An investigation of the quality of drinking water from commercial water boreh...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The gross inadequacy of public municipal drinking water supply in Nigeria compels individuals to make alternative arrangements for their drinking water supplies. In Kano, many people have embraced the sinking of water boreholes to obtain drinking water for private or commercial use, or both. In most cases the water is used directly for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene without any treatment. This paper investigates the quality of drinking water supplied from commercial boreholes in a selected area of Kano in Northern Nigeria. Samples of water from six commercial water boreholes, spread across Bomkpai and Yankaba, Niger Street and Airport Road-all in Kano municipality-were analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. Two boreholes from the Bomkpai area were found to contain lead and chromium in the excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) recommended limits. Samples from all the boreholes studied were above limits of WHO and NSDWQ standards in colonies of micro-organism and coliform organism. The paper concludes that the quality of drinking water from six investigated commercial water boreholes in Kano raises health concerns. It recommends proper government regulation of commercial water boreholes in Kano; enforcement of periodic water quality checks.; and subjecting all commercial water boreholes in the Bomkpai area of Kano to water quality analysis, especially to determine the levels of heavy metals, such as lead and Chromium.
An investigation of the quality of drinking water from commercial water boreh...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The gross inadequacy of public municipal drinking water supply in Nigeria compels individuals to make alternative arrangements for their drinking water supplies. In Kano, many people have embraced the sinking of water boreholes to obtain drinking water for private or commercial use, or both. In most cases the water is used directly for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene without any treatment. This paper investigates the quality of drinking water supplied from commercial boreholes in a selected area of Kano in Northern Nigeria. Samples of water from six commercial water boreholes, spread across Bomkpai and Yankaba, Niger Street and Airport Road-all in Kano municipality-were analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. Two boreholes from the Bomkpai area were found to contain lead and chromium in the excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) recommended limits. Samples from all the boreholes studied were above limits of WHO and NSDWQ standards in colonies of micro-organism and coliform organism. The paper concludes that the quality of drinking water from six investigated commercial water boreholes in Kano raises health concerns. It recommends proper government regulation of commercial water boreholes in Kano; enforcement of periodic water quality checks.; and subjecting all commercial water boreholes in the Bomkpai area of Kano to water quality analysis, especially to determine the levels of heavy metals, such as lead and Chromium.
Keywords: Borehole, Commercial, Drinking Water, Health, Regulation.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER LEVEL DEPLETION IN RIVERS PROJECT.pptxArjeetDewangan1
The drinking water crisis in many Indian cities is reaching alarming proportions. Urban population is suffering from irregular water supply, sometimes leading to clashes among them.
Rain Water Harvesting and Impact of Microbial Pollutants on Ground Water Rese...IJERA Editor
Developing countries are under heavy stress due to continuous depletion of ground water reserves. The urban
areas are developing and growing very fast due to population growth, increase in commercial and trade
activities, national and international tourism development as trade. The local migration of rural population due
to better job opportunities. Civic amenities are also the reason for population explosion in urban areas and thus
there is increase in the demand of basic needs like water, shelter and power. Due to the overall consumption of
water in urban and rural areas which has increased many fold in the recent past, causing depletion of water subsurface
reserves due to difference in natural recharge of reservoirs and the corresponding water demand. The
ground water is an integral part of the environment and there has been a lack of adequate attention to water
conservation, water use and reuse, ground water recharge, and ecosystem sustainability. To meet with the
challenge of under ground water shortage, lowering level of water table, efforts are being made to recharge the
aquifer system by the Rain Water Harvesting (R.W.H.). This noble act needs serious thought and follow up to
achieve the aim of recharging ground water free from pollutants like pesticide, bacteria and seepage causing
infection and pollution of the existing pure source of potable water. A study has therefore undertaken to assess
the possible bacterial intrusion through the rain water penetration at the deeper water bearing aquifers.
An investigation of the quality of drinking water from commercial water boreh...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The gross inadequacy of public municipal drinking water supply in Nigeria compels individuals to make alternative arrangements for their drinking water supplies. In Kano, many people have embraced the sinking of water boreholes to obtain drinking water for private or commercial use, or both. In most cases the water is used directly for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene without any treatment. This paper investigates the quality of drinking water supplied from commercial boreholes in a selected area of Kano in Northern Nigeria. Samples of water from six commercial water boreholes, spread across Bomkpai and Yankaba, Niger Street and Airport Road-all in Kano municipality-were analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. Two boreholes from the Bomkpai area were found to contain lead and chromium in the excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) recommended limits. Samples from all the boreholes studied were above limits of WHO and NSDWQ standards in colonies of micro-organism and coliform organism. The paper concludes that the quality of drinking water from six investigated commercial water boreholes in Kano raises health concerns. It recommends proper government regulation of commercial water boreholes in Kano; enforcement of periodic water quality checks.; and subjecting all commercial water boreholes in the Bomkpai area of Kano to water quality analysis, especially to determine the levels of heavy metals, such as lead and Chromium.
An investigation of the quality of drinking water from commercial water boreh...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The gross inadequacy of public municipal drinking water supply in Nigeria compels individuals to make alternative arrangements for their drinking water supplies. In Kano, many people have embraced the sinking of water boreholes to obtain drinking water for private or commercial use, or both. In most cases the water is used directly for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene without any treatment. This paper investigates the quality of drinking water supplied from commercial boreholes in a selected area of Kano in Northern Nigeria. Samples of water from six commercial water boreholes, spread across Bomkpai and Yankaba, Niger Street and Airport Road-all in Kano municipality-were analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. Two boreholes from the Bomkpai area were found to contain lead and chromium in the excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) recommended limits. Samples from all the boreholes studied were above limits of WHO and NSDWQ standards in colonies of micro-organism and coliform organism. The paper concludes that the quality of drinking water from six investigated commercial water boreholes in Kano raises health concerns. It recommends proper government regulation of commercial water boreholes in Kano; enforcement of periodic water quality checks.; and subjecting all commercial water boreholes in the Bomkpai area of Kano to water quality analysis, especially to determine the levels of heavy metals, such as lead and Chromium.
Keywords: Borehole, Commercial, Drinking Water, Health, Regulation.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER LEVEL DEPLETION IN RIVERS PROJECT.pptxArjeetDewangan1
The drinking water crisis in many Indian cities is reaching alarming proportions. Urban population is suffering from irregular water supply, sometimes leading to clashes among them.
Rain Water Harvesting and Impact of Microbial Pollutants on Ground Water Rese...IJERA Editor
Developing countries are under heavy stress due to continuous depletion of ground water reserves. The urban
areas are developing and growing very fast due to population growth, increase in commercial and trade
activities, national and international tourism development as trade. The local migration of rural population due
to better job opportunities. Civic amenities are also the reason for population explosion in urban areas and thus
there is increase in the demand of basic needs like water, shelter and power. Due to the overall consumption of
water in urban and rural areas which has increased many fold in the recent past, causing depletion of water subsurface
reserves due to difference in natural recharge of reservoirs and the corresponding water demand. The
ground water is an integral part of the environment and there has been a lack of adequate attention to water
conservation, water use and reuse, ground water recharge, and ecosystem sustainability. To meet with the
challenge of under ground water shortage, lowering level of water table, efforts are being made to recharge the
aquifer system by the Rain Water Harvesting (R.W.H.). This noble act needs serious thought and follow up to
achieve the aim of recharging ground water free from pollutants like pesticide, bacteria and seepage causing
infection and pollution of the existing pure source of potable water. A study has therefore undertaken to assess
the possible bacterial intrusion through the rain water penetration at the deeper water bearing aquifers.
HOLISTIC APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIAMunira Shahbuddin
The moral argument and ethical challenges and framework for sustainability through holistic water management in Malaysia. Should we confine to standard approach that only measures cost benefit analysis of social policies to serve the majority of the public and deprive basic rights (water, food, air and life) of the indigenous and rural communities.This lecture combines technical approaches in sustainable water management and philosophical views - to address problems and challenges in climate change and global warming.
This document has been prepared by the Agham Advocates of Science& Technology for the People (AGHAM) to aid local communities threatened by dam projects. This reference document contain information and tools that can be used by the community to have a better understanding of dams and make informed decisions how to collectively approach the dam project in their area. This guide is not exhaustive and complete, but centers on basic questions to learn more about the dam project in the area and to guide further research.
Eilon Adar. Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research. J.B. Institutes for Desrt Research. Ben Gurion University of the Negev. Foro "Promoviendo una Minería Sostenible"
Water harvesting – a solution to drought & falling level of ground water ...Sumit Dharmarao
India is one of the growing economy in the world. Nearly 65% population of nation depends upon agriculture to fulfill their needs, eventually whole economy of nation depends on Agriculture. Agricultural production based on availability of water. Due to high industrialization and deforestation rain rate is decreasing in Indian subcontinent which results in frequent droughts. Due to drought there is sudden reduction in agricultural production and also increased pressure on ground water. Shortness of water is coped by ground water. Every ones thirst of water results in undeclared competition eventually water level below ground falls down. Water harvesting means saving & storing every drop of water is the only solution to frequent drought & maintaining ground water level.
ASSESSMENT OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN CANAANLAND, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.O...Felix Oginni
Effluent from a sewage treatment plant in Covenant University, Canaanland is made to pass through a series of constructed wetland before discharging into a gully that drains into River Iju (also known as Atuara). This river is used as a source of drinking water and also provides food in form of fish for hundreds of thousands of people downstream and eventually enters the lagoon, some 60km away. Effectiveness and adequacy of the wastewater treatment facility in place was assessed in order to improve sanitation within this watershed, thereby alleviating environmental challenges in this coastal region of Nigeria. Waste water is gravity drained to the southwest portion of the campus where the solid is removed and the liquid is allowed to flow through six sets of constructed wetlands, each with four chambers. Within each chamber are water hyacinth plants put in place to remove nutrients from the waster water.
A quick survey of the facility shows the system to be effective in reducing and removing solids and dissolved solids from the waste water. The pH ranged between 6.6 and 6.8, conductivity from 530 to 600, and total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 360 – 400 ppm. The data obtained indicate that some modifications need to be made as the waste water treatment system is not very efficient in reducing the amount of TDS and nutrients. The flow rate is considered to be very high from cell to cell, thereby not allowing time for the plants and microbes to reduce the TDS. It is suggested that some method be devised to slow down the flow rate to allow the plants and microbes to work on reducing the TDS. Parameters also also considered included DO, E. Coli. Nitrate and Phosphates.
27 nov16 irrigation_management_by_loss_reduction_recycling_and_water_transferIWRS Society
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT BY LOSS REDUCTION, RECYCLING AND WATER TRANSFER
S. K. Mazumder
Former AICTE Emeritus Professor
L.V. Kumar
Former Director, Central Water Commission Former General Manager, WAPC
HOLISTIC APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIAMunira Shahbuddin
The moral argument and ethical challenges and framework for sustainability through holistic water management in Malaysia. Should we confine to standard approach that only measures cost benefit analysis of social policies to serve the majority of the public and deprive basic rights (water, food, air and life) of the indigenous and rural communities.This lecture combines technical approaches in sustainable water management and philosophical views - to address problems and challenges in climate change and global warming.
This document has been prepared by the Agham Advocates of Science& Technology for the People (AGHAM) to aid local communities threatened by dam projects. This reference document contain information and tools that can be used by the community to have a better understanding of dams and make informed decisions how to collectively approach the dam project in their area. This guide is not exhaustive and complete, but centers on basic questions to learn more about the dam project in the area and to guide further research.
Eilon Adar. Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research. J.B. Institutes for Desrt Research. Ben Gurion University of the Negev. Foro "Promoviendo una Minería Sostenible"
Water harvesting – a solution to drought & falling level of ground water ...Sumit Dharmarao
India is one of the growing economy in the world. Nearly 65% population of nation depends upon agriculture to fulfill their needs, eventually whole economy of nation depends on Agriculture. Agricultural production based on availability of water. Due to high industrialization and deforestation rain rate is decreasing in Indian subcontinent which results in frequent droughts. Due to drought there is sudden reduction in agricultural production and also increased pressure on ground water. Shortness of water is coped by ground water. Every ones thirst of water results in undeclared competition eventually water level below ground falls down. Water harvesting means saving & storing every drop of water is the only solution to frequent drought & maintaining ground water level.
ASSESSMENT OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN CANAANLAND, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.O...Felix Oginni
Effluent from a sewage treatment plant in Covenant University, Canaanland is made to pass through a series of constructed wetland before discharging into a gully that drains into River Iju (also known as Atuara). This river is used as a source of drinking water and also provides food in form of fish for hundreds of thousands of people downstream and eventually enters the lagoon, some 60km away. Effectiveness and adequacy of the wastewater treatment facility in place was assessed in order to improve sanitation within this watershed, thereby alleviating environmental challenges in this coastal region of Nigeria. Waste water is gravity drained to the southwest portion of the campus where the solid is removed and the liquid is allowed to flow through six sets of constructed wetlands, each with four chambers. Within each chamber are water hyacinth plants put in place to remove nutrients from the waster water.
A quick survey of the facility shows the system to be effective in reducing and removing solids and dissolved solids from the waste water. The pH ranged between 6.6 and 6.8, conductivity from 530 to 600, and total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 360 – 400 ppm. The data obtained indicate that some modifications need to be made as the waste water treatment system is not very efficient in reducing the amount of TDS and nutrients. The flow rate is considered to be very high from cell to cell, thereby not allowing time for the plants and microbes to reduce the TDS. It is suggested that some method be devised to slow down the flow rate to allow the plants and microbes to work on reducing the TDS. Parameters also also considered included DO, E. Coli. Nitrate and Phosphates.
27 nov16 irrigation_management_by_loss_reduction_recycling_and_water_transferIWRS Society
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT BY LOSS REDUCTION, RECYCLING AND WATER TRANSFER
S. K. Mazumder
Former AICTE Emeritus Professor
L.V. Kumar
Former Director, Central Water Commission Former General Manager, WAPC
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.