The document discusses the different tenses in English - present, past, and future. It explains the four structures for each tense: simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive. For each structure, it provides examples of affirmative and negative sentences using that structure in the given tense. The tenses and their structures are: present (simple, progressive, perfect, perfect progressive), past (simple, progressive, perfect, perfect progressive), and future (simple, progressive, perfect, perfect progressive).

1. FUNCTIONAL
ENGLISH
Instructor
Syed Irshad Ali Naqvi

2. TENSES
There are three tenses
(Time):
Present
Past
Future

3. PRESENT TENSE
In present there are four
sentence structures
 Present Simple
 Present Progressive
 Present Perfect
 Present Perfect Progressive

4. Present
simple
It is used to express
present repeated
actions such as daily
routine, habits and
universal truths.

5. Present simple
 Subject+ verb1stform + object
 Subject + do/does + not +
verb1stform + object
 Do/does + subject + verb1stform
+ object?

6. Present simple
I wake up at 8:00.
He works for a bank.
We don’t like rock music.
She doesn’t come on time.
Do you drive fast?
Does it rain in summer in
your city?

7. Present progressive
It is used to
express a
progressive action
in present time.

8. Present
progressive
Subject + is/am/are + verbing+
object
Subject + is/am/are + not +
verbing+ object
Is/am/are + Subject + verbing+
object?

9. Present progressive
I am learning English.
He is making sentences.
They are not attending class.
She is not making dinner.
Are you teaching right now?
Is it working properly?

10. Present perfect
It is used to talk about a
complete past action
that has some result or
effect in present.

11. Present perfect
 Subject + have/has +
verb3rdform + object
 Subject + have/has + not +
verb3rdform + object
 Have/has + Subject +
verb3rdform + object?

12. Present perfect
 I have finished my lecture.
 She has seen many countries.
 We haven’t submitted our fees.
 He hasn’t called me yet.
 Have you invited them to the
party?
 Have they paid their rent?
 It has run out of batteries.

13. Present perfect
progressive
It is used to express a
progressive action with
a time frame that
indicates since when
or for how long the
action is in progress.

14. Present perfect
progressive
Subject + have/has + been +
verbing + object
Subject + have/has + not +
been + verbing + object
Have/has + Subject + been +
verbing + object?

15. Present perfect
progressive
Use since for mentioning
exact or starting time of any
progressive action
Use for to mention duration
of any progressive action

16. Present perfect
progressive
 I have been using this cell phone
since 2010.
 He has been playing for 2 hours.
 We haven’t been attending any
party since June.
 She hasn’t been performing her
duties for 2 weeks.
 Have you been looking for a job
since 2007?
 Have they been waiting for us for 3
hours?

17. PAST TENSE
In past there are four
sentence structures
Past Simple
Past Progressive
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Progressive

18. Past simple
It is used to express
past actions.

19. Past simple
Subject+ verb2ndform +
object
Subject + did + not +
verb1stform + object
Did + subject + verb1stform
+ object?

20. Past simple
I woke up at 8:00.
He worked for a bank.
We didn’t like rock music.
She didn’t come on time.
Did you drive fast?
Did it rain in summer in your
city?

21. Past progressive
It is used to express
a progressive action
in past time.

22. Past
progressiveSubject + was/were +
verbing+ object
Subject + was/were + not +
verbing+ object
Was/were + Subject +
verbing+ object?

23. Past progressive
 I was learning English.
 He was making sentences.
 They were not attending class.
 She was not making dinner.
 Were you teaching at that
time?
 Was it working properly?

24. Past perfect
It is used to talk about a
complete past action that
happened before another
past action or past time.

25. Past perfect
 Subject + had + verb3rdform +
object
 Subject + had + not +
verb3rdform + object
 Had + Subject + verb3rdform +
object?

26. Past perfect
 I had finished my lecture before 2:00.
 She had seen many countries when she
died.
 We hadn’t submitted our fees before
deadline.
 He hadn’t called me when I reached his
home.
 Had you invited them to the party before
1:00?
 Had they paid their rent before January?
 It had run out of batteries before
guarantee ended.

27. Past perfect
progressive
It is used to express a
past progressive action
with a time frame that
indicates since when or
for how long the action
was in progress.

28. Past perfect progressive
 Subject + had + been + verbing
+ object
 Subject + had + not + been +
verbing + object
 Had + Subject + been + verbing
+ object?

29. Past perfect
progressive
 I had been using this cell phone since
2010.
 He had been playing for 2 hours.
 We hadn’t been attending any party
since June.
 She hadn’t been performing her
duties for 2 weeks.
 Had you been looking for a job since
2007?
 Had they been waiting for us for 3
hours?

30. FUTURE TENSE
In future there are four sentence
structures
 Future Simple
 Future Progressive
 Future Perfect
 Future Perfect Progressive

31. Future
simple
It is used to
express future
actions.

32. Future simple
Subject+ will + verb1stform
+ object
Subject + will + not +
verb1stform + object
Will + subject + verb1stform
+ object?

33. Future simple
I will wake up at 8:00.
He will work for a bank.
We won’t like rock music.
She won’t come on time.
Will you drive fast?
Will it rain in summer in
your city?

34. Future
progressive
It is used to express a
progressive action in
future time.

35. Future
progressive
Subject + will be + verbing+ object
Subject + will + not + be + verbing+
object
Will+ Subject + be + verbing+
object?

36. Future
progressive
 I will be learning English.
 He will be making sentences.
 They will not be attending
class.
 She will not be making dinner.
 Will you be teaching right
now?
 Will it be working properly?

37. Future Perfect
It is used to talk
about a complete
future action.

38. Future Perfect
 Subject + will have +
verb3rdform + object
 Subject + will not + have +
verb3rdform + object
 Will + Subject + have +
verb3rdform + object?

39. Future Perfect
 I will have finished my lecture.
 She will have seen many countries.
 We will not have submitted our
fees.
 He will not have called me.
 Will you have invited them to the
party?
 Will they have paid their rent?
 It will have run out of battries.

40. Future Perfect
progressive
It is used to express a
future progressive action
with a time frame that
indicates since when or
for how long the action
will be in progress.

41. Future Perfect
progressive
 Subject + will have + been +
verbing + object
 Subject + will not + have+ been
+ verbing + object
 Will + Subject + have + been +
verbing + object?

42. Future perfect
progressive
 I will have been using this cell phone by
2014.
 He will have been playing for 2 hours.
 We will not have been attending any
party in June.
 She will not have been performing her
duties for 2 weeks.
 Have you been looking for a job next
year?
 Have they been waiting for us for 3