Tetracyclines by Dr. P. Ravisankar M. Pharm., Ph.D.
Definition
Introduction
Classification
Historical background
Sources
Chemistry
SAR of tetracyclines
Mechanism of action of tetracyclines
Spectrum of activity
Uses of tetracyclines
Side effects of tetracyclines
These are antibiotics having a macrocyclic
lactone ring with attached sugars. Erythromycin
is the first member discovered in the 1950s,
Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin
are the later additions. Antimicrobial spectrum is narrow,
includes mostly gram-positive and a few gramnegative
bacteria, and overlaps considerably with
that of penicillin G. Erythromycin is highly active
against Str. pyogenes and Str. pneumoniae, N.
gonorrhoeae, Clostridia, C. diphtheriae and
Listeria, but penicillin-resistant Staphylococci
and Streptococci are now resistant to erythromycin
also.
All cocci readily develop resistance
to erythromycin, mostly by acquiring the
capacity to pump it out. Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
have been found to produce an erythromycin
esterase. Alteration in the ribosomal binding
site for erythromycin by a plasmid encoded
methylase enzyme is an important mechanism of
resistance in gram-positive bacteria. All the above
types of resistance are plasmid mediated. Change
in the 50S ribosome by chromosomal mutation
reducing macrolide binding a
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
Tetracyclines,Biological sources,History,Sturctures,SAR,Mechanism of action,Spectrum of activity,Important structural units and the three acidity constants in the tetracycline molucule,amphoteric nature,epimerisation, chelation with metals,toxicity and uses.
These are antibiotics having a macrocyclic
lactone ring with attached sugars. Erythromycin
is the first member discovered in the 1950s,
Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin
are the later additions. Antimicrobial spectrum is narrow,
includes mostly gram-positive and a few gramnegative
bacteria, and overlaps considerably with
that of penicillin G. Erythromycin is highly active
against Str. pyogenes and Str. pneumoniae, N.
gonorrhoeae, Clostridia, C. diphtheriae and
Listeria, but penicillin-resistant Staphylococci
and Streptococci are now resistant to erythromycin
also.
All cocci readily develop resistance
to erythromycin, mostly by acquiring the
capacity to pump it out. Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
have been found to produce an erythromycin
esterase. Alteration in the ribosomal binding
site for erythromycin by a plasmid encoded
methylase enzyme is an important mechanism of
resistance in gram-positive bacteria. All the above
types of resistance are plasmid mediated. Change
in the 50S ribosome by chromosomal mutation
reducing macrolide binding a
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
Tetracyclines,Biological sources,History,Sturctures,SAR,Mechanism of action,Spectrum of activity,Important structural units and the three acidity constants in the tetracycline molucule,amphoteric nature,epimerisation, chelation with metals,toxicity and uses.
-a broad-spectrum antibiotics.
-It is commonly used to treat acne, infection, and other infections caused by bacteria.
-The first of these compounds was chlortetracycline followed by oxytetracycline and tetracycline.
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. It is a protein synthesis inhibitor. It is commonly used to treat acne today, and, more recently, rosacea, and is historically important in reducing the number of deaths from cholera. Tetracycline is marketed under the brand names Sumycin, Tetracyn, and Panmycin, among others. Actisite is a thread-like fiber formulation used in dental applications. It is also used to produce several semisynthetic derivatives, which together are known as the tetracycline antibiotics. The term "tetracycline" is also used to denote the four-ring system of this compound; "tetracyclines" are related substances that contain the same four-ring system.
Sulfonamide (also called sulphonamide, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
Tetracyclines are Octahydro napthacene derivatives which are bacteriostatic potent broad spectrum antibiotics and are the most widely prescribed form of antibiotic after penicillins.
TETRA means = four
CYCL means = hydrocarbon rings
INE means = derivation.
Tetracyclines are introduced 50 years ago as potent broad spectrum antibiotics.
They are biosynthesized form acetic acid and propionic acid units in microorganisms.
antiviral drugs medicinal chemistry by padala varaprasadVaraprasad Padala
medicinal chemistry of antiviral drugs by padala varaprasad
mainly includes structures, SAR , mechanism of action, uses and toxicity of antiviral drugs
sulfonamides are the antimicrobial agents.It's act by folic acid synthesis inhibitors.It is PABA analogue competitive antagonist. first synthesised drug is prontosil.
In this slide contents history, mechanism of action, SAR, classification of drugs, some structure of important drugs, choice of drugs in different purpose, side effect, adverse effect.
-a broad-spectrum antibiotics.
-It is commonly used to treat acne, infection, and other infections caused by bacteria.
-The first of these compounds was chlortetracycline followed by oxytetracycline and tetracycline.
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. It is a protein synthesis inhibitor. It is commonly used to treat acne today, and, more recently, rosacea, and is historically important in reducing the number of deaths from cholera. Tetracycline is marketed under the brand names Sumycin, Tetracyn, and Panmycin, among others. Actisite is a thread-like fiber formulation used in dental applications. It is also used to produce several semisynthetic derivatives, which together are known as the tetracycline antibiotics. The term "tetracycline" is also used to denote the four-ring system of this compound; "tetracyclines" are related substances that contain the same four-ring system.
Sulfonamide (also called sulphonamide, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
Tetracyclines are Octahydro napthacene derivatives which are bacteriostatic potent broad spectrum antibiotics and are the most widely prescribed form of antibiotic after penicillins.
TETRA means = four
CYCL means = hydrocarbon rings
INE means = derivation.
Tetracyclines are introduced 50 years ago as potent broad spectrum antibiotics.
They are biosynthesized form acetic acid and propionic acid units in microorganisms.
antiviral drugs medicinal chemistry by padala varaprasadVaraprasad Padala
medicinal chemistry of antiviral drugs by padala varaprasad
mainly includes structures, SAR , mechanism of action, uses and toxicity of antiviral drugs
sulfonamides are the antimicrobial agents.It's act by folic acid synthesis inhibitors.It is PABA analogue competitive antagonist. first synthesised drug is prontosil.
In this slide contents history, mechanism of action, SAR, classification of drugs, some structure of important drugs, choice of drugs in different purpose, side effect, adverse effect.
In this presentation, Bruno Aziza details what's needed for Personal Analytics to become mainstream.
He refers to the big moments of transition as the AHAAS moments. AHAAS stands for:
AFFORDABLE.
HOLISTIC.
APPROACHABLE.
AUTOMATIC.
SHARABLE.
For more, connect with him directly @brunoaziza
CMO (Consumo de Medios Online), es la primera encuesta sobre usos de medios digitales en Chile, una investigación que comenzó en octubre de 2008 con el propósito determinar de manera concreta de qué se está hablando cuando se mencionan términos como contenidos digitales, plataformas web 2.0 y redes sociales
There was a time when mobile phones were of the size of a shoe and had no features other than calling and sms and at that time I used to play the game - Snake on my dads phone :p Now as the time has passed we have reached the age of smart phones which are capable of doing lot of stuff and world wide web of application causing serious concern where an attacker can use this platform to steal data. This issue of CHMag is dedicated Mobile/Telecom Hacking and Security.
The coverpage of this December issue was released at ClubHack 2011, India’s Pioneer International Hacking Conference held last week. Talking about ClubHack Conference, if you missed ClubHack here are the presentations available at - http://www.slideshare.net/clubhack and videos at http://www.clubhack.tv/event/2011/
We recently released CHMag's Collector's Edition Volume II. If you wish to buy the Collectors Editions (vol1 – from issue 1 to 10 & vol2- from issue 11 to 20), please write back to us: info@chmag.in. As of now its on demand printing.
Like the game - Snake, I have played lots of other games too which have reflected in the previous coverpages I have designed and yes I promise another awesome coverpage based on a game on the theme of android security which would be the theme for an upcoming issue, for which send in your articles to info@chmag.in
COMPARISON FREE ENERGY BINDING SITES NEURAMINIDASEijabjournal
Neuraminidase (NA) is the essential surface glycoprotein of the influenza virus. High- affinity neuraminidase inhibitors have been designed that interact only with the conserved active site and binding site residues. The neuraminidase (NA) of influenza virus is the target of anti – flu drug.for treatment of this
disease a thorough knowledge of neuraminidase protein is essential in order to produce potent drugs to suppress this enzyme..Drug design is by QSAR and docking methods, so we need a complete knowledge of receptor ligand, target site and binding site. This paper, using bioinformatics, Molecular Dynamics, Monte carlo and studied binding site NA enzyme in 310K temperature and different dielectrics (1, 78.39 and
32.63) for the best drug designing. We measured the potential energy of amino acids binding to the drug.Molecular Mechanics, Molecular Dynamic and Nanobiological have done a great assistance in drug designing.
Science Behind The News: TAP(Triaminopyrimidine) discovered as a promising dr...Kiran Shaw
In a path breaking discovery, Scientists from Bengaluru and across the world have discovered triaminopyrimidine (TAP) as a promising drug candidate for malaria that kills the parasite rapidly over a long duration.This article published by Nature on the 31st of March dwells into the science behind this drug discovery.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Spectroscopic Characterization of Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline: An Impact...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment for spectroscopic characterization of chloramphenicol and tetracycline using FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy.Methods: The study was performed in two groups (control and treatment) of each antibiotic. The control groups remained as untreated, and biofield treatment was given to treatment groups.
Spectroscopic Characterization of Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline: An Impact...albertdivis
The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment for spectroscopic characterization of chloramphenicol and tetracycline using FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
002. Cephalosporins for students 2023 Prof. P. Ravisankar.pdfDr. Ravi Sankar
Cephalosporins, Why Cephalosporins? Advantages of cephalosporins over penicillin, Mechanism of action of cephalosporins, Classification of cephalosporins, Structures of some important cephalosporins and cephamycins, Oximinocephalosporins, SAR of cephalosporins,Hydrolytic reactions, degradation and stability of cephalosporins, Uses of cephalosporins, Comparison between 6-APA and 7-ACA and penam and cepham.
1a. Prof. P. Ravisankar, Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur, AP., Ind...Dr. Ravi Sankar
Antibiotics, characteristics of an antibiotic, Brief historical background of antibiotics, Modern History of antibiotics, Classification of antibiotics, four groups of beta-lactam antibiotics, Classification of Penicillins, Penicillinase resistant Penicillins, Narrow spectrum anti-staphylococcal Penicillins, Amino Penicillins, Nomenclature of Penicillins, Stereochemistry of Penicillins, Hydrolysis of Penicillins, SAR of Penicillins, Mechanism of Penicillins, Beta-lactamase inhibitors, Therapeutic uses of Penicillins, Penicillin advantages, and disadvantages, Hypersensitivity or allergic reactions of Penicillins.
Finally, one of the best ways of reducing cancer is …..
Cancer prevention is an essential component of all cancer control plans because about 40 % of cancers are preventable.
Firstly…Public education campaigns are important in highlighting the dangers of smoking because possibly as many as 22 % (in the UK 30%) of cancers are caused by smoking.
Secondly, another 30% of cancers are diet-related. Decades of research have clearly shown that by living a healthy life, people can reduce the risk of developing the disease.
Screening tests help in finding Cancer earlier before developing any symptoms.
The benefits of eating high-fiber foods, fruit, and vegetables.
Epigallocatechin gallate, an antioxidant present in green tea, is another potential protective agent.
Finally, The new research funded by the UK and USA which aims to show the number of cancer cases could be prevented by known lifestyle and environmental factors,
like being a non-smoker, keeping a healthy weight, drinking less alcohol, eating a healthy balanced diet, and avoiding being exposed to certain infections or radiation.
Every country, regardless of resource level, can take steps to curb the cancer epidemic, save lives and prevent unnecessary suffering.
Finally, cancer prevention efforts should be preceded by a systematic planning process on cancer control.
Antibiotics definition, Early and modern history, classification of antibiotics, Mechanism of antibacterial action, bacterial cell and drug targets, penicillins nomenclature, degradation reactions of penicillins, medical classification of penicillins, SAR of penicillins, Mechanism of penicillins, Betalactamase inhibitors, Therapeutic uses of penicillins, toxicity of penicillins, Side effects of penicillins.
NOVEL SEPARATION AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF LEVOFLOXACIN, PRULIFLOXACI...Dr. Ravi Sankar
The core AIM of the present study is to develop a novel, rapid, precise and accurate RP-HPLC method for simultaneous separation and quantification of six fluoroquinolones OF LEVOFLOXACIN (LEVO), PRULIFLOXACIN (PRFX), GATIFLOXACIN (GATI), SPARFLOXACIN (SPAR), MOXIFLOXAXIN (MOXI) AND BALOFLOXACIN (BALO) for the the day to day analysis.
The author felt that a novel single method for separation and quantification of all the above said drugs on single chromatographic system without any minor changes in detection wavelength and mobile phase composition.
To develop rapid, sensitive and economical analytical method based on HPLC for separation and estimation of six fluoroquinolones pharmaceutical dosage forms.
To develop method with shorter run time and better sensitivity.
Reducing the solvent consumption to make it more eco-friendly.
Avoid the column damage by minimizing the buffer strength and pH of mobile phase than reported methods.
To validate the method for different parameters like Accuracy, Precision, Linearity, specificity, Robustness International Conference on Harmonization ICH Q2(R1) guidelines..
To apply the developed RP-HPLC method in the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations.
Analytical method development and validation of novel Levofloxacin, Pruliflox...Dr. Ravi Sankar
For the first time simple, selective, sensitive RP-HPLC method was developed for the separation and quantitative development of LEVO, PRFX, GATI, SPAR, MOXI and BALO relating to fluoroquinolone anti bacterials in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The most important advantage of developed method was that the 6 separate drugs can be determined on a single chromatographic system without modifications in detection wavelength and mobile phase by RP-HPLC. The chromatographic separation of the selected drugs was carried out on Welchrom C18 column consisting of 250 mm X 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size utilizing mixture of 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.1): Acetonitrile in the ratio of 70:30,v/v as mobile phase at the flow rate of 1mL/min with detection wave length at 293 nm by using UV spectrophotometric detector with total run time of 10 minutes and 3.613, 4.230, 4.707, 5.497, 5.880 and 6.253 minutes of retention time obtained for LEVO, PRFX, GATI, SPAR, MOXI and BALO respectively. All calibration curves for six drugs showed indicated linearity over a concentration range of 2-10 µg/mL. The results regarding to limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for LEVO, PRFX, GATI, SPAR, MOXI and BALO were found to be 0.116 µg/mL and 0.348 µg/mL; 0.152 µg/mL and 0.460 µg/mL; 0.084 µg/mL and 0.255 µg/mL; 0.186 µg/mL and 0.558 µg/mL, 0.162 and 0.493, 0.112 and 0.390 respectively. These results clearly show low values of LOD and LOQ. The said developed method was ultimately utilized for quantification of marketed formulation.
NOVEL SIMULTANEOUS SEPARATION AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF FOUR SARTANS...Dr. Ravi Sankar
The core AIM of the present study is to develop a novel, rapid, precise and accurate RP-HPLC method for simultaneous separation and quantification of Hydrochlorothiazide along with four sartans Telmisartan(TELM), Losartan(LOSA), Olmesartan(OLME) and Valsartan(VALS).
To develop Novel methods for separation and quantification of all the above said drugs on single chromatographic system without any minor changes in detection wavelength and mobile phase composition.
Total quality management (TQM), and current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP...Dr. Ravi Sankar
TQM, cGMP, Introduction, Definition, Importance, TQM frame work, Key concepts (Principles) of TQM, specific steps in the cycle, Benefits of TQM, cGMP, principles of GMP, Improtance of GMP, why GMP established?, difference between GMP and cGMP, GMP and cGMP regulations, code of federal regulations.
Dr. P. Ravisankar M. Pharm., Ph.D.
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Definition
Introduction
Classification
Structures,Functions,Deficiency,Diseases,Toxicity and uses.
Introduction to diuretics.
Therapeutic approaches.
Normal physiology of urine formation.
Classification of drugs .
Mechanism of action of Acetazolamide.
Mechanism of action of Thiazides.
Mechanism of action of Loop diuretics.
Mechanism of action of potassium sparing diuretics &aldosterone antagonists.
RIFAMPICIN [MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY] BY P.RAVISANKAR.Dr. Ravi Sankar
RIFAMPICIN SOURCE, STRUCTURES,MECHANISM OF ACTION,SAR,RIFAMYCINS, USES HOW T.B IS TREATED?
BY P. RAVISANKAR
VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE
VADLAMUDI
GUNTUR,
ANDHRA PRADESH
INDIA.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Tetracyclines BY Dr. P. Ravisankar M. Pharm., Ph.D.
1. 1
TETRACYCLINS
Dr. P. Ravisankar, M. Pharm., Ph.D.
By
V. Laya Sri.
Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur, A.P, INDIA
TETRACYCLINES
2. Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP 2
1. Definition
2. Introduction
3. Classification
4. Historical background
5. Sources
6. Chemistry
7. SAR of tetracyclines
8. Mechanism of action of tetracyclines
9. Spectram activity
10.Uses of tetracyclines
11.Side effects of tetracyclines
3. Definition:
Tetracyclines are octahydro napthacene derivatives
which are bacteriostatic and broad spectrum antibiotics
that kills certain infection - causing microorganisms and
are used to treat wide variety of infections.
5. Tetracyclines are introduced 50 years ago as potent broad spectrum
antibiotics.
They are biosynthesized from acetic acid and propionic acid units in
microorganisms.
Tetracyclines possess a wide specturm of acitivty i.e. gram+ve and gram-ve
bacteria.
They are mainly designed for oral route but parenteral and topical forms are
available.
Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
5
6. In 1945 Chlortetracycline (prototype) of tetracyclines was
discovered by Dr. Benjamin, M. Duggar under the guidance of
Yellapragada Subba Rao.
He was born in a poor Telugu Niyogi Brahmin family in
Bhimavaram in West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh.
He was an employee of Lederle Laboratories in U.S.A.
Dr. Duggar produced Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin) form
golden – colored soil bacterium called Streptomyces
aureofaciens by fermentation technology.
Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
6
7. He discovered many life saving drugs.
Vitamin B-12 (Cyanocobalamine).
Folic acid vitamin : A remedy medicine to cure “sprue”
Aureomycine (world’s first Tetracycline and cure cholera, typhoid, plague
& dysentry).
He was the first to discover Gramicidine (polypeptide antibiotic).
Methotrexate (To prevent blood cancer in children).
Hetrazin (elephantiasis & isnophelia, filariasis).
This Fisco Subbarao method got recognition amongst the world famous
scientists.
Isonicotinic acid Hydrazide (INH) ( To cureTuberculosis).
Discovered the role of ATP which are the sources of energy in human body.
Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
7
8. According to duration of action:
Short-acting (Half-life is 6-8 hrs)
• Tetracycline Chlortetracycline Oxytetracycline
Intermediate-acting (Half-life is ~12 hrs)
Long-acting (Half-life is 16 hrs or more)
• Doxycycline Minocycline Tigecycline
• Demeclocycline Methacycline
Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP 8
10. Tetracyclines are obtained from various species of
Streptomyces bacteria by fermentation technology
Chlortetracycline(aureomycin)
from Streptomyces aureofaciens.
Oxytetracycline (Terramycin)
from Streptomyces rimosus.
Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP 10
11. Stereochemistry of tetracyclines is very complex.
Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
11
4,4a,5,5a,6,12a
Methacycline , Oxytetracycline, Meclocycline, Doxycycline
possess 5-hydroxy Substituent have 6 chiral carbon atoms.
Others have only 5 chiral carbon atoms.
12. Important structrual units and the three acidity constants in the
tetracycline molecule.
(conjugated
Trione system
Is acidic nature)
pka1 (2.8-3.4)
(Conjugated phenolic
Enone system is slightly
basic)
Strong alkaline.
Pka (7.2-7.8) Pka3 (9.1-9.7)
13. O O
OH
NH2
CH3HO
C
O
OH
OHOH
CH3H3C
N
H3C
CH3
H3C
H
N
O
N
H
CH3H3C
N
O O
OH
NH2
C
OH
OHOH
CH3H3C
N
O
CH3H3C
N
O O
OH
NH2
C
OH
OHOH
CH3H3C
N
O
O O
OH
NH2
C
OHCH2
O
OH
OHOH
CH3H3C
N
N
H3C CH3
OH OH
OH
O
OH
C
HO CH3
NH2
OH
OO
N
H3C CH3
Cl
OH OH
OH
O
CH2 OH
C
NH2
OH
OO
O O
OH
NH2
CH3HO
C
Cl
OOH
OH
OH
CH3H3C
N
O O
OH
NH2
H
C
Cl HO
OOH OH
OH
CH3H3C
N
121110
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
METHACYCLINE
[Rondomycin]
OXYTETRACYCLINE
Terramycin, (Urobiotic)
CHLORTETRACYCLINE
Aureomycin
TETRACYCLINE
Achrommycin, Sumycin,
Panmycin, Teracap, Tetracyn, Tetralan
TIGECYCLINE
Tygacil™
MECLOCYCLINE
Meclan
MINOCYCLINE
Arestin, Dynacin,
Vectrin, Minocin
DEMECLOTETRACYCLINE
Declomycin
O O
OH
NH2
C
H3C OHH
OOH OH
OH
CH3H3C
N
DOXYCYCLINE
Vibramycin, Vibra–Tabs
Doryx, Doxy
STRUCTURES OF IMPORTANT TETRACYCLINES
Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP 13
14. OH OH
CONH2
OH
R1
O O
R2
R3
H
R4
H
N(CH3)2
OH
ABCD
1
2
3
4
4a
5
5a
6
6a
7
8
9
10
10a
11
11a
12
12a
N(CH3)2 Increases
activity
Conversion to nitriles
causes a 20 fold increase
in activity
Modification leads
to loss of activity
=CH2 Increases the
Antibacterial activity
Elimination of 6-OH group
increase lipophilicity
& more stable to acids.
Ex: Doxycycline.
‘D’ ring should be
always aromatic
Changes in this ring
Leads to biological
inactivation of the
molecule.
Additional glycyl amino
substitution at the 9th
Position leads to the new
Class of antibiotics
the glycylcyclines.
EX: Tigecycline.(Tygacil)
The keto-enol
tatomerism
Between c2 and c3 are
very
important for
biological
activity.
Inviolate zone is essential
The linearly fused tetracyclic
nucleus is most important
for the antibiotic activity.
Electron donating (or)
electron withdrawing
groups at c7 increased
Antibacterial activity
Substitution with –OH Produce water
soluble derivatives which can
be administered orally.
Epimerization at c4
and dehydration at 5a
results loss of activity.
Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
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Structural Activity Relationship:
15. Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
SUMMARY:
OH
CONH2
OHOH
R1
R2
O O
N(CH3)2
OH
H
R4
H
R3
1
4
2
3
4a
5
5a
6
6a
7
8
9
10
10a
11
11a
12
12a
ABCD
S.NO Structural Modifications Effects
1. Any modification No bacterial activity
2. Acetyl group only Slightly activity retained
3. Any modification No bacterial activity
4. α dimethylamino group NHCH3 retains more activity
5a. Loss of H Inactive degradation product
6. Remove OH,CH3 or both More stable compound
7. Cl,Br,NO2,(CH3)2N- Activity retained
8. Little information available _
9. Cl and CH3 Decreased activity
10,11,11a,12. “Inviolate zone” including C-1 Diminished activity
16. Epimerization:
OH
CONH2
OHOH
HO
O O
N(CH3)2
OH
H H
CH3
1
4
2
3
4a
5
5a
6
6a
7
8
9
10
10a
11
11a
12
12a
ABCD
H H
H
OH OH
CONH2
OH
O O
N(CH3)2CH3
H
H
H
OH
-H2O
Tetracycline
(Active)
Anhydrous Tetracycline
(Inactive)
H+
H
OH
CONH2
OH
OH O
H
H
H
OH
O
HO N(CH3)2
CH3 H
4-Epi tetracycline
(Inactive)
-H2O
H
OH OH
CONH2
OH
O O
CH3
OH
H
N(CH3)2
4-Epianhydro tetracycline
(Inactive)
H+
Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
16
Strong acids and bases
Attack those tetracyclines
Which possess an –OH group at
C-6 and form inactive
anhydrotetracyclines
17. Base-catalyzed instability of tracylines:
OH
CONH2
OHOH
HO
O O
N(CH3)2
OH
H H
CH3
1
4
2
3
4a
5
5a
6
6a
7
8
9
10
10a
11
11a
12
12a
ABCD
H H
OH-
-H2O
OH
CONH
2
OH
OHO O
N(CH3)2
OH
CH3H
H
H
H
O
Isotetracycline
(Inactive)
Tetracycline
Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
17
Under alkaline condition, OH at C6 change into oxygen anion and
then attacks the C-11 (ketone group) lead to intramolecular
nuclear reaction, by electron transfer, C ring rupture to generate
inactive isotetracycline lactone.
18. CHELATION:
Tetracyclines
Ca2+, Fe2+
Al3+, Fe3+
Citrates
lipoproteins
Serum albumin
globulins
Metal
complexes
(Insoluble in
water at
neutral PHs)
Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
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This insolubility is not only inconvenient for the preparation of
solutions but also interferes with blood levels on oral administration.
The tetracycline's are incompatible with co-administered,
multivalent ion-rich antacids and with hematinics and concomitant
consumption of daily products rich in calcium ion also is
contraindicated.
19. Amphoteric nature of tetracyclines:
• Tetracyclines are amphoteric compounds.
• Amphoteric = form salts with both strong acids and bases.
Three structrual units of tetracyclines representing 3pka values.
Pka1--- Conjugated trione system extending from C1 to C3 of
ring A is acidic nature of Pka 2.8-3.4.
Pka2--- Conjugated phenolic enone system from C10-C12 is
associated with weak basic Pka values ranging from 7.2-7.8.
Pka3-- C4 atom and its substituents exhibits Pka3 ranging from
9.1 to 9.7. which represents strong alkaline nature.
Because of the amphoteric nature tetracyclines forms water soluble salts
with strong acids such as HCl and strong bases such NaOH, KOH.
Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
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20. Tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome involved
in the translation(protein synthesis) process and making them bacteriostatic.
The bacterial ribosome is a 70s particle made up of 30s subunit and 50s subunit.
The 30s subunit binds mRNA and initiates the protein synthesis.
The 50s subunit combines with the 30s subunit-mRNA complex to form a ribisome
then binds aminoacyl tRNA and catalyses the building of the protein chain..
There are two main binding sites for the tRNA molecule.
The peptidyl(p-site) binds the tRNA bearing the peptide chain
The acceptor aminoacyl site (A-site)
Tetracyclines reversibly bind to the 30S subunit at the A-site to prevent attachment
of the amino acyl tRNA, terminating the translation process.
. .
Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
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22. Animation Illustrating the Role of Tetracyclines in Blocking Translation
during Bacterial Protein Synthesis
23. Gram +ve & -ve bacteria
Spirochetes
Mycoplasms
Rickettsiae
Candida Albicans
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Chlamydia Trachomatis
Borrelia Recurrentis
Yersinia Pestis
Vibrio Cholerae
Campylavacter Fetus
Brucella Specie
Streptococcus Pneumonia
Neisseerie Gonorrhoeae
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• Tetracyclines are broad spectrum antibiotics.
They are active against following micro organisms:
24. • Tetracyclines are called "broad-spectrum" antibiotics, because they can
be used to treat a wide variety of infections.
• Physicians may prescribe these drugs to treat eye infections.
• Tetracyclines are generally a low-cost alternative among antibiotics.
• Interestingly, a form of tetracycline has recently been used in
prevention of cancer recurrence.
• Tetracyclines may be used in the treatment of infections of the
respiratory tract, sinuses, middle ear, intestines.
• Gonorrhoea
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29. Contraindications of Tetracycline Antibiotics :
Can stain developing teeth (even when taken by the mother during
pregnancy)
Inactivated by Ca2+ ion, not to be taken with milk, yogurt, and other dairy
products.
Skin photosensitivity; exposure to the Sun or intense light is not
recommended
Drug-induced lupus, and hepatitis
Can induce microvesicular fatty liver.
May interfere with methotrexate by displacing it from the various protein
binding sites
Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
29
:
30. • Tetracyclines should therefore
be avoided in pregnant or
lactating women.
• Tetracycline might cause
stains to developing adult
teeth,which cannot be easily
removed with conventional
tooth whitening.
• Tetracycline can
cause skin reaction.
Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
30
31. • Mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
• White patches or sores inside your
mouth or on your lips .
• Swollen tongue, trouble swallowing.
• Vaginal itching or discharge.
• Loss of appetite, jaundice (yellowing
of the skin or eyes).
Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP 31
32. • Cholesterol-lowering medications such as cholestyramine
(Prevalite, Questran) .
• Isotretinoin (Accutane).
• Tretinoin (Renova, Retin-A, Vesanoid) .
• A blood thinner such as warfarin (Coumadin).
• A penicillin antibiotic such as amoxicillin (Amoxil, Trimox,
others).
• Penicillin (BeePen-VK, Pen-Vee K, Veetids, others).
• Dicloxacillin (Dynapen)
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33. Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
33
Finish the prescription.
Take on empty stomach.
Take with plenty of water.
Shake well.
Do not take with milk, antacids, or iron
.
Avoid exposure to sun.
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Do not use this medication if you are pregnant..
Tetracycline passes into breast milk and may affect bone and tooth
development in a nursing baby.
Do not give tetracycline to a child younger than 8 years old.
Avoid exposure to sunlight or artificial UV rays.
Do not take iron supplements, multivitamins, calcium supplements,
antacids.
Throw away any unused tetracycline when it expires or when it is
no longer needed.
35. • KEY POINTS
• The tetracyclines are bacteriostatic antibiotics that have a broad spectrum of activity and are the most widely
prescribed form of antibiotic after penicillins.
• The tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria.
• The tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of ribosomes and preventing aminoacyl-
tRNA from binding. This stops the further addition of amino acids to the growing protein chain. Protein release is
also inhibited.
• The tetracyclines were originally used for many types of respiratory infections, but have been largely replaced by
beta-lactams because of the problems of resistance. However, they are still the agents of choice for the treatment of
Lyme disease, rickettsia, and infections caused by chlamydia.
• They are also used to treat acne and a variety of different infections including respiratory and genital infections.
Doxycycline has been found to be useful for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria, and is cheaper than other
antimalarial agents.
• The drug can also be used for the treatment of a variety of diseases including syphilis, sinusitis, oral herpes simplex,
and acne. It is a possible agent for the treatment or prophylaxis of anthrax.
• Tetracyclines should be avoided for young children and pregnant mothers since they can bind to developing teeth
and bone, leading to tooth discolouration.
• Resistance to tetracyclines can arise through several mechanisms. Some organisms have effective efflux
mechanisms that pump the drug back out of the cell. Resistance can also arise from alterations in the bacterial
ribosomes, such that they have lower affinity for the agents.
•
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College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
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37. Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
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• D. Sri Ram, P. Yogeswari., Medicinal Chemistry;
2nd Edition;316-321.
• K.Illango , P. Valentina., Text book of Medicinal Chemistry;
vol-II;150-158.
• Dr. S. S. Kadam., Principles of Medicinal Chemistry;
Vol-I;5.26.
• Wilson and Gisvold’s., Text book of Organic Medical and
Pharmaceutical Chemistry;12th Edition;341-348.
38. Vignan Pharmacy College,Vadlamudi,Guntur.dst,AP
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• G. L. Patrick., Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry
• William O. Foye., Textbook of Medicinal Chemistry,
Lea & Febiger , Philadelphia.
• S. N. Pandeya., Medicinal Chemistry; Vol-II; 837-850.
• Rama Rao., Medicinal Chemistry ; 120 – 124.