This document discusses English tenses and their uses. It explains that tenses indicate the time of an action and are divided into present, past, and future. The present tense describes current or habitual actions. The past tense refers to completed actions in the past. The future tense indicates actions that will occur. Each tense has simple, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous forms that provide different temporal meanings about an action. Examples are provided to illustrate the structures and uses of each tense.

1. TENSES

2. • Tenses which denotes the time of an action.
(OR)
• It tells us about the time when the action was performed.
Tense = Time + action
• Tenses include
Present
Past and
Future
• This three tenses are further divided into simple, continuous, perfect
and perfect continuous.

3. PRESENT TENSE
This tense tells us about the action that
takes place here and now.

4. Simple Present Tense:
• It used to express
what actually happens at the time of speaking.
habitual actions.
general or universal truths.
future action that has already been planned.
historic present.
Structure:
s + v1 (do/does) + o

5. Examples:
I go to market everyday.
She plays chess daily.
Honesty is the best policy.
He sails for England next Monday.
The Helen of Troy…..
Present Continuous Tense:
It is used to express an action that is going on at the time of
speaking or at the moment in a real time.
Structure:
s + v (am/is/are) + v4 (ing) + o

6. Examples:
she is dancing.
you are listening to my classes at present.
I am explaining grammar topics….
Present Perfect Tense:
It tells us about an action that just got completed.
Structure:
s + has/have + v3 + o
Examples:
Anil has posted the letter just now.
He has just completed the task.
I have explained present perfect tense just now.
She has gone to Chennai recently….

7. Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
It tells about an action which started in the past and is still
continuing in present.
Structure:
s + has/have + been + v4 + o
Examples:
I have been teaching English for 12 years.
They have been preparing for exams since 2017.
Sujatha has been doing her household chores since 6 p.m.

8. PAST TENSE
It is used to describe events which
happened in the past.

9. Simple Past Tense:
It is used to express
the action completed in the past.
a habitual action in the past.
Structure:
s + v2 + o
Examples:
Pranav left for Chennai yesterday.
India got Independence in 1947.
I completed degree in 2018.

10. Past Continuous Tense:
It is used to express an action that was still going in the past time.
Structure:
s + was/were + v4 + o
Examples:
I was preparing for IAS at the time of my sister’s marriage.
I was teaching grammar at this time yesterday.
I met Raghu while he was standing at the college gate.

11. Past Perfect Tense:
It is used to express an action which had been completed at
some point in the past time before another action was started.
Structure:
s + had + v3 + o
Examples:
The train had left before they reached the station.
she had given a presentation by this time last week.
I had finished my work when Alfred came in.

12. Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
It is used to show an action which began in the past and
to a certain point of time in the past.
Structure:
s + had + been + v4 + o
Examples:
I had been doing my degree from 2015 to 2018.
we had been playing hockey for three hours when it rained.
when I went to railway station my friend had been waiting for
me for 2 hrs.
I had been watching Tv for an hour when my uncle came to
me.

13. FUTURE TENSE
It is used to describe events which will
happen in the future time.

14. Simple Future Tense:
It is used to express an action that will take place in the future.
Structure:
s + will/shall + v1 + o
Examples:
I shall go to a movie tomorrow.
They will play cricket in 2023.
I shall meet you tomorrow.

15. Future Continuous Tense:
It is used to express an action which will be happening in the
future continuously or at some point in the future.
Structure:
S + will/shall + be + v4 + o
Examples:
Deepak will be singing tomorrow.
I shall be going to Hyderabad at this time next week.
we will be playing the match at this time tomorrow.

16. Future Perfect Tense:
It is used to express an action that will be completed at some
point in the future.
Structure:
s + will/shall + have + v3 + o
Examples:
He will have delivered the product by this time tomorrow.
I shall have completed degree by 2023.
They will have completed the project by the end of May next
year.
we will have completed the project by 9 p.m. tonight.

17. Future Perfect Continuous Tense:
It is used to refer to a future action which will begin at a point
time in future after continuing for a given period.
Structure:
s + will/shall + have been + v4 + o
Examples:
I shall have been writing the examination for two hours by
this time on Monday.
Andhra Pradesh government will have been constructing
Polavaram project for 10 years.
we shall have been travelling for three hours at 8 a.m.
tomorrow.