The document discusses various topics related to pumps, including:
1. Types of rotary pumps like centrifugal and reciprocating pumps, along with their basic operation and characteristics.
2. Key aspects of pump performance like flow rate, head pressure, horsepower requirements, and efficiency. Affinity laws relating changes in speed and impeller size to performance are also covered.
3. Common problems with pumps like low flow, low pressure, excessive power usage, noise, and seal leakage. Potential causes and troubleshooting approaches are provided.
4. Maintenance considerations like inspecting wear parts and monitoring operational parameters are emphasized to prevent problems and improve pump reliability.
This PowerPoint shows an introduction to positive displacement compressors. You will have a brief introduction about the operating principles of reciprocating compressors, the different types of rotary compressors, and techniques for controlling compressor output most important variables.You will learn as well the construction, principal parts, and operation of reciprocating compressors
This PowerPoint shows an introduction to positive displacement compressors. You will have a brief introduction about the operating principles of reciprocating compressors, the different types of rotary compressors, and techniques for controlling compressor output most important variables.You will learn as well the construction, principal parts, and operation of reciprocating compressors
In the hydrocarbon processing and production industry, gas is compressed for transportation to consuming markets and for use in processing operations. This presentation is about the construction and operation of compressors.
In this presentation you will learn about the construction and operation of centrifugal compressors.
This compressor works on the principle of centrifugal action. It finds wide variety of applications in engineering field. It is available in market from low to high capacities.
This Presentation is about working principle of Pumps.Basic Presentation regarding pumps , will definitely help beginners to learn pump types , their working , their parts etc.
Centrifugal Compressors
SECTION ONE - ANTI-SURGE PROTECTION AND THROUGHPUT REGULATION
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 MACHINE CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Characteristics of a Single Compressor Stage
2.2 Characteristic of a Multiple Stage Having More
Than One Impeller
2.3 Use of Compressor Characteristics in Throughput
Regulation Schemes
3 MECHANISM AND EFFECTS OF SURGE
3.1 Basic Flow Instabilities
3.2 Occurrence of Surge
3.3 Intensity of Surge
3.4 Effects of Surge
3.5 Avoidance of Surge
3.6 Recovery from Surge
4 CONTROL SCHEMES INCLUDING SURGE PROTECTION
4.1 Output Control
4.2 Surge Protection
4.3 Surge Detection and Recovery
5 DYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Interaction
5.2 Speed of Response of Antisurge Control System
6 SYSTEM EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
6.1 The Antisurge Control Valve
6.2 Non-return Valve
6.3 Pressure and flow measurement
6.4 Signal transmission
6.5 Controllers
7 TESTING
7.1 Determination of the Surge Line
7.2 Records
8 INLET GUIDE VANE UNITS
8.1 Application
8.2 Effect on Power Consumption of the Compressor
8.3 Effect of Gas Conditions, Properties and Contaminants
8.4 Aerodynamic Considerations
8.5 Control System Linearity
8.6 Actuator Specification
8.7 Avoidance of Surge
8.8 Features of Link Mechanisms
8.9 Limit Stops and Shear Links
APPENDICES
A LIST OF SYMBOLS AND PREFERRED UNITS
B WORKED EXAMPLE 1 COMPRESSOR WITH VARIABLE INLET PRESSURE AND VARIABLE GAS COMPOSITION
C WORKED EXAMPLE 2 A CONSTANT SPEED ~ STAGE COMPRESSOR WITH INTER-COOLING
D WORKED EXAMPLE 3 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE ANTISURGE PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR A SERVICE AIR COMPRESSOR RUNNING AT CONSTANT SPEED
E EXAMPLE OF INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
FIGURES
2.1 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT DISCHARGE CONDITIONS
2.2 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT INLET CONDITIONS
2.3 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPRESSOR STAGE AT VARYING SPEEDS
2.4 SYSTEM WORKING POINT DEFINED BY INTERSECTION OF PROCESS AND COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS
2.5 DISCHARGE THROTTLE REGULATION
2.6 BYPASS REGULATION
2.7 INLET THROTTLE REGULATION
2.8 INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
2.9 VARIABLE SPEED REGULATION
3.1 GAS PULSATION LEVELS FOR A CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.2 REPRESENTATION OF CYCLIC FLOW DURING SURGE OF LONG PERIOD
3.3 TYPICAL WAVEFORM OF DISCHARGE PRESSURE DURING SURGE
3.4 MULTIPLE SURGE LINE FOR A MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.5 TYPICAL MULTIPLE SURGE LINES FOR SINGLE STAGE AXIAL-FLOW COMPRESSOR
4.1 GENERAL SCHEMATIC FOR COMPRESSORS OPERATING IN PARALLEL TO FEED MULTIPLE USER PLANTS
4.2 ILLUSTRATION OF SAFETY MARGIN BETWEEN SURGE POINT AND SURGE PROTECTION POINT AT WHICH ANTISURGE SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED
4.3 ANTISURGE SYSTEM FOR COMPRESSOR WITH FLAT PERFO ..........
Compressors complete description and a well arranged slides for the topic. That's too the point and relevant slide share you are looking for! Hope you will find it easy to understand
Thank you!
the presentation includes basic ideas about water pumps, various terminology generally used for the pumps, classification of pumps and ideas about the types its construction and working
In the hydrocarbon processing and production industry, gas is compressed for transportation to consuming markets and for use in processing operations. This presentation is about the construction and operation of compressors.
In this presentation you will learn about the construction and operation of centrifugal compressors.
This compressor works on the principle of centrifugal action. It finds wide variety of applications in engineering field. It is available in market from low to high capacities.
This Presentation is about working principle of Pumps.Basic Presentation regarding pumps , will definitely help beginners to learn pump types , their working , their parts etc.
Centrifugal Compressors
SECTION ONE - ANTI-SURGE PROTECTION AND THROUGHPUT REGULATION
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 MACHINE CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Characteristics of a Single Compressor Stage
2.2 Characteristic of a Multiple Stage Having More
Than One Impeller
2.3 Use of Compressor Characteristics in Throughput
Regulation Schemes
3 MECHANISM AND EFFECTS OF SURGE
3.1 Basic Flow Instabilities
3.2 Occurrence of Surge
3.3 Intensity of Surge
3.4 Effects of Surge
3.5 Avoidance of Surge
3.6 Recovery from Surge
4 CONTROL SCHEMES INCLUDING SURGE PROTECTION
4.1 Output Control
4.2 Surge Protection
4.3 Surge Detection and Recovery
5 DYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Interaction
5.2 Speed of Response of Antisurge Control System
6 SYSTEM EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
6.1 The Antisurge Control Valve
6.2 Non-return Valve
6.3 Pressure and flow measurement
6.4 Signal transmission
6.5 Controllers
7 TESTING
7.1 Determination of the Surge Line
7.2 Records
8 INLET GUIDE VANE UNITS
8.1 Application
8.2 Effect on Power Consumption of the Compressor
8.3 Effect of Gas Conditions, Properties and Contaminants
8.4 Aerodynamic Considerations
8.5 Control System Linearity
8.6 Actuator Specification
8.7 Avoidance of Surge
8.8 Features of Link Mechanisms
8.9 Limit Stops and Shear Links
APPENDICES
A LIST OF SYMBOLS AND PREFERRED UNITS
B WORKED EXAMPLE 1 COMPRESSOR WITH VARIABLE INLET PRESSURE AND VARIABLE GAS COMPOSITION
C WORKED EXAMPLE 2 A CONSTANT SPEED ~ STAGE COMPRESSOR WITH INTER-COOLING
D WORKED EXAMPLE 3 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE ANTISURGE PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR A SERVICE AIR COMPRESSOR RUNNING AT CONSTANT SPEED
E EXAMPLE OF INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
FIGURES
2.1 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT DISCHARGE CONDITIONS
2.2 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT INLET CONDITIONS
2.3 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPRESSOR STAGE AT VARYING SPEEDS
2.4 SYSTEM WORKING POINT DEFINED BY INTERSECTION OF PROCESS AND COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS
2.5 DISCHARGE THROTTLE REGULATION
2.6 BYPASS REGULATION
2.7 INLET THROTTLE REGULATION
2.8 INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
2.9 VARIABLE SPEED REGULATION
3.1 GAS PULSATION LEVELS FOR A CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.2 REPRESENTATION OF CYCLIC FLOW DURING SURGE OF LONG PERIOD
3.3 TYPICAL WAVEFORM OF DISCHARGE PRESSURE DURING SURGE
3.4 MULTIPLE SURGE LINE FOR A MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.5 TYPICAL MULTIPLE SURGE LINES FOR SINGLE STAGE AXIAL-FLOW COMPRESSOR
4.1 GENERAL SCHEMATIC FOR COMPRESSORS OPERATING IN PARALLEL TO FEED MULTIPLE USER PLANTS
4.2 ILLUSTRATION OF SAFETY MARGIN BETWEEN SURGE POINT AND SURGE PROTECTION POINT AT WHICH ANTISURGE SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED
4.3 ANTISURGE SYSTEM FOR COMPRESSOR WITH FLAT PERFO ..........
Compressors complete description and a well arranged slides for the topic. That's too the point and relevant slide share you are looking for! Hope you will find it easy to understand
Thank you!
the presentation includes basic ideas about water pumps, various terminology generally used for the pumps, classification of pumps and ideas about the types its construction and working
Hydraulics is a branch of science which deals with hydraulic fluid. It is used in places where cleanliness is not a priority but requires huge power to perform tasks.
application:
1. Industrial: Plastic processing machineries, steel making and primary metal extraction applications, automated production lines, machine tool industries, paper industries, loaders, crushes, textile machineries, R & D equipment and robotic systems etc.
2 Mobile hydraulics: Tractors, irrigation system, earthmoving equipment, material handling equipment, commercial vehicles, tunnel boring equipment, rail equipment, building and construction machineries and drilling rigs etc.
3 Automobiles: It is used in the systems like breaks, shock absorbers, steering system, wind shield, lift and cleaning etc.
4 Marine applications: It mostly covers ocean going vessels, fishing boats and navel equipment.
5 Aerospace equipment: There are equipment and systems used for rudder control, landing gear, breaks, flight control and transmission etc. which are used in airplanes, rockets and spaceships.
The working of the reciprocating pump is very simple and just like an I.C engine. First of all the piston has the function of providing the suction force, so that the liquid can be lift up or can be sucked in with great force. After that comes the compression part which will impart the required pressure energy to the fluids. In this part of the phase the piston have to do a great work so that the liquid can be compressed properly and its pressure can increased to the desired level. The inlet and the outlet valve open at a certain pressure which is set by the manufacturer.If the piston is of single acting type which means it can suck from one side and transmit to the same side only. But we can have the double reciprocating pump too which have the function of the giving suction and discharge simultaneously in each stroke. This pump can be used as the compressor also but for that we have to have a good valve arrangement which can operate with good frequency.Note: It is to be noted that the reciprocating pump is a positive displacements pump which means that the fluid can only move in one direction and can never reverse back. So due to this the pump is always started with outlet valve open otherwise the pressure will keep on building and this will lead to rupturing of the pipeline or even the pump itself. But if relief valve is fitted then this pressure will come down.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
3. Centrifugal pumps are used to
transport fluids by the
conversion of rotational kinetic
energy to the hydrodynamic
energy of the fluid flow.
The fluid enters the pump
impeller along or near to the
rotating axis and is accelerated
by the impeller, flowing radially
outward into a diffuser or
volute chamber (casing), from
where it exits.
5. How to select a proper pump.
Hydraulic losses.
Flow friction.
Recirculation.
Incidence.
6. The affinity laws (Also known as the "Fan Laws" or "Pump Laws") for
pumps/fans are used in hydraulics, hydronics and/or HVAC to express
the relationship between variables involved in pump or fan
performance (such as head, volumetric flow rate, shaft speed)
and power. They apply to pumps, fans, and hydraulic turbines. The
affinity laws apply both to centrifugal and axial flows.
The laws are derived using the Buckingham π theorem. The affinity
laws are useful as they allow prediction of the head discharge
characteristic of a pump or fan from a known characteristic measured
at a different speed or impeller diameter. The only requirement is that
the two pumps or fans are dynamically similar, that is the ratios of the
fluid forced are the same.
7. Law 1. With impeller diameter (D) held constant:
Law 1a. Flow is proportional to shaft speed:
Law 1b. Pressure or Head is proportional to the square of shaft speed:
Law 1c. Power is proportional to the cube of shaft speed:
8. Law 2. With shaft speed (N) held constant:
Law 2a. Flow is proportional to the cube of impeller diameter:
Law 2b. Pressure Head is proportional to the square of the impeller diameter:
Law 2c. Power is proportional to the power 5 of impeller diameter:
9. For radial flow centrifugal pumps, it is common industry practice to reduce the impeller
diameter by "trimming", whereby the outer diameter of a particular impeller is reduced by
machining to alter the performance of the pump. In this particular industry it is also common to
refer to the mathematical approximations that relate the volumetric flow rate, trimmed impeller
diameter, shaft rotational speed, developed head, and power as the "affinity laws". Because
trimming an impeller changes the fundamental shape of the impeller (increasing the specific
speed), the relationships shown in Law 2 cannot be utilized in this scenario. In this case the
industry looks to the following relationships, which is a better approximation of these variables
when dealing with impeller trimming.
10. With shaft speed (N) held constant and for small variations in impeller
diameter via trimming:
The volumetric flow rate varies directly with the trimmed impeller diameter:
The pump developed head (the total dynamic head) varies to the square of the
trimmed impeller diameter:
The power varies to the cube of the trimmed impeller diameter:
11. A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and
forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.
12. Centrifugal pumps
Impellers pass on velocity from the
motor to the liquid which helps move
the fluid to the discharge port.
Flow rate varies with a change in
pressure.
Efficiency peaks at a specific pressure;
any variations decrease efficiency
dramatically. Does not operate well
when run off the middle of the curve;
can cause damage and cavitation.
Standard models cannot create suction
lift, although self-priming designs are
available and manometric suction lift
is possible through a non return valve
on the suction line.
Positive displacement pumps
Traps confined amounts of liquid and
forces it from the suction to the
discharge port.
Flow rate remains constant with a
change in pressure.
Efficiency is less affected by
pressure, but if anything tends to
increase as pressure increases. Can
be run at any point on their curve
without damage or efficiency loss.
Create a vacuum on the inlet side,
making them capable of creating
suction lift.
13.
14.
15. the head curve for a radial
flow pump is relatively flat
and that the head decreases
gradually as the flow
increases. Note that the
brake horsepower increases
gradually over the flow
range with the maximum
normally at the point of
maximum flow.
16. the head and brake
horsepower both increase
drastically near shutoff.
22. THE HUMAN HART
It's a type of the pumps which know as a positive
displacement pump
23. DYNAMIC PUMPS
There are three types of dynamic pumps
that involve rotating blades called impller
blades or rotor blades which import
momentum to the fluid
For this reason this pump is called
rotodynamic pump or simply
(rotary pump)
24. CLASSIFICATION OF
ROTARY PUMP
They are classified by the manner in which flow
exits the pump
1: Centrifugal flow pump
the fluid enters the pump axial (in the same
direction of the shaft)
The fluid exit the pump radially ( or tangentially)
for this reason this pump is called radial - flow
pump
25. 2:axial flow pump
Fluid enters and leaves axially
3:mixed flow pump
It's an intermediate between centrifugal and axial
pump
27. 1:PUMP PERFORMANCE
1:mass flow rate or volume flow rate (capacity)
2:Bernolli head ( change in the head between the
outlet and the inlet
3: Water horse power
4:Break horse power
28.
29. Losses in pumps are due to
1:friction.
2:internal leakage
3: flow separation on the blades
4:turbulance
So the mechanical energy which supplied must
exceeds this losses which known as the break horse
power (bhp)
31. PROBLEMS
One of the major problems facing industry is the limited
number of people with sufficient skills and experience to
diagnose and rectify the basic problems of the pump
The lack of skills and experience create many of these
problems
When a fuse in an electric circuit fails it doesn't mean
there's any thing wrong with the fuse
In fact the problem is in another place in the system so we
must look for the real problem instead replacing the
defected part
32. In the same manner
when we release 80% of all pumps
failure tends to drop the
mechanical seal and the bearing
that means we must look for the
real problem instead replacing the
defected part
34. 1:SPEED OF PROBLEM
OCCURANCE
*an effective pump troubleshooting tool will be with the
question "when did this start"
If the problem has a sudden appearance it's failure to say
this happen due to a sudden change in the conditions that
created the problem
But there is a much more inappropriate action has been
initiated
Like what????!!!
35. Wear gradually takes place until the point of
failure reached
In this Way the wear is usually indicated by
a gradual reduction in performance until
the break point is reached
36. 2:FREQUENCY OF PROBLEM
OCCURANC
A typical example of this problem is when a mechanical
seal in a particular pump fails every six months ,
regardless the type of the seal
3: hydraulic imbalance in a double
suction pump
This leads to failure in the mechanical seal or the
bearing
This may happen at approximately 6 months ,
regardless the type of the seal or the bearing installed
37. MAINTAINANCE
The general rule of the maintenance is "It's better to
have a preventive maintenance"
Maintenance not mean to change the defected part it's
mean we must know the reason which caused the fault
Maintenance may tried any time but the seal - for example
- fails by the same frequency
Skills and experience come in to play here
The above condition is one where the experienced
troubleshooting would immediately consider
39. Action 1: The plunger or piston is pulled back. The action increases
the volume of the cavity. As the cavity volume expands, fluid is
drawn in through the inlet to fill the expanding cavity.
40. Action 2: The piston has reached it's maximum
displacement. Since it is not moving into or out of the
cavity, fluid is not flowing through the inlet or the
outlet.
Action 3: After reaching it's maximum position, it is then
pushed back into the cavity. During this process, the
piston applies enough pressure to the fluid to overcome
the pressure in the outlet of the pump. This pressure
differential pushes the fluid from inside the cavity
through the outlet of the pump.
41. Action 4: The piston reaches its maximum extension
into the cavity. Here the volume of the cavity is at a
minimum and fluid is not flowing through the inlet or
the outlet. The next action repeats the process, starting
again with action 1.
42.
43. Single-acting reciprocating pump: This has one suction valve and one discharge
valve. When the piston is moved backward, suction happens and when it moves
forward, the delivery valve opens up to discharge the liquid.
Double-acting reciprocating pump: Unlike single acting pump, here there are two
suction and delivery valves. When the piston is moved forward or backward, with
each stroke, both suction and expulsion happen simultaneously. Thus it requires
two inflow pipes and two outflow pipes. Some of the common applications of these
kinds of pumps are in Salt Water Disposal, Well Service, Descaling, Hydraulic
Fracturing, and Oil & Gas Pipelines.
44. High Maintenance / Short Life: The main disadvantage of a reciprocating pump is the
high maintenance and short life. There are many parts in the pump works, all constantly
changing directions. Unless careful maintenance takes place, the lifespan of the pump is
greatly reduced. While pumps such as centrifugal pumps can last 15 to 20 years with little
maintenance, a reciprocating pump requires higher levels attention and rebuilding several
times within the same time frame. The cost of a reciprocating pump rebuild is usually
inexpensive which still makes them cost competitive compared to longer lasting, higher
priced pump designs.
Pulsations: A characteristic of reciprocating pumps is the production of pressure
pulsations through the pump inlet and outlets. The reciprocating motion of the pump
produces these pulsations. Increasing the number of pump chambers can greatly
reduce the pulsations produced, but it does not remove them completely. To negate
damage to piping and surrounding systems or the pump itself, pulsation dampeners
must be installed. Further system design can further decrease pulsations to nearly
zero. In all cases, overall system design is important when using reciprocating pumps.
59. pump consists of an impeller rotating within a casing. Fluid enters axially through
the eye of the casing, is caught up in the impeller blades, and is whirled tangentially
and radially outward until it leaves through all circumferential parts of the impeller
into the diffuser part of the casing. The fluid gains both velocity and pressure while
passing through the impeller. The doughnut-shaped diffuser, or scroll, section of the
casing decelerates the flow and further increases the pressure.
The blades may be open (separated from the front casing only by a narrow clearance)
or closed (shrouded from the casing on both sides by an impeller wall)
61. In order to correctly identify the problem it is important to gather as
much information relating to the process as follows:
1. Reconfirm original duty requirements and/or system design.
2. Check for any process changes i.e. pressure, temperature, fluid
viscosity etc.
3.How long did the pump operate before the problem.
4. Check the appearance and condition of the pump internal
components.
5. Check when the pump was last serviced.
6.Check for any changes in pump noise or vibration.
This will save considerable time and effort in leading to the most
appropriate solution.
63. 1-No or
low flow
4-viscosity is
higher than
expected
1-Pump is not
primed
2-The motor is
turning pump
in the wrong
direction
3-Insufficient
Net Positive
Suction Head
available
(NPSH)
Cavitation
64. 2-No or
low
pressure
4-No power to
the pump
1-Valves are
closed or
there is an
obstruction in
the inlet
pipework
2-A strainer
or filter is
clogged on
the inlet
3-Pump speed
too low
66. 4-
Excessive
noise or
vibration
1-Pump is
cavitating
2-Impeller
contact with
casing/
backplate
3-Loss of
shaft support
(bearing
failure in
motor)
• Incorrect clearance
between impeller and
backplate
• Worn bearings on
motor
• Foreign object
• Incorrect rotation
• Temperature
exceeding
pump design
limits
• Coupling/Shaf
t mis-
alignment
• Inadequate
lubrication
67.
68. Mechanical seals are precision designed and
manufactured, yet one of the most common causes of
failure in Centrifugal pump types. By design mechanical
seals are friction contact devices and can be subjected to a
very wide range and often hostile operating environments.
Selecting the correct mechanical seal is imperative
To assist in identifying why a particular mechanical seal
has leaked it is important to record as much information
as possible:
1. How long has the seal been in operation (months, days, hours)? Is the seal subject
to continuous or intermittent running?
2. Check for any process changes i.e. pressure, speed, temperature and pumped
media details.
3. Where is the seal leaking from? i.e. seal faces and/or elastomers.
4. How badly is the seal leaking? i.e. constant or variable, only when shaft is
stationary
• Swollen, sticky or
disintegrating
• Hard or cracked
69. 1. Lack of prime Fill pump and suction pipe completely with liquid.
2. Wrong direction of
rotation
Check motor rotation with directional arrow on pump casing.
Wrong rotation will cause pump damage.
3. Cavitation; insufficient
NPSH (depending on
installation)
a. Increase positive suction head on pump by lowering pump or
increasing suction pipe size or raising fluid level.
b. Pressurize suction vessel
1. Obstruction in liquid
passages
Dismantle pump and inspect passages of impeller and
casing. Remove obstruction
2. Speed too low Check whether motor is directly across-the-line and receiving
full voltage. Alternatively, frequency may be too low; motor may
have an open phase
1-No or low flow
2-No or low pressure
70. 3-Excessive power consumption
1- Liquid heavier (in
either viscosity or
specific gravity) than
allowed for
Use larger driver. Consult factory for recommended
size. Test liquid for viscosity and specific gravity
2-Misalignment Realign pump and driver.
3- Shaft bent due to
damage - through
shipment or
operation
Dismantle pump and inspect shaft
71. Centrifugal pump inspection should be done regularly. But for different the level of
checking varies with how frequently these pump inspections are carried out. For
during routine pump inspections only the easy to monitor factors such as pressure,
temperature, vibration etc. can be checked
Routine inspections
Check the level and condition of the oil through the sight glass on the bearing
frame
Check for unusual noise, vibration, and bearing temperatures.
Check the pump and piping for leaks.
Analyze the vibration.
Inspect the discharge pressure.
Inspect the temperature.
Check the seal chamber and stuffing box for leaks.
Ensure that there are no leaks from the mechanical seal.
Adjust or replace the packing in the stuffing box if you notice excessive leaking.
72. monthly inspections
Check that the foundation and the hold-down bolts are tight.
Change the oil every three months at minimum.
Change the oil more often if there are adverse atmospheric or other conditions that
might contaminate or break down the oil.
Check the shaft alignment, and realign as required
Annual inspections
Check the pump capacity.
Check the pump pressure.
Check the pump power
If the pump performance does not satisfy your process requirements, and the process
requirements have not changed, then do the following:
1. Disassemble the pump
2. Inspect it.
3. Replace worn parts.
73.
74.
75.
76. Compressors are machines used to increase the total
energy level of a compressible fluid (either gas or vapor).
Molecular weight of compressed gas vary from 2
(Hydrogen) ~ 352 (uranium hexafluoride)
WHAT ARE COMPRESSORS ?
77. WHAT ARE COMPRESSORS
APPLICATIONS ?
Compressors can be used for:
Gas transmission through pipelines
Storage and transmission of energy (e.g. shop air
compression)
Volume reduction for storage or transportation (e.g.
LPG, LNG)
Process requirements (e.g. chemical reactions)
Energy conversion (e.g. Ref. system, heat pumps)
Compressed air provides torque and rotation power for
pneumatic tools, such as drills, brushes, nut runners,
riveting guns and screwdrivers
81. These compressors take air in at the
center or “eye "of the rotor. Due to the
high rotational speeds of the rotor, the air
is accelerated by the blades and forced
radially to the edge of the rotor at high
velocity by centrifugal force. There, the air
is received by the diffuser, which in turn,
converts the high velocity to pressure
energy.
83. How it Works?
1.As the rotors revolve, the space between the un meshing lobes increase allowing
inlet air or gas to fill up the intervening space, until the male lobe is disengaged from
the female lobe along its whole length.
The helices of the male and female rotors are designed to permit complete charging
of the inter – lobe space before they remesh.
2. On completion of the filling operation the inlet ends of the male and female rotors
pass the inlet port and become sealed in the casing.
3. With continuing rotation, the male and female lobes begin to re-engage each
other, the volume of this space is reduced and compression
86. A-Air is drawn in through the intake valve.
B-Air is contained between the rotor and the stator wall.
C-Air is compressed by decreasing volume. Oil is continually injected
to cool, seal and lubricate.
D-High pressure air passes into the primary oil separator.
E-Remaining traces of oil are removed in a final separator element,
providing high quality air.
F-System air passes through the after cooler, removing most of the
condensate.
G-Oil is circulated by differential internal air pressure. It passes
through an air-blast oil cooler and filter before being returned into the
compressor.
H-Air flow is regulated by an inbuilt modulation system.
87. ADVANTAGES
Long life and reliability by design
Quiet as standard
Slow Speed
High quality air
Ease of maintenance
Package Options (Power ranges 2 hp to 10 hp)
89. It employs two Twin Lobe impellers mounted on parallel shafts, rotating
in opposite direction within a casing closed at the ends by side plates.
As the impellers rotate, air is drawn into one side of the casing and
forced out of the opposite side against the existing pressures
Blowers are constant volume machines, which deliver a
fixed discharge against the system back pressure.
No attempt should ever be made to control the capacity of
compressor by means of throttle valves in the intake or discharge
piping. This increases the power load on the motor and may
seriously damage the compressor
available for flow rates from 25m3/hr to 10,000 m3/hr
working pressures upto 1 Kg/cm2.
90. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR WORKING PRINCIPLE &
COMPONENTS
1- Piston (s).
2- Piston rings.
3- Cylinder (s)
4- Valves (suction valve & discharge valve).
5- Driving mechanism (crank shaft,
connecting rod, cross head and piston rod).
6- Suitable frame
91.
92. 1- Suction Stroke
1- The piston moves from position (A) to position (B). This create
vacuum inside the cylinder. The differential pressure exists across
the suction valve (inlet valve). Inlet valve open.
2- Gas (or air) is drawn into the cylinder via (through) the suction
valve.
In the suction stroke the suction valve is open, the discharge valve is
closed, the piston movement from (A) to (B).
3- When the piston reach position (B) it stop before change the
direction of movement from (B) towards (A). At this moment both
valves (suction and discharge) are closed
93. 2- Discharge Stroke
1- The gas is trapped in the cylinder.
2- The piston moves from (B) to (A). The volume of gas decrease and its
pressure increases and the temperature also.
3- When the gas pressure inside the cylinder becomes higher than the pressure
of the gas in the discharge manifold, the discharge valve open and the gas
passes through the discharge valve to outside the cylinder.
4- The piston keep going pushes the gas outside the cylinder until it reaches
again position (A). When the piston reaches position (A), it completes one
complete cycle.
94.
95.
96. Surge
Dirty inlet air filter.
Too small inlet pipe (remote-mounted air filter).
High interstage air temperatures
Increase in water temperature
Increase in inlet air temperature.
Low Seal Air Pressure
Seal air regulator malfunctioning
Damaged seal air line.
Leaking fitting.
Leaking seals.
Troubleshooting
97.
98. Low System Air Pressure
Incorrect setpoint.
Incorrect valve calibration
Bad controller
Dirty inlet filter.
Leaking bypass valve.
High Vibration
Low oil temperature.
High oil pressure.
Incorrect coupling alignment.
Excessive grease in coupling.
Bad motor bearings.
Low Oil Pressure
Dirty oil filter.
Leaking check valve.
Wrong size pump.
High Oil Temperature
High water temperature
Incorrect oil.
Heat exchanger radiating fins dirty.
Inadequate water flow.
99. Failure to Start
No power to motor starter
Blown fuse.
Overloads tripped.
Low voltage.
Bad motor starter.
Failure to Load
Inlet valve stuck
No control air signal.
Controller setpoint too low.
High Air Temperature
Inadequate water flow.
High water temperature
Water control valve thermostat out of
calibration
100. Lubrication
oil injected into the compressor lubricates the bearings, gears, and rotors.
The lubricant cools the compressed air to about 40°C above ambient
temperature and helps seal running clearances in the rotor housing