps like impellers and casings, and describes how they work by imparting centrifugal force to increase fluid pressure. It also defines important pump parameters like head, efficiency, specific speed, and NPSH. Cavitation in pumps and methods to prevent it are explained. Performance curves for pumps are introduced. Finally, the working principle and equations for reciprocating pumps are outlined.
Centrifugal pumps work by converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy using centrifugal force. They are commonly used to lift liquids to higher elevations.
The document discusses key components of centrifugal pumps including the impeller, casing, suction and delivery pipes. It also covers critical concepts such as net positive suction head (NPSH), wearing rings, stuffing boxes, and lantern rings which are used to seal the pump shaft. Cavitation and its damaging effects are also summarized.
Pumps are used to move liquids through piping systems and raise their pressure by applying energy transformations. There are three main reasons for raising liquid pressure: overcoming static elevation changes, friction losses, and meeting process pressure requirements. Pumps are classified as either kinetic (centrifugal) or positive displacement depending on how energy is added to the liquid. Proper pump selection depends on factors like flow rate and viscosity. Cavitation can occur if the net positive suction head (NPSH) available falls below what is required by the pump.
This document presents a project on the design of a centrifugal pump. It includes an introduction to centrifugal pumps and their components. It then provides details of a specific pump design project carried out at Lupin Limited, including specifications for pumping methanol, calculations to determine pipe sizes, pressure losses, power requirements, and cost. Pump curves are presented and the advantages of centrifugal pumps are listed.
The hydraulic machines which convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy are called pumps.”
“If the mechanical energy is converted into pressure energy or kinetic energy by means of centrifugal force
acting on the fluid, the hydraulic machine is called Centrifugal pump.”
This document provides an overview of centrifugal pump training, covering:
- Centrifugal pump theory and how pumps work using atmospheric pressure
- Common pump terms like head, static head, total head, and NPSH
- How to read centrifugal pump curves and understand a pump's operating range
- The information needed to submit a pump inquiry
- How to draw system curves to select the proper pump
- Parallel and series pump operation and cavitation causes
- Explaining NPSH and the affinity laws for pump speed and performance changes
- Troubleshooting pumps using pressure and vacuum gauges
Performance of a_centrifugal_pump_autosavedDickens Mimisa
The document summarizes an experimental analysis of a centrifugal pump performed by a student. Key findings include:
- The experiment investigated the relationship between head, discharge, input power, and efficiency of a centrifugal pump under different revolution speeds.
- Data was collected manually and analyzed to determine the pump's characteristic curve and efficiency at varying flow rates.
- Results show efficiency increases with flow rate until peak efficiency is reached, then decreases as flow rate continues to rise.
This document discusses hydraulic pumps, including:
- Pumps are not continuous flow devices and have discrete chambers that collect and discharge flow through valve plates. The design of these components affects pressure variation.
- Actual pump flow is determined by displacement, speed, efficiency terms accounting for volumetric (leakage) efficiency and mechanical (friction loss) efficiency.
- Volumetric efficiency depends on manufacturing tolerances while mechanical efficiency depends on bearing friction and fluid turbulence.
- Formulas are provided to calculate theoretical flow, actual flow accounting for efficiencies, torque required to drive the pump, and power delivered versus power input accounting for overall efficiency.
- Factors like fluid properties, speed, foreign particles,
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2. Course Outline
Definition of Energy Machines
Basic Components of a Centrifugal pump
Definition of Important Terms
Pressure and Head Relationship.
Hydraulics
Centrifugal Pump Sizing
Procedure Flow Chart
Fluid Properties
Suction Pipe Sizing
Discharge Pipe Sizing
Differential Head Calculation
Understand NPSH and Cavitations
NPSH Calculation
Power Calculation
Shut off Head Estimation
Understand Pump Characteristics Curves
Pump Selection
Understand System Curve
Pump Curve Correction (Viscosity Correction)
Affinity Laws
Temperature Rise due to pumping
Minimum Flow
Pump Datasheet
3. Definition of Energy Machines
Pumps can be formed into two distinct
machine categories:
Kinetic energy machines
Positive displacement machines
Centrifugal pumps are Kinetic energy
machines
Rotary, Diaphragm and Reciprocating
pumps are positive displacement
machines
4. Basic Components of a Centrifugal Pump
Pump Casing (Volute) - converts high
velocity (energy) into a pressure head.
Impeller - imparts kinetic energy to the
liquid. (accelerates the liquid)
Shaft - transmits rotational energy from
driver (Used to spin the impeller).
Wear rings - reduce leakage between
high and low pressure regions.
Seal - prevents leakage where shaft exits
casing.
Bearings – support the shaft.
Coupling – attaches the shaft to the
driver.
5. DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS
Capacity means the flow rate with which liquid is moved or pushed by the
pump to the desired point in the process.
Head is a measurement of the height of a liquid column that the pump
could create from the kinetic energy imparted to the liquid.
Static Suction Head (Hs) resulting from elevation of the liquid relative to
the pump center line.
Static Discharge Head (Hd) is the vertical distance in feet/meter between
the pump centerline and the point of free discharge or the surface of the
liquid in the discharge tank.
Friction Head (Hf) is required to overcome the resistance to flow in the
pipe and fittings.
Vapour Pressure Head (Hvp) is the pressure at which a liquid and its
vapour co-exist in equilibrium at a given temperature.
Pressure Head (Hp) must be considered when a pumping system either
begins or terminates in a tank which is under some pressure other than
atmospheric.
Velocity Head (Hv) refers to the energy of a liquid as a result of its motion
at some velocity ‘v’.
6. DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is the total head at the suction flange of
the pump less the vapour pressure converted to fluid column height of the liquid.
Pump input or brake horsepower (BHP) is the actual horsepower delivered to
the pump shaft.
Pump output or water horsepower (WHP) is the liquid horsepower delivered
by the pump.
Pump Efficiency is the ratio of BHP and WHP.
Best Efficiency Point (BEP) is the capacity at maximum impeller diameter at
which the efficiency is highest.
Specific speed (Ns) is a non-dimensional design index that identifies the
geometric similarity of pumps. It is used to classify pump impellers as to their
type and proportions. Pumps of the same Ns but of different size are considered
to be geometrically similar, one pump being a size- factor of the other.
Suction specific speed (Nss) is a dimensionless number or index that defines
the suction characteristics of a pump. It is calculated from the same formula as
Ns by substituting H by NPSHR.
Affinity Laws are mathematical expressions that define changes in pump
capacity, head, and BHP when a change is made to pump speed, impeller
diameter, or both
9. PRESSURE HEAD DEVELOPMENT
Impeller is the working part of
pump.
It increases the velocity of kinetic
energy.
The liquid flows into the impeller
and leaves the impeller at the
same pressure.
The pressure at the vane tip is the
same as suction pressure.
As the high velocity liquid escapes
from the impeller and flows into
the volute, its velocity is reduced
and the lost velocity is converted
into feet of liquid.
Remember, Centrifugal pump
produce Liquid Head not the
pressure.
10. HOW MUCH HEAD?
The head produced by a centrifugal pump is
proportional to the velocity attained by the
fluid as it exits the vanes at periphery of
the impeller.
Lets assume 9” dia impeller with 1800 rpm.
Circumference of the impeller
C = d = 3.14 x 9” =28.3”= 2.36’
Velocity as it exits the vanes
V = C x RPM = 2.36 X 1800 = 4248 ft / min = 70.80 ft/sec
Equation for height is
h = V2 / 2g = (70.8)2 / 2x32 = 78.32 ft
The head that can be produced by a 9” impeller rotating
at 1800 rpm is ~ 78 ft (23.8 m)
11. HEAD
The pressure at any point in
a liquid can be thought of as
being caused by a vertical
column of the liquid due to
its weight.
The height of this column is
called the static head and is
expressed in terms of length
of liquid.
Rule of Thumb: 1 kg/cm2 =
10 m Head (Water at SG = 1.0)
12. PRESSURE & HEAD RELATIONSHIP
Pressure (P) = SG x g x Head (H)
H = P / (SG x g)
P = H x g x SG
Where
H = head, in meter
P = pressure, kPa
SG = specific gravity of liquid
g = 9.8 m/sec2
H = P x 2.31 / SG
P = H x SG
2.31
Where
H = head, in feet
P = pressure, in PSI
SG = specific gravity of liquid
2.31 = conversion factor
13. HYDRAULICS PRESSURE DROP
(Frictional Losses)
Determine Reynolds Number
NRE = D V /
Where D = m (inches x 0.0254)
V = meter / sec
kg/m3
= Pa.sec ( cP x 0.001)
Determine Relative Roughness
= Material Roughness / Pipe ID
Calculate Friction Factor
1. Use Moody Diagram OR
2. Use Formula Calculate Friction Factor
15. FRICTION FACTOR FORMULA
f = 0.0055 x [ 1+(36/D +106/NRE)1/3] X 1.10
Where Dia. Of pipe in “inches”.
OR
16. Pressure Loss Formula
Calculate Pressure Drop
P = f L v2 / 2 gc d
P/L = f v2 / 2 gc d
where f = Moody friction Factor
L = Length, m
gc = Mass force
gravitational constant = 1
kg.m/N.sec2
23. SUCTION PIPING DESIGN
CRITERIA
Pump suction piping is sized so that
pressure drop through line and fittings
should be minimum. Recommended
pressure drop is 0.2 – 0.5 psi/100 ft
(0.45 – 0.11 kPa/m) for liquids below
their boiling point and 0.05 – 0.025
psi/100ft (0.01 – 0.06 kPa/m) for
boiling liquids.
Recommended velocity for suction piping
is 1 – 5 ft/sec (0.3 – 1.5 m/sec) except
boiling liquid. For Boiling liquid, velocity
should be 0.5 – 3 ft/sec (0.15 – 0.90
m/sec).
24. SUCTION PRESSURE
Vessel Pressure = 81.5 kPag
Liquid Level (From pump center line to
LLLL) = 1750-1000+900 = 1650 mm
Converting into pressure = 0.993 x 9.8 x
1.65 = 16.06 kPa [ Ref. Slide 16]
Suction Line Loss = 3.44 kPa [Ref. Slide 12-
15 and Slide 22]
Line Size =
Suction Pressure at Pump Flange = 81.5
+16.06 – 3.44 = 94.12 kPag
26. DISCHARGE PIPING DESIGN
CRITERIA
Pump discharge line size should be selected
based on economic pumping cost.
Recommended pressure drop is 1.0 – 2.0
psi/100 ft (0.23 – 0.45 kPa/m) for the
system having pressure less than 700 psi
(4826 kPa) and 3.0 – 4.0 psi/100ft
(0.68-0.91) for the system having
pressure more than 700 psi (4826 kPa).
Recommended velocity for discharge
piping is 3 – 10 ft/sec (0.9 – 3.0
m/sec) for line size lesser than 4 inches
and 10 – 15 ft/sec (3 – 4.6 m/sec).
27. DISCHARGE PRESSURE
Discharge line loss = 23.04 kPa
Equipment P = 50 kPa (Assumed)
Control valve P = 68.95 kPa
Discharge Static Head = 4060 mm =
4.06 x 9.8 x 0.993 = 39.55 kPa
Terminal Pressure = 200 kPa
Discharge Pressure = 23.04 +50+
68.95 + 39.55 + 200 = 381.54
kPag
28. PUMP DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
Suction Pressure = 94.12 kPag ( Slide 24)
Discharge Pressure = 381.54 kPag
Differential Pressure = 381.54 – 94.12
= 287.42 kPa
Convert Differential Pressure into Head
= 287.42 / (9.8 x 0.993) = 29.5 m
( This is PUMP differential head)
29. Understand NPSH (NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD)
The Hydraulic Institute (HI) defines NPSH as the total suction head
in feet absolute, determined at the suction nozzle and corrected to
datum, less the vapor pressure of the liquid in head of the fluid.
Why do we need NPASHA?
The liquid must not vaporize in the eye/entrance of the impeller.
(This is the lowest pressure location in the impeller. The lowest
pressure occurs right at the impeller inlet where a sharp pressure
dip occurs.
This value is required to avoid cavitation of the fluid.
Cavitation will be avoided if the head at the suction is higher than
the vapor pressure head of the fluid.
In addition, the pump manufacturers require a minimum NPSH to
guarantee proper operation of the pump, they call this the NPSHR,
where “R” stands for required.
NPSH is made up of the losses due to friction and shock plus the
natural pressure reduction due to centrifugal force.
NPSH = (pressure head at the source) + (static suction head) -
(friction head in the suction line) - (vapor pressure of the liquid).
31. PRESSURE POINTS WITHIN THE
PUMP
The internal suction system is
comprised of the pump’s suction
nozzle and impeller.
It can be seen that the passage
from the suction flange (point 2)
to the impeller suction zone
(point 3) and to the impeller
eye (point 4) acts like a venturi
i.e. there is gradual reduction in
the cross-section area.
32. PRESSURE PROFILE INSIDE A PUMP
The impeller eye is the point
where the static pressure is at a
minimum, P4. During pump
operation, if the local static
pressure of the liquid at the
lowest pressure becomes equal
to or less than the vapor
pressure (Pv) of the liquid at the
operating temperature,
vaporization of the liquid (the
formation of bubbles) begins i.e.
when P4 < Pv.
33. UNDERSTAND NPSH…
It is impossible to design a centrifugal
pump that exhibits absolutely no pressure
drop between the suction inlet and its
minimum pressure point, which normally
occurs at the entrance to the impeller
vanes.
If the pressure is not sufficient, some of the
water will change state (liquid to vapor)
and cavitations occur.
It thus reflects the amount of head
loss that the pump can sustain
internally before the vapor pressure is
reached.
37. NPSH CALCULATION
NPSHa = Ha + Hs - Hf – Hvp
• Ha = atmospheric or vessel
pressure (ft or m of liquid
being pumped)
• Hs = static lift or head
• Hf = piping friction losses
• Hvp = vapor pressure
• All parameters should be in
same unit.
38. NPSH Margin
NPSH Safety margin = 10 % of
Calculated or 1 meter minimum.
NPSHA > NPSHR
The NPSHA should normally be at
least 0.6 m (2 ft) above the NPSHR in
normal applications (stable operation
with fluid at low vapor pressure).
39. NPSH CALCULATION
1. Vessel Pressure = 81.5 kPag
2. Liquid Level (From pump center line to LLLL) = 1750-1000+900
= 1650 mm Converting into pressure = 0.993 x 9.8 x 1.65 =
16.06 kPa [ Ref. Slide 16]
3. Suction Line Loss = 3.44 kPa [Ref. Slide 12-15]
4. Suction Pressure at Pump Flange = 81.5 +16.06 – 3.44 =
94.12 kPag
5. Vapor Pressure = 8.65 kPa
6. NPSHa = Suction pressure – Vapor Pressure = (94.12 + 93.5) –
8.65 = 178.97 kPa
7. Convert Pressure into head = 178.97 /(9.8 x 0.993) =18.38 m
40. NPSHA
NPSH calculated = 18.38 m
Safety Margin = 10 % of Calculated
or 1.0 m min = 1.84 m
NPSHA = 18.38 – 1.84 = 16.54
41. POWER CALCULATION
Hydraulic horsepower (HHP) is the liquid horsepower
delivered by the pump.
HHP (hp) = Q x P
1714
Where
Q = Capacity, gpm
P= Total Differential Pressure, psi
HHP (kW) = Q x P
3600
Where
Q = Capacity, m3 / h
P= Total Differential Pressure, kPa
Conversion from kW to hp
1 hp (British) = 0.7457 kW
42. POWER CALCULATION
Brake Power is the actual horsepower
delivered to the pump shaft.
BHP = HHP
Efficiency
Efficiency is product of pump and
motor efficiency.
60 – 70% is a good assumption.
46. SHUT OFF HEAD ESTIMATION
Shutoff head is the head produced
when the pump operates with fluid
but with no flow rate.
Pump shut off head provided by the
manufacturer.
Rule of Thumb for estimation of shut
off head is
(1.25 x Differential Head ) + Max
Suction Pressure at HHLL
50. UNSERSTAND PUMP CURVE
A great deal of information is crammed into one chart
and this can be confusing at first.
The performance chart covers a range of impeller
sizes, which are shown in increments.
At some point in the pump selection process, the
impeller diameter is selected. For an existing pump,
the diameter of the impeller is known.
For a new pump, our calculations of Total Head for a
given flow rate will have determined the impeller
diameter to select according to the performance curve.
A performance curve is a plot of Total Head vs. flow
rate for a specific impeller diameter and speed.
51. UNSERSTAND PUMP CURVE
The pump performance curves are
based on data generated in a test rig
using water as the fluid. These curves
are sometimes referred to as water
performance curves.
The use of these curves for fluids with
a different viscosity than water can
lead to error if the proper correction
factors are not applied.
52. HEAD vs. CAPACITY CURVES
The plot starts at zero flow. The head
at this point corresponds to the shut-
off head of the pump, point A in
Figure.
Starting at this point, the head
decreases until it reaches its
minimum at point B.
This point is sometimes called the
run-out point and represents the
maximum flow of the pump.
Beyond this, the pump cannot
operate.
The pump's range of operation is
from point A to B.
On every Q–H curve, a small triangle
is plotted to indicate the rated point
of operation. The pump manufacturer
guarantees this flow and the
corresponding differential head.
API recommends that the curve from
BEP to shut-off should rise by at least
10% for single-stage, single pump
operation.
53. EFFICIENCY CURVES
The Q vs. pump efficiency of
the pump is an inverted ‘U’
shaped curve.
The pump's efficiency varies
throughout its operating range.
At no flow, the efficiency is
zero and then rises to a
maximum value at a flow rate,
which is termed as the BEP.
Beyond this, the curve again
drops.
The B.E.P. (best efficiency
point) is the point of highest
efficiency of the pump.
The pumps operate in a range
of flows but it has to be kept in
mind that they are designed
only for one flow rate point.
54. HORSEPOWER CURVES
The horsepower can be
calculated with the Total
Head, flow and efficiency at
the operating point.
All points on the performance
curve to the left of the 2 hp
curve will be attainable with a
2 hp motor.
The horsepower curves shown
on the performance curves
are valid for water only.
Power obtained is for water
and can be easily
extrapolated for the liquid by
multiplying it with the specific
gravity of the service liquid.
55. NPSH REQUIREMENT CURVES
The pump Manufacturer
specifies a minimum
requirement on the NPSH
in order for the pump to
operate at its design
capacity.
These are the vertical
dashed lines in Figure.
The NPSH required
becomes higher as flow
increases.
This essentially means
that more pressure head
is required at the pump
suction for high flows
than low flows.
56. Pump Selection
In selecting a pump, one of the concerns is
to optimize pumping efficiency. It is good
practice to examine several performance
charts at different speeds to see if one
model satisfies the requirements more
efficiently than another.
Whenever possible the lowest pump speed
should be selected, as this will save wear
and tear on the rotating parts.
57. Pump Selection Rules-of-Thumb
Select the pump based on rated conditions.
The BEP should be between the rated point
and the normal operating point.
The head/capacity characteristic-curve
should continuously rise as flow is reduced
to shutoff (or zero flow).
The pump should be capable of a head
increase at rated conditions by installing a
larger impeller.
The pump should not be operated below
the manufacturer’s minimum continuous
flow rate.
58. PUMP SPECIFICATIONS
Flow Rate : 6 m3/h = 26.42 gpm
Differential Head : 29.5 m = 96.8 ft
NPSHa = 16.54 m = 54.26 ft
Brake Power = 0.81 kW = 1.10 hp
Rated Motor = 1.12 kW = 1.5 hp
Shut-off Head = 458.3 kPa
62. Understand System Curve
A system head curve or system curve
for a piping shows the variation of
pressure required with flow rate.
As the flow rate increases, the head
required increases.
The pump operating point is the point
where the pump head curve meets
the system head curve.
64. Pump Curve Corrections
The pump curves are generated while
testing the pump using cold water as
the liquid. The curve is fixed for a
particular speed, impeller diameter,
and water.
When any of these change, the pump
flow and head generated will differ.
the curves can be corrected to obtain
a performance map without retesting
pump with modified conditions.
65. Viscosity Correction
viscosity as a property of any fluid that is measure of
its resistance to flow.
As the liquid flows through the pump, hydrodynamic
losses are increased due to higher viscosity, as a
result it is observed that when a viscous fluid is
handled by a centrifugal pump:
The brake horsepower requirement increases.
There is a reduction in the head generated by the
pump.
Capacity reduction occurs with moderate and high
viscosities.
There is a decrease in the pump efficiency.
66. Viscosity Correction
Usually fluids more than 2
cP should be considered for
viscosity correction.
A viscosity correction chart
from the Hydraulic Institute
(as shown in Figure 3.4)
provides coefficients for
flow Cq, head Ch, and
efficiency Cη.
These coefficients are used
to modify the values of
flow, head, and efficiency
from the original curve
69. Affinity Laws
The ‘Affinity laws’ are
mathematical expressions that
best define changes in pump
capacity, head, and power
absorbed by the pump when a
change is made to pump speed,
with all else remaining constant.
The Affinity laws are valid only
under conditions of constant
efficiency.
The pump affinity laws mentioned
above maybe utilized to determine
the relationship between flow ‘Q’
and impeller diameter as well as
to predict Head ‘H’ and Power ‘P’
values with change in impeller
diameter, whilst speed is kept
constant.
70. Temperature Rise Due to Pumping
Basic Equation
H 1
Tr
Cp 778 e 1 [British System]
H 1
Tr
Cp 427 e 1 [Metric System]
where
Cp - specific heat of the liquid (BTU/lb/°F or kCal/kg °C)
Rule of Thumb: Generally 1.00 for water and 0.5 for hydrocarbons
H = differential head (feet or meter)
e = pump efficiency in decimal (i.e. 78 % = 0.78)
Tr = Temperature Rise, °F or °C
71. Minimum Flow in a Pump
There are at least four (4) main
factors possibly determining pump
MINIMUM RECYCLE flow. They are:
a) Fluid temperature rise
b) Minimum stable flow
c) Internal recirculation
d) Thrust capacity
72. Minimum Flow – Rule of Thumb
Percentage can ranged from 10% to
50% of Pump Flow may be
considered during design phase.
Recommendation is 30 – 40 %.
However, this figure shall always be
checked & confirmed with actual
selected pump when they are
manufactured.
73. Fluid Temp. Rise at Shut-off
When a pump operates near shut-off (low flow) capacity and
head, or is handling a hot material at suction, it may become
overheated and create serious suction as well as mechanical
problems.
At shutoff condition, majority of transmitted energy is
converted into heat going into liquid.
To avoid overheating due to low flow, a minimum rate should
be recognized as necessary for proper heat dissipation.
The maximum temperature rise recommended for any
fluid is 15°F (8°C) except when handling cold fluids or using a
special pump designed to handle hot fluid, such as a boiler
feed water pump of several manufacturers.
75. Minimum Flow Calculation
If a temperature rise of 15 °F is accepted in
the casing - minimum flow through a
centrifugal pump can be calculated as
Q = BHP / 2.95 Cp SG
where
Q = minimum flow rate (gpm)
BHP = power input, hp
cp = specific heat capacity (Btu/lb °F)
SG = specific gravity of the fluid