The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment for spectroscopic characterization of chloramphenicol and tetracycline using FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy.Methods: The study was performed in two groups (control and treatment) of each antibiotic. The control groups remained as untreated, and biofield treatment was given to treatment groups.
An Impact of Biofield Treatment: Antimycobacterial Susceptibility Potential U...albertdivis
The aim was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment modality on mycobacterial strains in relation to antimycobacterials susceptibility. Mycobacterial sensitivity was analysed using 12 B BACTEC vials on the BACTEC 460 TB machine in 39 lab isolates (sputum samples) from stored stock cultures.
ACRI is a leading clinical research training institute in Bangalore.
ACRI creates a value add for every degree. Our PGDCRCDM course is approved by the Mysore University. Graduates and Post Graduates and even PhDs have trained with us and got enviable positions in the Clinical Research Industry. ACRI supplements University training with Industry based training, coupled with hands-on internships and projects based on real case studies. The ACRI brand gives the individual the confidence and expertise to join the ever-growing workforce both in the country and abroad.
An Impact of Biofield Treatment: Antimycobacterial Susceptibility Potential U...albertdivis
The aim was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment modality on mycobacterial strains in relation to antimycobacterials susceptibility. Mycobacterial sensitivity was analysed using 12 B BACTEC vials on the BACTEC 460 TB machine in 39 lab isolates (sputum samples) from stored stock cultures.
ACRI is a leading clinical research training institute in Bangalore.
ACRI creates a value add for every degree. Our PGDCRCDM course is approved by the Mysore University. Graduates and Post Graduates and even PhDs have trained with us and got enviable positions in the Clinical Research Industry. ACRI supplements University training with Industry based training, coupled with hands-on internships and projects based on real case studies. The ACRI brand gives the individual the confidence and expertise to join the ever-growing workforce both in the country and abroad.
Ligand and structure based drug design against antimicrobial resistance induc...Mohit Kumar
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium found usually in the stomach of a person with chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers. More than 50% of the world’s population harbor H. pylori in their upper gastrointestinal tract. About 85% of people infected with H. pylori never experience symptoms or complications. Individuals with chronic gastritis and infected with H. pylori have a 10 to 20% lifetime risk of developing peptic ulcers, MALT lymphoma, the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and several extra-gastric diseases. No vaccines are developed yet and the bacterial antibiotic resistance has been a growing concern. Helicobacter pylori produce virulence and antibiotic resistance through quorum sensing mechanisms by generating AI-2. Inhibition of quorum sensing would be a novel approach for the effective treatment of antibiotic-resistant strains of H. pylori. Chemical nature of AI-2 is furanosyl borate diester which is generated from 4,5-dihydroxy 2,3-pentanedione (DPD). But there are no synthetic congeners of AI-2 and DPD compounds tested against H. pylori till date. Therefore, it is the aim of the present study to design some potent AI-2 and DPD compounds under the framework of pharmacophore modeling.
genotoxicity,guidelines and history of genotoxicity,importance of genotoxicity,causactive agents of genotoxicity,invitro,invivo methods of genotoxicity studies.
This lecture outlines the different strategies for finding a fragment hit and the subsequent elaboration strategies used in order to increase potency to develop a lead compound in drug discovery.
Part of the MaRS Best Practices Series - Pre-Clinical development workshop
http://www.marsdd.com/bestpractices
Speaker: Jack Jiang, VP Medicinal and Analytical Chemistry, Ricerca BioSciences
This presentation provides a knowledge about Toxicology, its types , definition, regulatory guidelines for conducting toxicological studies, OECD guidelines for GLP. This is an assignment in the subject, Pharmacological & Toxicological Screening Methods - II, 2nd Semester, M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
Toxicology testing, also known as safety assessment, or toxicity testing, is conducted to determine the degree to which a substance can damage a living or non-living organism. It is often conducted by researchers using standard test procedures to comply with governing regulations, for example for medicines and pesticides. Much toxicology is considered to be part of the field of preclinical development. Stages of in vitro and in vivo research are conducted to determine safe doses of exposure in humans before a first-in-man study. Toxicology testing may be conducted by the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology companies or contract research organizations.
Drug development is a high-risk enterprise. The typical new drug takes 10-12 years to get to market and costs up to $500 million. Pharmaceutical companies face continually increasing challenges in drug development— shorter product life cycles, global competition, as well as daunting technical and regulatory hurdles. Meanwhile, as a result of the Human Genome Project and high throughput drug development methods, there are many more drug candidates to test. Thus, there is growing pressure on pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies.
Target Validation Academy Of Medical Sciences 1 Dec 2006Mike Romanos
An overview of the issues and approaches in selecting the best targets for drug discovery and validating them. Given at the Drug Discovery Forum held at the Royal Society, London and organised by the Academy of Medical Sciences
Ligand and structure based drug design against antimicrobial resistance induc...Mohit Kumar
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium found usually in the stomach of a person with chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers. More than 50% of the world’s population harbor H. pylori in their upper gastrointestinal tract. About 85% of people infected with H. pylori never experience symptoms or complications. Individuals with chronic gastritis and infected with H. pylori have a 10 to 20% lifetime risk of developing peptic ulcers, MALT lymphoma, the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and several extra-gastric diseases. No vaccines are developed yet and the bacterial antibiotic resistance has been a growing concern. Helicobacter pylori produce virulence and antibiotic resistance through quorum sensing mechanisms by generating AI-2. Inhibition of quorum sensing would be a novel approach for the effective treatment of antibiotic-resistant strains of H. pylori. Chemical nature of AI-2 is furanosyl borate diester which is generated from 4,5-dihydroxy 2,3-pentanedione (DPD). But there are no synthetic congeners of AI-2 and DPD compounds tested against H. pylori till date. Therefore, it is the aim of the present study to design some potent AI-2 and DPD compounds under the framework of pharmacophore modeling.
genotoxicity,guidelines and history of genotoxicity,importance of genotoxicity,causactive agents of genotoxicity,invitro,invivo methods of genotoxicity studies.
This lecture outlines the different strategies for finding a fragment hit and the subsequent elaboration strategies used in order to increase potency to develop a lead compound in drug discovery.
Part of the MaRS Best Practices Series - Pre-Clinical development workshop
http://www.marsdd.com/bestpractices
Speaker: Jack Jiang, VP Medicinal and Analytical Chemistry, Ricerca BioSciences
This presentation provides a knowledge about Toxicology, its types , definition, regulatory guidelines for conducting toxicological studies, OECD guidelines for GLP. This is an assignment in the subject, Pharmacological & Toxicological Screening Methods - II, 2nd Semester, M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
Toxicology testing, also known as safety assessment, or toxicity testing, is conducted to determine the degree to which a substance can damage a living or non-living organism. It is often conducted by researchers using standard test procedures to comply with governing regulations, for example for medicines and pesticides. Much toxicology is considered to be part of the field of preclinical development. Stages of in vitro and in vivo research are conducted to determine safe doses of exposure in humans before a first-in-man study. Toxicology testing may be conducted by the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology companies or contract research organizations.
Drug development is a high-risk enterprise. The typical new drug takes 10-12 years to get to market and costs up to $500 million. Pharmaceutical companies face continually increasing challenges in drug development— shorter product life cycles, global competition, as well as daunting technical and regulatory hurdles. Meanwhile, as a result of the Human Genome Project and high throughput drug development methods, there are many more drug candidates to test. Thus, there is growing pressure on pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies.
Target Validation Academy Of Medical Sciences 1 Dec 2006Mike Romanos
An overview of the issues and approaches in selecting the best targets for drug discovery and validating them. Given at the Drug Discovery Forum held at the Royal Society, London and organised by the Academy of Medical Sciences
Semaiskolen er et udviklingsorienteret, aktivt og dynamisk socialpædagogisk opholdssted med fokus på det enkelte barns udvikling og trivsel.
Semaiskolen er et fondsdrevet opholdssted med mere end 20 års erfaring, med en overordnet og ulønnet bestyrelse.
Vi modtager børn og unge i alderen 8-18 år med sociale og emo¬tionelle vanskeligheder, der har behov for en anbringelse uden for eget hjem.
Semaiskolen er lokaliseret i naturskønne omgivelser på Kalumvej 58, Serritslev, nord for Brønderslev, hvor de to af tre opholdsafdelinger, dagtilbud og admini¬stration er beliggende.
Den tredje afdeling forefindes 8 kilometer derfra, på Enggaardsvej 51 i Brønderslev. I hver afdeling er der ansat en afdelingsleder og fem pædagoger til fem børn/unge. Al arbejde på Semaiskolen sker med udgangspunkt i den kommmunale handleplan.
Semaiskolen er desuden godkendt til at etablere soloprojekter, aflastningtilbud, efterværn og udslusning.
Управление задачами и проектами с системой IQ300IQ300
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Spectroscopic Characterization of Disulfiram and Nicotinic Acid after Biofiel...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Disulfiram is being used clinically as an aid in chronic alcoholism, while nicotinic acid is one of a B-complex vitamin that has cholesterol lowering activity. The aim of present study was to investigate the impact of biofield treatment on spectral properties of disulfiram and nicotinic acid. The study was performed in two groups i.e., control and treatment of each drug. The treatment groups were received Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment. Subsequently, spectral properties of control and treated groups of both drugs were studied using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopic techniques. FT-IR spectrum of biofield treated disulfiram showed the shifting in wavenumber of C-H stretching from 1496 to 1506 cm-1 and C-N stretching from 1062 to 1056 cm-1. The intensity of S-S dihedral bending peaks (665 and 553 cm-1) was also increased in biofield treated disulfiram sample, as compared to control. FT-IR spectra of biofield treated nicotinic acid showed the shifting in wavenumber of C-H stretching from 3071 to 3081 cm-1 and 2808 to 2818 cm-1. Likewise, C=C stretching peak was shifted to higher frequency region from 1696 cm-1 to 1703 cm-1 and C-O (COO-) stretching peak was shifted to lower frequency region from 1186 to 1180 cm-1 in treated nicotinic acid. UV spectrum of control and biofield treated disulfiram showed similar pattern of UV spectra. Whereas, the UV spectrum of biofield treated nicotinic acid exhibited the shifting of absorption maxima (λmax) with respect of control i.e., from 268.4 to 262.0 nm, 262.5 to 256.4, 257.5 to 245.6, and 212.0 to 222.4 nm. Over all, the FT-IR and UV spectroscopy results suggest an impact of biofield treatment on the force constant, bond strength, and dipole moments of treated drugs such as disulfiram and nicotinic acid that could led to change in their chemical stability as compared to control.
An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Susceptibility Pattern of Multidrug Re...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) is a Gram-negative bacillus, an opportunistic pathogen, particularly among nosocomial infections. Multi-drug resistant strains are associated with very high rate of morbidity and mortality in severely immunocompromised patients. Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment against multidrug resistant S. maltophilia. Clinical sample of S. maltophilia was collected and divided into two groups i.e. control and biofield treated which were analyzed after 10 days with respect to control. The following parameters viz. susceptibility pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical studies and biotype number of both control and treated samples were measured by MicroScan Walk-Away® system. The results showed an overall change of 37.5% in susceptibility pattern and 39.4% in biochemical study while 33.3% changes in MIC values of tested antimicrobials after biofield treatment. Further, the treated group of S. maltophilia has also shown a significant change in biochemical reactions followed by its biotype number as compared to control group. Biochemical reactions of treated group showed negative reaction to acetamide and positive reactions to colistin, glucose, adonitol, melibiose, arabinose, nitrate, oxidation-fermentation, raffinose, rhaminose, sorbitol, sucrose, and Voges-Proskauer as compared with control. The biofield treatment showed an alteration in MIC values of amikacin, amoxicillin/K-clavulanate, chloramphenicol, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ceftazidime, cefotetan, ticarcillin/K-clavulanate, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Altogether, data suggest that biofield treatment has significant effect to alter the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials and biotype number against multidrug resistant strain of S. maltophilia.
An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Susceptibility Pattern of Multidrug Re...albertdivis
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ( S. maltophilia ) is a Gram-negative bacillus, an opportunistic pathogen, particularly among nosocomial infections. Multi-drug resistant strains are associated with very high rate of morbidity and mortality in severely immunocompromised patients. Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment against multidrug resistant S. maltophilia.
An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Susceptibility Pattern of Multidrug Re...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment against multidrug resistant S. maltophilia. Clinical sample of S. maltophilia was collected and divided into two groups i.e. control and biofield treated which were analyzed after 10 days with respect to control.
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Pseudomonas fluorescens after Biofield T...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity patternof P. fluorescens. P. fluorescens cells were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the AmericanType Culture Collection (ATCC 49838) number.
Research by Mahendra Trivedi - Biofield Treatment: A Potential Strategy for M...Abby Keif
Research on Trivedi Effect - The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of indole. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The present study showed that biofield has substantially affected the physical and thermal nature of indole. Visit http://works.bepress.com/mahendra_trivedi/40/ for details.
Structural and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Thymol and MentholMahendra Kumar Trivedi
Thymol and menthol are naturally occurring plant derived compounds, which have excellent pharmaceutical and antimicrobial applications. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy on physical and structural characteristics of thymol and menthol. The control and biofield treated compounds (thymol and menthol) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). XRD study revealed increase in intensity of the XRD peaks of treated thymol, which was correlated to high crystallinity of the treated sample. The treated thymol showed significant increase in crystallite size by 50.01% as compared to control. However, the treated menthol did not show any significant change in crystallite size as compared to control. DSC of treated menthol showed minimal increase in melting temperature (45oC) as compared to control (44oC). The enthalpy (ĢH) of both the treated compounds (thymol and menthol) was decreased as compared to control samples which could be due the high energy state of the powders. TGA analysis showed that thermal stability of treated thymol was increased as compared to control; though no change in thermal stability was noticed in treated menthol. FT-IR spectrum of treated thymol showed increase in wave number of .OH stretching vibration peak (14 cm-1) as compared to control. Whereas, the FT-IR spectrum of treated menthol showed appearance of new stretching vibration peaks in the region of 3200-3600 cm-1 which may be attributed to the presence of hydrogen bonding in the sample as compared to control. Overall, the result showed that biofield treatment has substantially changed the structural and physical properties of thymol and menthol.
Structural and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Thymol and Mentholalbertdivis
Thymol and menthol are naturally occurring plant derived compounds, which have excellent pharmaceutical and antimicrobial applications. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy on physical and structural characteristics of thymol and menthol.
An Effect of Biofield Treatment on Multidrug-resistant Burkholderia cepacia: ...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of biofield treatment on multidrug resistant B. cepacia. Clinicalsample of B. cepacia was divided into two groups i.e. control and biofield treated.
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal Proper...wilhelm mendel
In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis. The FTIR results revealed that biofield treatment has caused reduction of amide group (amide-I and amide-II) stretching vibration peak that is associated with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in treated CEH as compared to control. However, no significant changes were observed in FTIR spectrum of treated CYP. The TGA analysis of treated CEH showed a substantial improvement in thermal stability which was confirmed by increase in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (217°C) as compared to control (209°C). Similarly, the treated CYP also showed enhanced thermal stability as compared to control. DSC showed increase in melting temperature of treated CYP as compared to control. However the melting peak was absent in DSC of treated CEH which was probably due to rigid chain of the protein. The surface area of treated CEH was increased by 83% as compared to control. However, a decrease (7.3%) in surface area was observed in treated CYP. The particle size analysis of treated CEH showed a significant increase in average particle size (d50) and d99 value (maximum particle size below which 99% of particles are present) as compared to control sample. Similarly, the treated CYP also showed a substantial increase in d50 and d99 values which was probably due to the agglomeration of the particles which led to formation of bigger microparticles. The result showed that the biofield treated CEH and CYP could be used as a matrix for pharmaceutical applications.
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal Proper...rachelsalk
In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis. The FTIR results revealed that biofield treatment has caused reduction of amide group (amide-I and amide-II) stretching vibration peak that is associated with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in treated CEH as compared to control. However, no significant changes were observed in FTIR spectrum of treated CYP. The TGA analysis of treated CEH showed a substantial improvement in thermal stability which was confirmed by increase in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (217°C) as compared to control (209°C). Similarly, the treated CYP also showed enhanced thermal stability as compared to control. DSC showed increase in melting temperature of treated CYP as compared to control. However the melting peak was absent in DSC of treated CEH which was probably due to rigid chain of the protein. The surface area of treated CEH was increased by 83% as compared to control. However, a decrease (7.3%) in surface area was observed in treated CYP. The particle size analysis of treated CEH showed a significant increase in average particle size (d50) and d99 value (maximum particle size below which 99% of particles are present) as compared to control sample. Similarly, the treated CYP also showed a substantial increase in d50 and d99 values which was probably due to the agglomeration of the particles which led to formation of bigger microparticles. The result showed that the biofield treated CEH and CYP could be used as a matrix for pharmaceutical applications.
Antibiogram Typing and Biochemical Characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae ...albertdivis
The Aim of the present study was to determine the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment on four MDR clinical lab isolates (LS) of K. pneumoniae (LS 2, LS 6, LS 7, and LS 14).
Biofield Treatment: A Potential Strategy for Modification of Physical and The...albertdivis
Indole compounds are important class of therapeutic molecules, which have excellent pharmaceutical applications. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of indole.
Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristics of Serratia MarcescensGru Marckel
A study was performed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on phenotyping and genotyping characteristics of S. marcescens. Visit here for more details.
Evaluation of Phenotyping and Genotyping Characterization of Serratia marcesc...albertdivis
The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on phenotyping and genotyping characteristics such as antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions, biotype, DNA polymorphism, and phylogenetic relationship of S. marcescens (ATCC 13880).
Resorcinol is widely used in manufacturing of several drugs and pharmaceutical products that are mainly used
for topical ailments. The main objective of this study is to use an alternative strategy i.e., biofield treatment to alter
the physical, spectral and thermal properties of resorcinol.
Similar to Spectroscopic Characterization of Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline: An Impact of Biofield Treatment (20)
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. Page 2 of 5
Volume 6 • Issue 7 • 1000395
Pharm Anal Acta
ISSN: 2153-2435 PAA, an open access journal
Citation: Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana s, et al. (2015) Spectroscopic Characterization of Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline: an
Impact of Biofield. Pharm Anal Acta 6: 395. doi:10.4172/21532435.1000395
with the influence of light and atmospheric oxygen, and formed several
degradation products [15,16]. Therefore, an alternative approach is needed
that can increase the shelf life of poorly stable drug.
Recently an alternative approach, biofield treatment is recognized to
change the various physical and structural properties at the atomic level
of various living and non-living things. It is well established that electrical
current coexist along with the magnetic field inside the human body in the
form of vibratory energy particles like ions, protons, and electrons [16,17].
Willem Einthoven discovered an electrocardiography in 1924 to measure
the human biofield. Later on, Harold Saton Burr gave the hypothesis that
every dynamic process in the human body had an electrical significance.
Recently, it confirmed that all the electrical process happening in human
body generates magnetic field [18]. It can be observed using some
medical technologies such as electrocardiography, electromyography,
and electroencephalogram. The electromagnetic field of the human body
is known as biofield and energy linked with this field is called biofield
energy [19-21]. Thus, a human has the ability to harness the energy from
environment or universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving
object around this globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and
responding into useful way; this process is known as biofield treatment
(The Trivedi Effect®). Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment has altered the
physicochemical and structural properties of metals and ceramics [22-24].
The growth and anatomical characteristics of medicinal plant also changed
after biofield treatment [25]. The biofield treatment enhanced the yield and
quality of agriculture product [26]. Moreover, the changes in antimicrobial
susceptibility and biotype number of pathogenic microbe have been
reported after biofield treatment [27].
Conceiving the concept of antimicrobial reuses, the present study was
aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on spectral properties of
two antibiotics i.e. chloramphenicol and tetracycline.
Materials and Methods
Study design
The chloramphenicol and tetracycline (Figure 1) samples were
procured from Sigma-Aldrich, MA, USA; and each antibiotic was
divided into two parts: control and treatment. The control samples
remained as untreated, and treatment samples were handed over in
sealed pack to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory
condition. Mr. Trivedi provided this treatment through his energy
transmission process to the treatment groups without touching the
objects. After that, the control and treated samples of each antibiotic
were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy.
FT-IR spectroscopic characterization
FT-IR spectra were recorded on Shimadzu’s Fourier transform
infrared spectrometer (Japan) with frequency range of 4000-500 cm-1
.
The FT-IR spectral analysis of chloramphenicol and tetracycline were
carried out to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment at atomic level
like bond strength, stability, and rigidity of chemical structure [28].
UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis
UV-Vis spectra of chloramphenicol and tetracycline were acquired
on a Shimadzu UV-2400 PC series spectrophotometer with 1 cm quartz
cell and a slit width of 2.0 nm. The analysis was carried out at wavelength
range of 200-400 nm. UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis was performed to
evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on structural property of tested
antibiotics (chloramphenicol and tetracycline) [28].
Results and Discussion
FT-IR spectroscopic analysis
FT-IR spectra of control and treated chloramphenicol are shown
in Figure 2. FT-IR spectrum of control sample showed absorption
peaks at 3352-3246 cm-1
that were assigned to O-H and N-H stretching,
respectively. IR peaks at 3081 cm-1
were assigned to aromatic C-H
stretching. Vibrational peaks at 1681 and 1559 cm-1
were assigned to
C=O and C=C stretching, respectively. Further, the NO2
and C-Cl
stretching were observed at 1521 cm-1
and 662 cm-1
, respectively; and
N-H bending was appeared at 1518 cm-1
. The FT-IR data of control
chloramphenicol was well supported by the literature data [29].
The FT-IR spectrum of treated sample of chloramphenicol showed
IR absorption peaks for O-H and N-H stretching at 3243 cm-1
and
aromatic C-H stretching was appeared at 3079 cm-1
. The vibrational
Figure 1: Chemical structure of (a) chloramphenicol and (b) tetracycline.
‘
Figure 2: FT-IR spectra of chloramphenicol (control and treated).
3. Page 3 of 5
Volume 6 • Issue 7 • 1000395
Pharm Anal Acta
ISSN: 2153-2435 PAA, an open access journal
Citation: Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana s, et al. (2015) Spectroscopic Characterization of Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline: an
Impact of Biofield. Pharm Anal Acta 6: 395. doi:10.4172/21532435.1000395
peak of carbonyl group (C=O) and C=C stretching were attribute
to IR peaks at 1694 and 1560 cm-1
, respectively. Additionally, NO2
stretching and N-H bending peaks were appeared at 1512 and 1510 cm-
1
, respectively; and C-Cl stretching was appeared at 667 cm-1
.
Altogether, the result suggested that C-H and C=C stretching
peaks of aromatic ring were observed in similar frequency region in
both control and treated sample of chloramphenicol. It indicated that
stability and rigidity of phenyl ring was retained in treated sample as
like to control. The vibrational peaks for C=O stretching (acylamino
group) was observed towards higher frequency region i.e. from 1681
to 1694 cm-1
that may be due to an increase in force constant of C=O
group in treated chloramphenicol. Further, FT-IR spectra of treated
chloramphenicol showed decrease in wavenumbers of NO2
i.e. from
1521 to 1512 cm-1
. It might be occurred due to increase of conjugation
effectbetweenNO2
groupandphenylring[30].Forceconstantisdirectly
proportional to bond strength [28]. As the force constant of C=O was
increased due to biofield treatment, the stability of acylamino moiety
in treated chloramphenicol should also be increased. Additionally, the
conjugation effect between NO2
group and phenyl ring may lead to
increase in chemical stability of treated chloramphenicol as compared
to control.
The FT-IR spectra of control and treated samples of tetracycline
are shown in Figure 3. FT-IR spectrum of control sample showed the
absorption peaks for N-H and O-H stretching at 3341-3329 cm-1
and
aromatic C-H stretching at 3085-3024 cm-1
. The vibrational peaks at
2995-2863 cm-1
and 1648-1582 cm-1
were assigned to CH3
stretching
and C=C stretching, respectively. Aromatic C-H bending was appeared
at 1458 cm-1
and CH3
bending was appeared at 1357 cm-1
. The aromatic
in plane and out plane deformation peaks were appeared at 1247-1000
cm-1
and 567-501 cm-1
, respectively. Vibrational peak at 965 cm-1
was
assigned to C-N stretching. The FT-IR data of control sample was well
supported by reported data [31].
The FT-IR spectra of treated tetracycline showed the vibrational
peaks at 3342-3325 cm-1
that were attributed to N-H and O-H stretching.
Vibrational peaks at 3064-3003 cm-1
and 2955-2835 cm-1
were assigned
to C-H and CH3
(methyl) stretching, respectively. C=C stretching peaks
were appeared at 1622-1569 cm-1
. Bending vibrational peaks for C-H
and CH3
groups were appeared at 1454 and 1357 cm-1
, respectively.
Vibrational peaks at 1247-1000 cm-1
, and 995 cm-1
were assigned to C-H
in plane deformation and C-N stretching, respectively. The out plane
ring deformation peaks were appeared 567-501 cm-1
.
The FT-IR data of control and treated tetracycline showed that N-H
and O-H stretching peaks are observed in the similar frequency region
in both samples. This suggests no changes in the amide and hydroxyl
group of treated tetracycline as compared to control. IR absorption
peaks for C-H (aromatic)stretching were shifted to lower frequency i.e.
from 3085-3024 cm-1
to 3064-3003 cm-1
and likely the CH3
stretching
was shifted to lower frequency i.e. from 2995-2863 cm-1
to 2955-2835
cm-1
. IR absorption peak for C=C stretching was also appeared at
lower frequency region i.e. form 1648-1582 cm-1
to 1622-1569 cm-1
in
treated sample as compared to control. It is well known that resonance
or conjugation of C=C double bond or carbonyl group provides the
more single bond character to C=C bond that lowers the force constant
of respective bond [28,30]. Further, resonance and/or conjugation
effect also provide the stability to chemical compound. Therefore, it is
speculated that biofield treated tetracycline might be more chemically
stable due to enhanced conjugation effect in C and D ring, with respect
tocontrol.Thiscouldbecorrelatedtoenhancementinstabilityoftreated
tetracycline with respect of control. The C-N stretching peak in treated
Figure 3: FT-IR spectra of tetracycline (control and treated).
tetracycline was observed at higher wavenumber than control (i.e. from
965 to 995 cm-1
). It could be due to increased bond strength of C-N
(CH3
) group that might be increased stability of treated tetracycline as
compared to control.
UV-Vis spectroscopy
UV spectra of control and treated samples of chloramphenicol
are shown in Figure 4. It showed no significant change in the lambda
max (λmax
) of treated sample (273.8 nm) as compared to control (272.2
nm), which indicated no changes in chromophore group of treated
chloramphenicol with respect to control. UV spectra of control and
treated sample of tetracycline are shown in Figure 5. Both spectra
showed three absorption peaks at 362.60, 268.80, and 220.60 nm in
control sample and 362.60, 268.80, and 221 nm in treated sample, which
indicated similar pattern of UV absorbance in both the samples. This
suggested no changes in chromophore group of treated tetracycline
with respect to control. Overall, the UV spectra of both the antibiotics
showed no significant changes in λmax
as compared to control. Based
on this, it could be concluded functional groups or their position did
not altered in treated sample after biofield treatment. To the best of
our knowledge, this is the first report showing an impact of biofield
treatment on spectral properties (force constant, dipole moment, and
bond strength) of chloramphenicol and tetracycline as compared to
control.
Conclusion
Altogether, the FT-IR data showed an alteration in the wavenumber
of some functional groups like C=O and NO2
in chloramphenicol and
C=C and C-N (CH3
) in tetracycline with respect to control groups. This
could be observed due to some alteration at the atomic level of both
4. Page 4 of 5
Volume 6 • Issue 7 • 1000395
Pharm Anal Acta
ISSN: 2153-2435 PAA, an open access journal
Citation: Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana s, et al. (2015) Spectroscopic Characterization of Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline: an
Impact of Biofield. Pharm Anal Acta 6: 395. doi:10.4172/21532435.1000395
Figure 4: UV spectra of (a) control and (b) treated chloramphenicol.
Figure 5: UV spectra of (a) control and (b) treated tetracycline.
antibiotics by the influence of biofield treatment. The results of present
study suggest the impact on force constant, bond strength and dipole
moment of both antibiotics that may be alter the chemical stability of
biofield treatment as compared to control.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge the whole team of MGV Pharmacy
College, Nashik for providing the instrumentalfacility. Authors would also like to
thank Trivedi science, Trivedi master wellness and Trivedi testimonials for their
support during the work.
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Citation: Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana s, et al. (2015) Spectroscopic Characterization of Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline: an
Impact of Biofield. Pharm Anal Acta 6: 395. doi:10.4172/21532435.1000395
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Citation: Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S , et al. (2015)
Spectroscopic Characterization of Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline: an
Impact of Biofield. Pharm Anal Acta 6: 395. doi:10.4172/21532435.1000395
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