Eilon Adar. Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research. J.B. Institutes for Desrt Research. Ben Gurion University of the Negev. Foro "Promoviendo una Minería Sostenible"
Finding Water Through Rain introduces several
conservation alternatives in rainwater and stormwater
management. These concepts include greenway
acquisition, wetlands, cisterns, pervious concrete,
earthworks, native plants and green roofs. By
implementing these practices Atlanta could use rainwater
more efficiently.
Water harvesting – a solution to drought & falling level of ground water ...Sumit Dharmarao
India is one of the growing economy in the world. Nearly 65% population of nation depends upon agriculture to fulfill their needs, eventually whole economy of nation depends on Agriculture. Agricultural production based on availability of water. Due to high industrialization and deforestation rain rate is decreasing in Indian subcontinent which results in frequent droughts. Due to drought there is sudden reduction in agricultural production and also increased pressure on ground water. Shortness of water is coped by ground water. Every ones thirst of water results in undeclared competition eventually water level below ground falls down. Water harvesting means saving & storing every drop of water is the only solution to frequent drought & maintaining ground water level.
Asopos is a river that rises in Viotia and discharges into the South Euboea Gulf in Greece, about 60 km north of Athens.Forty years ago, in 1969, through a Presidential Decree, issued by the Military Government (Junta) that ruled Greece at the time, Asopos was proclaimed a Processed Industrial Waste receiver. The river the Ancient Greeks worshiped as a god (Asopos was Poseidon’s son) was unfortunate enough to run through areas that turn out almost 20% of Greece’s total industrial production.
Today, Asopos’ waters receive waste from hundreds of industries, situated at a nearby Industrial area. Nevertheless, only a slight amount of water reaches its estuary. The texture of the soil absorbs the largest part of the water, including all the industrial waste, and spreads it to the whole underground water. This results to a possibly irreversible pollution of a huge area with various waste, amongst which heavy metals, including the renowned due to recent publicity, Hexavalent Chromium. This is an element that causes cancer and/or mutations.
The water from the springs, the fountains and the drillings in this whole area is no longer suitable for any human use, neither drinking nor cooking, bathing and washing clothes, not even for watering plants!
Hundreds of thousands of residents inhabit the area, especially during the summer. All these people have been consuming water for years, without ever having been officially informed of the hazards, until early this summer (2007).
Recently, after 3 adjournments and a delay of 6 years, a trial took place. 10 out of 18 defendants were acquitted due to misrecorded data! For those convicted, the highest punishment was the ridiculous amount of EURO 5000 as a fine!
Various reportings have revealed that some industries open up drillings and convey inside all their waste- directly into the underground water!
We request that the Greek Government, the Greek Parliament, the European Community Authorities and every other qualified service take all necessary measures and actions in order to insure the restoration of Asopos river, as well as the indemnification of all the problems (health related, economical, environmental) the residents are facing due to this situation.
Finding Water Through Rain introduces several
conservation alternatives in rainwater and stormwater
management. These concepts include greenway
acquisition, wetlands, cisterns, pervious concrete,
earthworks, native plants and green roofs. By
implementing these practices Atlanta could use rainwater
more efficiently.
Water harvesting – a solution to drought & falling level of ground water ...Sumit Dharmarao
India is one of the growing economy in the world. Nearly 65% population of nation depends upon agriculture to fulfill their needs, eventually whole economy of nation depends on Agriculture. Agricultural production based on availability of water. Due to high industrialization and deforestation rain rate is decreasing in Indian subcontinent which results in frequent droughts. Due to drought there is sudden reduction in agricultural production and also increased pressure on ground water. Shortness of water is coped by ground water. Every ones thirst of water results in undeclared competition eventually water level below ground falls down. Water harvesting means saving & storing every drop of water is the only solution to frequent drought & maintaining ground water level.
Asopos is a river that rises in Viotia and discharges into the South Euboea Gulf in Greece, about 60 km north of Athens.Forty years ago, in 1969, through a Presidential Decree, issued by the Military Government (Junta) that ruled Greece at the time, Asopos was proclaimed a Processed Industrial Waste receiver. The river the Ancient Greeks worshiped as a god (Asopos was Poseidon’s son) was unfortunate enough to run through areas that turn out almost 20% of Greece’s total industrial production.
Today, Asopos’ waters receive waste from hundreds of industries, situated at a nearby Industrial area. Nevertheless, only a slight amount of water reaches its estuary. The texture of the soil absorbs the largest part of the water, including all the industrial waste, and spreads it to the whole underground water. This results to a possibly irreversible pollution of a huge area with various waste, amongst which heavy metals, including the renowned due to recent publicity, Hexavalent Chromium. This is an element that causes cancer and/or mutations.
The water from the springs, the fountains and the drillings in this whole area is no longer suitable for any human use, neither drinking nor cooking, bathing and washing clothes, not even for watering plants!
Hundreds of thousands of residents inhabit the area, especially during the summer. All these people have been consuming water for years, without ever having been officially informed of the hazards, until early this summer (2007).
Recently, after 3 adjournments and a delay of 6 years, a trial took place. 10 out of 18 defendants were acquitted due to misrecorded data! For those convicted, the highest punishment was the ridiculous amount of EURO 5000 as a fine!
Various reportings have revealed that some industries open up drillings and convey inside all their waste- directly into the underground water!
We request that the Greek Government, the Greek Parliament, the European Community Authorities and every other qualified service take all necessary measures and actions in order to insure the restoration of Asopos river, as well as the indemnification of all the problems (health related, economical, environmental) the residents are facing due to this situation.
Evaluation of the Wastewater Quality Improvement by The Channel Located Downs...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: The quality of treated wastewater coming from the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) by lagoons in Ouagadougou is not conform to national standard for discharge or for reuse in agriculture. The present study on the natural purifying capacity of the channel downstream of the WWTP aims to test the hypothesis that the quality of treated water running off through the gutter can significantly be improved for gardening. Then, the analyzes were done according French standards. So, the results between the output and a distance of 3 km along the channel indicate alkaline pH values slightly variable. Regarding carbon pollution, the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) average decreases from 1280 to 720 mg /l, while the average levels of Suspended Solids (SS) decreases from 343 to 300 mg /l. The nutrient contents such as orthophosphate and ammonia decrease with averages ranging from 9.18 and 6.05 mg /l for the former and 12 to 3.35 mg /l for the second whiletheconcentrationofnitratepassfrom2.91to6.37mg/l. Concerning microbiological pollution, faecal coliforms level increases from 3800 CFU /100 ml to 11300 CFU / 100 ml. In sum, there is a small auto scrubber power affected by factors as such as infiltration, high evaporation and anthropogenic activities near the channel.
Project Management Challenges in an Effluent Treatment Plant Construction PRABHASH GOKARN
Tata Steel operates India’s largest chromite mines at the Sukinda Valley in Odisha producing chrome ore which is subsequently converted it to Ferro Chrome and sold to customers across the world. A large quantity of water, generated during mining and due to rainfall, needs to be handled during the mining operations. Chrome Ore mainly contains tri-valent Chromic oxide and a very small fraction of hexavalent di-chromate. Water coming in contact with chromium ore preferentially leaches out soluble hexavalent chromium from the ore body, as a result, water from the mine contains 0.2 – 4 mg/l of hexavalent chromium against a safe limit of 0.005 mg/l for human consumption; requiring all water to be treated before its release from the mines. Thus, Tata Steel is setting up an effluent plant at Sukinda with a capacity of 108 million litres/day; perhaps one of the largest in the region; which will be complete by end June 2015.
ASSESSMENT OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN CANAANLAND, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.O...Felix Oginni
Effluent from a sewage treatment plant in Covenant University, Canaanland is made to pass through a series of constructed wetland before discharging into a gully that drains into River Iju (also known as Atuara). This river is used as a source of drinking water and also provides food in form of fish for hundreds of thousands of people downstream and eventually enters the lagoon, some 60km away. Effectiveness and adequacy of the wastewater treatment facility in place was assessed in order to improve sanitation within this watershed, thereby alleviating environmental challenges in this coastal region of Nigeria. Waste water is gravity drained to the southwest portion of the campus where the solid is removed and the liquid is allowed to flow through six sets of constructed wetlands, each with four chambers. Within each chamber are water hyacinth plants put in place to remove nutrients from the waster water.
A quick survey of the facility shows the system to be effective in reducing and removing solids and dissolved solids from the waste water. The pH ranged between 6.6 and 6.8, conductivity from 530 to 600, and total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 360 – 400 ppm. The data obtained indicate that some modifications need to be made as the waste water treatment system is not very efficient in reducing the amount of TDS and nutrients. The flow rate is considered to be very high from cell to cell, thereby not allowing time for the plants and microbes to reduce the TDS. It is suggested that some method be devised to slow down the flow rate to allow the plants and microbes to work on reducing the TDS. Parameters also also considered included DO, E. Coli. Nitrate and Phosphates.
Grey water systems presentation 6 18-2015 finalTony Green
The recent drought has prompted Governor Brown to enact
mandatory water restrictions for the first time in the history of the state of California. With no end to the drought in sight and the level of the state’s reservoirs being at their lowest levels in decades everyone will need to take steps to conserve this precious resource. Grey Water systems have recently been proposed as a method where home owners can help conserve water by using reclaimed
water produced by laundry, sinks and bathtubs in non-potable applications such as irrigation or flushing toilets.
Evaluation of the Wastewater Quality Improvement by The Channel Located Downs...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: The quality of treated wastewater coming from the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) by lagoons in Ouagadougou is not conform to national standard for discharge or for reuse in agriculture. The present study on the natural purifying capacity of the channel downstream of the WWTP aims to test the hypothesis that the quality of treated water running off through the gutter can significantly be improved for gardening. Then, the analyzes were done according French standards. So, the results between the output and a distance of 3 km along the channel indicate alkaline pH values slightly variable. Regarding carbon pollution, the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) average decreases from 1280 to 720 mg /l, while the average levels of Suspended Solids (SS) decreases from 343 to 300 mg /l. The nutrient contents such as orthophosphate and ammonia decrease with averages ranging from 9.18 and 6.05 mg /l for the former and 12 to 3.35 mg /l for the second whiletheconcentrationofnitratepassfrom2.91to6.37mg/l. Concerning microbiological pollution, faecal coliforms level increases from 3800 CFU /100 ml to 11300 CFU / 100 ml. In sum, there is a small auto scrubber power affected by factors as such as infiltration, high evaporation and anthropogenic activities near the channel.
Project Management Challenges in an Effluent Treatment Plant Construction PRABHASH GOKARN
Tata Steel operates India’s largest chromite mines at the Sukinda Valley in Odisha producing chrome ore which is subsequently converted it to Ferro Chrome and sold to customers across the world. A large quantity of water, generated during mining and due to rainfall, needs to be handled during the mining operations. Chrome Ore mainly contains tri-valent Chromic oxide and a very small fraction of hexavalent di-chromate. Water coming in contact with chromium ore preferentially leaches out soluble hexavalent chromium from the ore body, as a result, water from the mine contains 0.2 – 4 mg/l of hexavalent chromium against a safe limit of 0.005 mg/l for human consumption; requiring all water to be treated before its release from the mines. Thus, Tata Steel is setting up an effluent plant at Sukinda with a capacity of 108 million litres/day; perhaps one of the largest in the region; which will be complete by end June 2015.
ASSESSMENT OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN CANAANLAND, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.O...Felix Oginni
Effluent from a sewage treatment plant in Covenant University, Canaanland is made to pass through a series of constructed wetland before discharging into a gully that drains into River Iju (also known as Atuara). This river is used as a source of drinking water and also provides food in form of fish for hundreds of thousands of people downstream and eventually enters the lagoon, some 60km away. Effectiveness and adequacy of the wastewater treatment facility in place was assessed in order to improve sanitation within this watershed, thereby alleviating environmental challenges in this coastal region of Nigeria. Waste water is gravity drained to the southwest portion of the campus where the solid is removed and the liquid is allowed to flow through six sets of constructed wetlands, each with four chambers. Within each chamber are water hyacinth plants put in place to remove nutrients from the waster water.
A quick survey of the facility shows the system to be effective in reducing and removing solids and dissolved solids from the waste water. The pH ranged between 6.6 and 6.8, conductivity from 530 to 600, and total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 360 – 400 ppm. The data obtained indicate that some modifications need to be made as the waste water treatment system is not very efficient in reducing the amount of TDS and nutrients. The flow rate is considered to be very high from cell to cell, thereby not allowing time for the plants and microbes to reduce the TDS. It is suggested that some method be devised to slow down the flow rate to allow the plants and microbes to work on reducing the TDS. Parameters also also considered included DO, E. Coli. Nitrate and Phosphates.
Grey water systems presentation 6 18-2015 finalTony Green
The recent drought has prompted Governor Brown to enact
mandatory water restrictions for the first time in the history of the state of California. With no end to the drought in sight and the level of the state’s reservoirs being at their lowest levels in decades everyone will need to take steps to conserve this precious resource. Grey Water systems have recently been proposed as a method where home owners can help conserve water by using reclaimed
water produced by laundry, sinks and bathtubs in non-potable applications such as irrigation or flushing toilets.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER LEVEL DEPLETION IN RIVERS PROJECT.pptxArjeetDewangan1
The drinking water crisis in many Indian cities is reaching alarming proportions. Urban population is suffering from irregular water supply, sometimes leading to clashes among them.
This is a presentation about the overall hydrogeological conditions of the state of Kerala. Also, I've presented here a case study related to the groundwater resource (of the open-dug well) contamination problem of Kodiyathur village.
T4: GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT AND WATER GOVERNANCETHE EGYPTIAN EXPERIENCEFAO
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT AND WATER GOVERNANCETHE EGYPTIAN EXPERIENCE, By Fatma Abdel Rahman Attia,Professor Emeritus, Research Institute for GroundwaterThe National Water Research CenterMinistry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
ground water depletion and their effect.
What is Groundwater Depletion?
https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-solutions-of-groundwater-depletion.php . Overview of Ground Water in India Roopal Suhag February 2016
Ministry of Jal Shakti
. GROUNDWATER CRISIS IN INDIA
:: Drishti IAS Coaching in Delhi, Online IAS Test Series & Study Material
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
Do Linguistics Still Matter in the Age of Large Language Models.pptx
The Israeli Innovations for Overcoming Water Scarcity by Novel Water Technologies
1. Eilon Adar
Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research
J.B. Institutes for Desrt Research
Ben Gurion University of the Negev
eilon@bgu.ac.il Colombia 2013
2. Water in the
Middle East
is a scarce commodity
Demand and the actual consumption of water is far beyond
the annual rate of replenishment, exceeding the safe yield.
Annual renewable amount to about 1,400 m3
per person per year - less than 20% of the global average.
Closing the Gap between Water Availability (Supply) and Demand .
3. All major water resources
in the region are
transboundary –
Cross-Borders Water
Resources
4. The Goal: Bridging Over Water Shortage
Securing Sufficient & Adequate Water Supply by
implementing novel
water innovations and technologies
1. Improving Water utilization efficiency:
irrigation & water application; water reuse;
water management: supply and quality
2. New Water: Reclaimed treated sewage
&
Seawater and groundwater desalination
Simultaneously performed !
5. Agriculture: past and present
1958
1963-1975
1985-2010
Open field cultivation- History!
Colombia 2013
6. • Elevating Water Use Efficiency:
• Eliminate soil water evaporation.
• Sub-surface drip irrigation; Pulse-response irrigation;
• Sequential use of water.
Protected cultivation
Net houses & Green Houses
16. Will the conventional policy of Water Saving & Increasing Water-Use Efficiency
enable humanity to avoid water shortages and provide water security?
Will the conventional policy of Water Saving & Increasing Water-Use Efficiency
enable humanity to avoid water shortages and provide water security?
At most, only temporarily mitigate water scarcity!At most, only temporarily mitigate water scarcity!
We shall not be able to meet
the increasing demand for
water (and food) by simply
improving water-use
efficiency.
We shall not be able to meet
the increasing demand for
water (and food) by simply
improving water-use
efficiency.
17. One cannot sustain the water
and food supply with a
diminishing amount of water
and a continuously growing
population.
One cannot sustain the water
and food supply with a
diminishing amount of water
and a continuously growing
population.
Colombia 2013
23. Cotton plantations
Drip Irrigation with treated effluents
In
Judea Lowland Plateau
Israel:
82% Reclaimed Effluents = 68% of the water used by the
agriculture Sector
Israel:
82% Reclaimed Effluents = 68% of the water used by the
agriculture Sector
25. On Sept 2006 completed first 100 Million m3/year
Creating New Water: seawater, groundwater &
treated sewage desalination
By May 2010 - 150 Million m3/year
Ashkelon Plant
Hadera – 2010
Desalination plant
160 million M3/y
96”Concretepipe
Two
64”HDPE
Intakepipe,
1,300
m
64”HDPE
outfallpipe,
800m
96”Concretepipe
Palmachim 85 Mm3/y. April 2010
26. 0
36
100
130 145 160
280 305
405
505
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Development of sea water desalination plants in Israel along
the national system
(60)30
(100)
(135) 100
Hadera
Palmachim
Ashdod
Ashkelon
Full production
Since 12/05
Construction phase. Production at 10/09
Shafdan
(100)
Full production
Since 9/07
Sea Water Desalination Cost :
0.60- 0.70 US $/m3
Sea water desalination plant
Saline water desalination plant
(150M/y)
605 Mm3/y in 2015!
Colombia 2013
30. Benefits of antimicrobial peptides:
•Active against wide range of microorganisms
•Bacteria do not acquire resistance to it;
•Non toxic to humans
Peptide
Peptide
Peptide
Peptide
Reverseosmosis
membranesurface
Covalent immobilization of peptides on RO membranes through long linkers
Antimicrobial peptides kill bacteria by
permeabilization of bacterial cell membrane
Colombia 2013
34. Toward Zero Liquid Discharge
Wind Aided Intensified Evaporation
From a Prototype to Alfa Model and Beta site
Prototype
Alfa Model
Colombia 2013
35. WAIV Projects Around the Globe
The client: Mekorot – Israel’s national water company
Location: Ketziot – Israel
Application: Brackish water desalination brine
Colombia 2013
36. WAIV Projects Around the Globe
The client: Dead Sea Works
Location: Israel
Application: Minerals production
Colombia 2013
37. WAIV Projects Around the Globe
The client: General Motors
Location: Ramos Arizpe – Mexico
Application: BW Desalination brine
Colombia 2013
38. The Main Challenge:
Safe Discharge of Surplus Flow back/Produced Water Generated During
Production
Large volumes
Improper configuration
of sewage treatment
plants (STP’s)
Only a small fraction of
the flow back can be cut
into a new frac without
significant treatment to
remove TDS
On-site capacity
limitations frequently
require producers to
truck excess water to
alternative commercial
disposal facilities which
can be a major expense
and risk (Hazmat spills)
39. Water Reuse Practices and Brine Management Alternatives
Why Reuse?
• Potential to reduce discharges
• Minimize underground injection
of wastewater
• Conserve water resources
Byproduct Brine
• For now, evaporation or
discharge into drainage systems
are still the most common
methods in North America
(reuse of treated water is
growing in Australia). Hence,
brine minimization solution is of
critical need!
Colombia 2013
40. Increasing water saving and eliminating groundwater contamination
associated with leaching and tailing of mining industry
Eilon M. Adar & Ofer Dahan
Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research at the
Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Sede Boqer Campus
Colombia 2013
41. Real time monitoring of the heap hydraulic and chemical properties
Colombia 2013
42. The tailing dumps, the piles of waste material, and the superficial channels of effluents
increase the rate of contamination of the aquifers, affecting all the downstream rivers
and groundwater reservoirs with negative impact on agricultural activities that take
place downstream.
Objectives
Increasing water use efficiency for saving on water application by the mining industry.
Eliminating deep percolation of polluted water to protect local aquifers and eliminating further
contamination of downstream groundwater reservoirs.
The goals are:
Introducing an efficient water application method that decreases losses by evaporation and
eliminates un-necessary deep percolation;
Improving leaching efficiency in the heap-leaching production processes;
Containing the already polluted groundwater to avoid further contamination of the
downstream aquifers;
Assessing the hydro-chemical evolution of the percolating water along the vadose zone;
Assessing the hydro-chemical evolution within the sub-aquifer unites along the groundwater
flow trajectories.
Colombia 2013
43. Methodology
In order to face the aforementioned objectives one has to determine the following
parameters:
• Developing of combined under-cover high-low pressure sprinkling-dripping water
application system;
• Identifying the precise subsurface flow paths within the unsaturated (vadose) zone
from the on-surface treatment heap leaching piles and floatation and tailing lagoons
down to the local aquifers;
• Identifying the groundwater flow trajectories within and in-between sub-aquifer units;
• Identifying the hydraulic connectivity among the water bearing formations and the
neighboring aquifers;
• Quantify the water fluxes across the vadose (unsaturated) zone;
• Quantify the groundwater fluxes within and in-between sub-aquifer units.
Colombia 2013
51. Chloride concentration in soil water extracts (right hand profile), water samples
collected by the VSP (left hand four profiles), and in shallow groundwater under a
natural sand dune overlying the Coastal Aquifer, Israel. Colombia 2013
59. dt
dp
dp
d
V
dt
d
dt
dp
dp
d
V nn
=)(
dt
d
V nnn
n
)(
111
nnnnn
R
r
rnr
J
j
njn
I
i
ini
dt
d
VWQqq
Water Balance Expression for Cell n
dt
dh
SWQqq nn
R
r
rn
J
j
nj
I
i
in
111
The Mathematical Description
dt
dh
g
dt
dp
ghp dt
dh
dp
d
gV
dt
dp
dp
d
V nn
2
nnn
=)(
dt
d
V
n
n
nn
dp
d
gVS
*
dt
dh
Sn
*
nnn
=)(
dt
d
V
Colombia 2013
60. nCnk
C4k
nCIk
C2k
C1k
C3k
C3k
CIIk
CIIIk
CR4k
CR3k
CR2k
CR1k
Cnk
Mass balance expression for every "k" dissolved species
dt
dc
dt
d
cc nkVnV=)(
dt
d
V nnnknnknn
dt
dc
dt
dh
c nk*
nVn*
nS nknnkrn
R
1r
rknj
J
1j
nkin
I
1i
ik
WcQc)q(c)q(c
(k=1,2,3,...,Kn)
)c(
dt
d
VWcQc)q(c)q(c nknnnnkrn
R
1r
rknj
J
1j
nkin
I
1i
ik
dt
dc
dt
n
dp
dp
d
cc nkVnV=)(
dt
d
V nnnknnknn
dt
dh
g
dt
dp
ghp
dt
dc
dt
n
dh
dp
d
cc g nkVnV=)(
dt
d
V nnnknnknn
n
n
nn
dp
d
gVS
*
nnn VV *
Colombia 2013
61. The Mixing Cells Modeling (MCM) concept
Water Balance Expression
0
11 1
)1(
n
J
j
nj
R
r
I
i
inrn WQQS
nn n
All potential sources are identified
nn
J
j
nj
R
r
I
i
inrn WQQS
nn n
11 1
)2(
Leakage from the clay & marls formations
Wn
Colombia 2013
71. 4.525.000 4.530.000 4.535.000 4.540.000 4.545.0004.520.000
5.725.000
5.720.000
5.730.000
5.735.000
5.740.000
5.745.000
5.715.000
Goit37587
Goit211
Goit455
Goit385
Goit432
HyO37/69up
HyO36/69up
HyJ23E/2.2
Grob880
HyO27/69
Germany
Level 1-2
Cells configuration
I II
III
VI
V
IV
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
S-2
S-2
S-2
S-1
S-2
S-3
S-2
S-4
S-5
S-3
S-4
S-5
S-6
S-5
S-6
S-5
External source
Intermediate flow
Pumping rate(%)
662
894
618
650
644
620
660
772
877
570
894 EC (S/cm)
OUTFLOW
552
Colombia 2013
72. The groundwater flow pattern and connectivity among sub-
aquifer units in the Mulde groundwater basin
Colombia 2013
73. Basic Assumptions for the Transient Mixing Cell Model (MCMtr)
The spatial structure, geometry, size and volume of the cells remain constant along the
entire duration of the model;
The isotopes and the dissolved minerals are inert and do not compose any chemical
reactions within the aquifer;
The dissolved ions are in pseudo-equilibrium with the rocks and soil minerals;
All potential unknown fluxes (groundwater fluxes between compartments of the system
and discharge of external contributors to the compartments) have been identified in terms
of its hydrochemical and isotopic composition.
Spatial and temporal variations in chemical and isotopic composition within the aquifer is
exclusively due to 1) variable mixing ratios among the recharge components, and 2)
dilution and mixing along the groundwater flow-paths.
Complete mixing of all dissolved constituents within the designated cells;
No gradients of hydraulic heads, isotopic and chemical compositions are allowed within
the cells, only across the cell's boundaries.
74. Groundwater and surface water resources combined with the
anthropogenic impact (industry and agriculture), create a complex
hydrological and hydro-chemical flow system.
The spatial distribution of various sources of pollutants along rivers
and within lakes is closely related to the relative contribution of each of
the active sources.
complex hydrological and hydrochemical flow system
Diffused sources.
Colombia 2013
75. Objectives
Identifying active sources of recharge: fresh water &
pollutants;
Quantifying the amount of deep percolation into each sub-
aquifer unit along every segment of the aquifer;
Quantifying the groundwater fluxes within and along
every water bearing sub-aquifer unit;
Colombia 2013
79. Sources of Groundwater Recharge and Possible Pollutants
Into the downstream Basin
Colombia 2013
80. Surface reclamation does not eliminate subsurface
downstream leachate and leakage!
Colombia 2013
81. Summary
The MCM is aimed for complex hydro-geological basins with lack of hydrological
information that eliminate the possibility to solve hydrological model based on the
continuity equation.
The MCM model identifies and provides a quantitative assessment of deep
percolation into groundwater from different sources such as mining and agriculture.
Colombia 2013