intro-classification-salt accumulation in soil imapairs plant function and soil structure-physiological effects on crop growth and development-osmotic effect and specific ion effects-plant use different strategies to avoid salt injury
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZwrkgADM3I
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
intro-classification-salt accumulation in soil imapairs plant function and soil structure-physiological effects on crop growth and development-osmotic effect and specific ion effects-plant use different strategies to avoid salt injury
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZwrkgADM3I
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
Water stress in plants: A detailed discussionMohammad Danish
A brief introduction of drought stress in plants, its effect on morphological, physiological and biochemical properties of plants and management strategies to mitigate drought stress.
Mechanisms of abiotic stress such as cold drought and salt stress which takes place in plants. Molecular control activities the plant undergoes during stress.
Knox genes are the main genes involved in the regulation of development in compound leaves.
Whereas abiotic stress is the nonorganic type of stress.
This presentation ill help to get a brief idea about both the topics in a compressed form.
Drought Tolerence in Plants and their Morph-Physiological, Biochemical and genetic adaptation to drought stress. Srategies to enhance drought tolerence.
Unleashing Real-World Simulations: A Python Tutorial by Avjinder KalerAvjinder (Avi) Kaler
Simulation, a key tool in understanding complex systems, offers a dynamic representation to analyze and enhance resource allocation, preventing issues like congestion and delays.
DBSCAN stands for Density-Based Spatial Clustering for Applications with Noise. This is an unsupervised clustering algorithm which is used to find high-density base samples to extend the clusters
Sql tutorial for select, where, order by, null, insert functionsAvjinder (Avi) Kaler
Sql tutorial for select, where, order by, null, insert functions. SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating and retrieving data in databases.
Association mapping identifies loci for canopy coverage in diverse soybean ge...Avjinder (Avi) Kaler
Rapid establishment of canopy coverage decreases
soil evaporation relative to transpiration improves
water use efficiency and light interception, and increases
soybean competitiveness against weeds.
Genome-wide association mapping of canopy wilting in diverse soybean genotypesAvjinder (Avi) Kaler
Genome-wide association analysis identified 61 SNP markers for canopy wilting, which likely tagged 51 different loci. Based on the allelic effects of the significant SNPs, the slowest and fastest wilting genotypes were identified.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Defining Plant Stress
Ideal conditions: allows the plant to achieve its maximum growth and
reproductive potential as measured by plant weight, height, and seed
number, which together comprise the total biomass of the plant.
Stress: any environmental condition that prevents the plant from achieving
its full genetic potential.
For example, decrease in water availability would have deleterious effect
on growth because of reduce in water potential is by closing their stomata,
which reduce water loss by transpiration. It also reduces the CO2 uptake
which decrease the photosynthesis.
Physiological adjustment to abiotic stress involves trades offs between
vegetative and reproductive development.
3. Acclimation and Adaption
Acclimation: nonpermanent change in physiology or morphology of the
individual to improve response with exposure to environmental stress.
Epigenetic mechanism that alter expression of genes without changing the
genetic code
Adaptation: Fixed genetic change over many generations by selective
environmental pressure
4. Environmental Factors and their
biological impacts on plants
Environmental
Factor
Primary Effect Secondary effect
Water Deficit Water potential
reduction,
Cell dehydration,
Hydraulic
resistance
Reduced cell/leaf expansion, cellular/metabolic
activities, stomatal closure, photosynthetic inhibition,
leaf abscission, Altered Carbon partitioning,
Cytorrhysis, cavitation, membrane and protein
destabilization, ROS production, Ion cytotoxicity, cell
death
Salinity Water potential
reduction,
Cell dehydration,
Ion Cytotoxicity
Same as for Water deficit
Light Stress Photo inhibition
ROS production
Inhibition of PSII repair
Reduced CO2 fixation
5. Environmental Factors and their
biological impacts on plants
Environmental
Factor
Primary Effect Secondary effect
High Temperature Membrane and
protein
destabilization
Photosynthetic and respiratory inhibition, ROS
production, Cell death
Chilling Membrane
Destabilization
Membrane dysfunction
Flooding and soil
Compaction
Hypoxia,
Anoxia
Reduced respiration, Fermentative metabolism,
inadequate ATP production, production of toxins by
anaerobic microbes, ROS production, stomatal
closure
6. Environmental Factors and their
biological impacts on plants
Environmental
Factor
Primary Effect Secondary effect
Freezing Water Potential
reduction,
Cell hydration,
Symplastic ice
crystal formation
Same as for water deficit
Physical destruction
Trace element
toxicity
Disturbed cofactor
binding to proteins
and DNA,
ROS production
Disruption of metabolism
Mimic other essential metals
Mineral Nutrient
deficiencies
Reduced growth
and unavailable
for uptake
Ceases energy production
7. Environmental Factors and their
biological impacts on plants
Ozone and ultraviolet light generate ROS that cause lesions and induce
PCD
Combination of abiotic stresses induce unique signaling and metabolic
pathways
Combination of abiotic stresses have both positive as well as negative
impacts
Sequential exposure to different abiotic stresses sometimes confers cross
protection, for examples molecular chaperones and osmoprotectants for
ROC scavenging
8. Stress Sensing Mechanisms in Plants
Physical Sensing: mechanical effect of stress on plant such contraction of
plasm membrane
Biophysical Sensing: Change in protein or enzyme structure
Metabolic Sensing: accumulation of ROS
Biochemical Sensing: specialized protein to sense a particular stress, Ca
channel
Epigenetic Sensing: modification of DNA or RNA such change in chromatin
9. Signaling Pathways activated in
Response to abiotic Stress
Different pathways such as calcium, protein kinases, protein phosphatases,
ROS signaling, activation of transcriptional regulators, accumulations of
plant hormones
Stress specific signals that emerge from these pathways, in turn, activate or
suppress various network that may allow growth under stress conditions until
favorable conditions returns
Increase in the concentration of Ca and ROS are early signaling events
Ca regulates the transcription factors by binding directly or to form Ca
complexes.
Ca activates various protein kinases and phosphatases that regulate gene
expression either by phosphorylating (activating) or dephosphorylating
(inhibiting) transcriptional factors
10. Signaling Pathways activated in
Response to abiotic Stress
Steady state level of ROS is governed by the balance of ROS generating
and ROS scavenging reactions
ROS generation: Activities of Specialized oxidases
ROS Scavenging: Antioxidant molecules such as APX, CAT, SOD
ROS can trigger the opening of calcium channels which activate Ca
dependent protein kinases
For example, mitogen activated protein kinases regulates stresses (MAPK)
11. Acclimation to stress involves transcriptional
regulatory network called regulons
Transcriptional regulators or factors binds to specific DNA sequences and
activate or suppress the expression of genes.
Chloroplast genes respond to high intensity light by sending stress signals to
the nucleus
Epigenetic mechanisms and small RNAs provide additional protection
against stress
Hormonal interactions regulate normal development and abiotic stress
resonses
12. Developmental and Physiological
Mechanisms that protect plants
Plants adjust osmotically to drying soil by accumulating solutes
Submerged organs develop aerenchym tissue in response to hypoxia
Antioxidant and ROS scavenging pathways protect cells from oxidative stress
Molecular chaperones and molecular shields protect proteins and membranes
during abiotic stress (Heat shock Protein)
Plant can alter their membrane lipids in response to temperature and other
biotic stresses
Exclusion (block entry) and internal tolerance mechanisms allow plants to cope
with toxic ions: glycophytes and halophytes
Phytochelatins and other chelators contribute to internal tolerance of toxic
metal ions: chelating molecule have ligation sites
Plants use cryoprotectant molecules and antifreeze proteins to prevent ice
crystal formations
13. ABA signaling during water stress
During water stress, ABA increases in leaves, which leads to stomatal closure
Stomata closure is due to reduction in turgor pressure that follows the massive efflux of K
and anions from guard cells
Activation of specialized ion efflux channels on the plasma membrane is required for such
a large scale loss of K and anions
Plasma membrane K efflux channels are voltage gated, they open only if plasma
membrane become depolarized.
ABA causes membrane depolarization by elevating the cytosolic Ca in two ways: transient
influx of Ca ions and release of Ca from internal stores
Increase in Ca open the Ca activated anion channel on the plasma membrane
Opening of anion channels allow Cl and malate ions to escape, moving down their
electrochemical gradients
14. ABA signaling during water stress
Outflow of negatively charged Cl and malate trigger the opening of voltage gated K efflux
channels
Elevated level of Ca cause K influx channels to close
ABA cause alkalization that further stimulate the opening of K efflux channels
ABA also inhibit the activity of the plasma membrane H-ATPase
During stomatal closure, surface area of guard cell contract 50 %. Extra membrane taken
up as small vesicles by endocytosis
Signal Transduction involves protein kinases and phosphatases
15. Plant can alter their morphology in
response to abiotic stress
Phenotype plasticity: plant activate developmental program that alter the
phenotype
Leaf area, leaf orientations, trichrome, cuticle, root: shoot ratio
Metabolic shifts enable plants to cope with variety of abiotic stresses
The process of recovery from the stress can be dangerous to the plant and
require a coordinated adjustment of plant metabolism and physiology
High level of ROS could form and damage cells.
Plants needs to remove recycle all the unneeded mRNAs and protein
16. Abiotic stress tolerance crop
Developing crops with enhanced tolerance to both biotic and abiotic
stress conditions is a major goal
Such crops would decrease the yield penalty and prevent annual losses of
billions of dollars