Tejeros convention and biak na bato republic
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The Tejeros Convention was a meeting held on March 22, 1897 in Cavite province where the Katipunan revolutionary forces elected Emilio Aguinaldo as President. Mariano Trías was elected Vice President and Artemio Ricarte as Captain-General. The convention was disorderly and the decisions made were considered illegitimate. This led to the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato on November 1, 1897, with its first constitution. Under this agreement, Aguinaldo and other revolutionaries went into exile in Hong Kong after receiving remuneration in exchange for surrendering their arms.
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Tejeros convention and biak na bato republic
- 3. San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite March 22, 1897
- 4. Casa Hacienda de Tejeros
- 5. discuss the defense of Cavite against the Spaniards
- 8. an election to decide the leaders of the Revolutionary movement
- 9. President Emilio Aguinaldo Vice-President Mariano Trías Captain-General Artemio Ricarte Director of War Emiliano Riego de Dios Director of the Interior Andrés Bonifacio
- 10. Daniel Tirona
- 11. Acta de Tejeros
- 12. convention - disorderly decisions – illegitimate & invalid
- 13. Republica de Biak na Bato
- 14. First ever Philippine Constitution
- 15. November 1, 1897 December 15, 1897
- 16. President Emilio Aguinaldo Vice-President Mariano Trías Secretary of Foreign Affairs Antonio Montenegro Secretary of War Emiliano Riego de Dios Secretary of the Interior Isabelo Artacho Secretary of the Treasury Baldomero Aguinaldo
- 20. Revolutionary Demands > Expulsion of friars and return the lands they took for themselves
- 21. Revolutionary Demands > Representation in the Spanish Cortes
- 22. Revolutionary Demands > Freedom of the press and tolerance of religious sects
- 23. Revolutionary Demands > Equal treatment and pay for Peninsular and Insular civil servants
- 24. Revolutionary Demands > Abolition of the power of the government to banish civil citizens
- 25. Revolutionary Demands > Legal equality of all persons
- 27. Pact of Biak na Bato
- 29. Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera Emilio Aguinaldo Pedro Paterno
- 30. Agreement
- 31. Self rule to the Philippines in three years
- 32. Aguinaldo – self exile & surrender arms
- 33. PhP 800,00 Remuneration and amnesty
Editor's Notes
- Bonifacio, who was not formally educated, accepted the decision but not before insisting on a recount of the votes. Supporters such as Severino de las Alas made abortive efforts to help make Bonifacio vice president. However, Daniel Tirona, a Caviteño (a native of Cavite), objected that the post should not be occupied by a person without a lawyer's diploma. He suggested a Caviteño lawyer, Jose del Rosario, for the position. Bonifacio, clearly insulted, demanded that Tirona retract the remark. When Tirona made to leave instead, Bonifacio drew a pistol and was about to fire at Tirona, but stopped when Ricarte grabbed his arm. Bonifacio then voided the convention as Supremo of the Katipunan.[1]
- First philippine republic
- Accomplishment
- Life span – one year only
- Life span – one year only
- The constitution of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato was written by Felix Ferrer and IsabeloArtacho, who copied the Cuban Constitution of Jimaguayú nearly word-for-word. It provided for the creation of a Supreme Council, which was created on November 2, 1897, with the following as officers having been elected:[1]
- The constitution of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato was written by Felix Ferrer and IsabeloArtacho, who copied the Cuban Constitution of Jimaguayú nearly word-for-word. It provided for the creation of a Supreme Council, which was created on November 2, 1897, with the following as officers having been elected:[1]
- The initial concept of the republic began during the latter part of the Philippine revolution, when the leader of the Katipunan, Emilio Aguinaldo, became surrounded by Spanish forces at his headquarters in Talisay, Batangas. Aguinaldo slipped through the Spanish cordon and, with 500 picked men, proceeded to Biak-na-Bató,[2] a wilderness area at the tri-boundaries of the towns of San Miguel, San Ildefonso and Doña Remedios inBulacan.[3] When news of Aguinaldo's arrival there reached the towns of central Luzon, men from the Ilocos provinces, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan,Tarlac, and Zambales renewed their armed resistance against the Spanish.[2]Unable to persuade the revolutionaries to give up their arms, Governor-General Primo de Rivera issued a decree on July 2, 1897, which prohibited inhabitants from leaving their villages and towns. Contrary to his expectations, they continued fighting. Within days, Aguinaldo and his men planned the establishment of a Republic. Aguinaldo issued a proclamation from his hideout in Biak-na-Bato entitled "To the Brave Sons of the Philippines", in which he listed his revolutionary demands as:the expulsion of the Friars and the return to the Filipinos of the lands which they had appropriated for themselves;representation in the Spanish Cortes;freedom of the press and tolerance of all religious sects;equal treatment and pay for Peninsular and Insular civil servants;abolition of the power of the government to banish civil citizens;legal equality of all persons.[4]
- Unable to persuade the revolutionaries to give up their arms, Governor-General Primo de Rivera issued a decree on July 2, 1897, which prohibited inhabitants from leaving their villages and towns. Contrary to his expectations, they continued fighting. Within days, Aguinaldo and his men planned the establishment of a Republic. Aguinaldo issued a proclamation from his hideout in Biak-na-Bato entitled "To the Brave Sons of the Philippines", in which he listed his revolutionary demands as:the expulsion of the Friars and the return to the Filipinos of the lands which they had appropriated for themselves;representation in the Spanish Cortes;freedom of the press and tolerance of all religious sects;equal treatment and pay for Peninsular and Insular civil servants;abolition of the power of the government to banish civil citizens;legal equality of all persons.[4]
- Unable to persuade the revolutionaries to give up their arms, Governor-General Primo de Rivera issued a decree on July 2, 1897, which prohibited inhabitants from leaving their villages and towns. Contrary to his expectations, they continued fighting. Within days, Aguinaldo and his men planned the establishment of a Republic. Aguinaldo issued a proclamation from his hideout in Biak-na-Bato entitled "To the Brave Sons of the Philippines", in which he listed his revolutionary demands as:the expulsion of the Friars and the return to the Filipinos of the lands which they had appropriated for themselves;representation in the Spanish Cortes;freedom of the press and tolerance of all religious sects;equal treatment and pay for Peninsular and Insular civil servants;abolition of the power of the government to banish civil citizens;legal equality of all persons.[4]
- Unable to persuade the revolutionaries to give up their arms, Governor-General Primo de Rivera issued a decree on July 2, 1897, which prohibited inhabitants from leaving their villages and towns. Contrary to his expectations, they continued fighting. Within days, Aguinaldo and his men planned the establishment of a Republic. Aguinaldo issued a proclamation from his hideout in Biak-na-Bato entitled "To the Brave Sons of the Philippines", in which he listed his revolutionary demands as:the expulsion of the Friars and the return to the Filipinos of the lands which they had appropriated for themselves;representation in the Spanish Cortes;freedom of the press and tolerance of all religious sects;equal treatment and pay for Peninsular and Insular civil servants;abolition of the power of the government to banish civil citizens;legal equality of all persons.[4]
- Unable to persuade the revolutionaries to give up their arms, Governor-General Primo de Rivera issued a decree on July 2, 1897, which prohibited inhabitants from leaving their villages and towns. Contrary to his expectations, they continued fighting. Within days, Aguinaldo and his men planned the establishment of a Republic. Aguinaldo issued a proclamation from his hideout in Biak-na-Bato entitled "To the Brave Sons of the Philippines", in which he listed his revolutionary demands as:the expulsion of the Friars and the return to the Filipinos of the lands which they had appropriated for themselves;representation in the Spanish Cortes;freedom of the press and tolerance of all religious sects;equal treatment and pay for Peninsular and Insular civil servants;abolition of the power of the government to banish civil citizens;legal equality of all persons.[4]
- Unable to persuade the revolutionaries to give up their arms, Governor-General Primo de Rivera issued a decree on July 2, 1897, which prohibited inhabitants from leaving their villages and towns. Contrary to his expectations, they continued fighting. Within days, Aguinaldo and his men planned the establishment of a Republic. Aguinaldo issued a proclamation from his hideout in Biak-na-Bato entitled "To the Brave Sons of the Philippines", in which he listed his revolutionary demands as:the expulsion of the Friars and the return to the Filipinos of the lands which they had appropriated for themselves;representation in the Spanish Cortes;freedom of the press and tolerance of all religious sects;equal treatment and pay for Peninsular and Insular civil servants;abolition of the power of the government to banish civil citizens;legal equality of all persons.[4]
- Unable to persuade the revolutionaries to give up their arms, Governor-General Primo de Rivera issued a decree on July 2, 1897, which prohibited inhabitants from leaving their villages and towns. Contrary to his expectations, they continued fighting. Within days, Aguinaldo and his men planned the establishment of a Republic. Aguinaldo issued a proclamation from his hideout in Biak-na-Bato entitled "To the Brave Sons of the Philippines", in which he listed his revolutionary demands as:the expulsion of the Friars and the return to the Filipinos of the lands which they had appropriated for themselves;representation in the Spanish Cortes;freedom of the press and tolerance of all religious sects;equal treatment and pay for Peninsular and Insular civil servants;abolition of the power of the government to banish civil citizens;legal equality of all persons.[4]
- On November 16, 1937, a 2,117 hectares (8 sq mi) block in the Biak-na-Bato area was declared a national park by Manuel L. Quezon in honor of the Republic.[9] In the 1970s, Ferdinand Marcos issued orders guiding mineral prospecting and exploitation in government reservation which impacted the park boundaries. On April 11, 1989, Corazon Aquino issued Proclamation No. 401, which re-defined the boundaries of the Biak-na-Bato National Park. The proclamation set aside 952 hectares (4 sq mi) hectares as mineral reservation, 938 hectares (4 sq mi) hectares as watershed reservation and 480 hectares (0 sq mi) hectares as forest reserve.[9]
- he Philippine negotiators for the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. Seated from left to right: Pedro Paterno and Emilio Aguinaldo with five companions (left to right: Tomas Mascardo, Celis, Jose Ignacio Paua, Antonio Montenegro and Mariano Llanera) By the end of 1897, Governor-General Primo de Rivera accepted the impossibility of quelling the revolution by force of arms. In a statement to theCortesGenerales, he said, "I can take Biak-na-Bato, any military man can take it, but I can not answer that I could crush the rebellion." Desiring to make peace with Aguinaldo, he sent emissaries to Aguinaldo seeking a peaceful settlement. Nothing was accomplished until Pedro A. Paterno, a distinguished lawyer from Manila, volunteered to act as negotiator.On August 9, 1897, Paterno proposed a peace based on reforms and amnesty to Aguinaldo. In succeeding months, practicing shuttle diplomacy, Paterno traveled back and forth between Manila and Biak-na-Bato carrying proposals and counterproposals. Paterno's efforts led to a peace agreement called the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. This consisted of three documents, the first two being signed on December 14, 1897, and the third being signed on December 15; effectively ending the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.[7]
- he Philippine negotiators for the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. Seated from left to right: Pedro Paterno and Emilio Aguinaldo with five companions (left to right: Tomas Mascardo, Celis, Jose Ignacio Paua, Antonio Montenegro and Mariano Llanera) By the end of 1897, Governor-General Primo de Rivera accepted the impossibility of quelling the revolution by force of arms. In a statement to theCortesGenerales, he said, "I can take Biak-na-Bato, any military man can take it, but I can not answer that I could crush the rebellion." Desiring to make peace with Aguinaldo, he sent emissaries to Aguinaldo seeking a peaceful settlement. Nothing was accomplished until Pedro A. Paterno, a distinguished lawyer from Manila, volunteered to act as negotiator.On August 9, 1897, Paterno proposed a peace based on reforms and amnesty to Aguinaldo. In succeeding months, practicing shuttle diplomacy, Paterno traveled back and forth between Manila and Biak-na-Bato carrying proposals and counterproposals. Paterno's efforts led to a peace agreement called the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. This consisted of three documents, the first two being signed on December 14, 1897, and the third being signed on December 15; effectively ending the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.[7]
- By the end of 1897, Governor-General Primo de Rivera accepted the impossibility of quelling the revolution by force of arms. In a statement to theCortesGenerales, he said, "I can take Biak-na-Bato, any military man can take it, but I can not answer that I could crush the rebellion." Desiring to make peace with Aguinaldo, he sent emissaries to Aguinaldo seeking a peaceful settlement. Nothing was accomplished until Pedro A. Paterno, a distinguished lawyer from Manila, volunteered to act as negotiator.On August 9, 1897, Paterno proposed a peace based on reforms and amnesty to Aguinaldo. In succeeding months, practicing shuttle diplomacy, Paterno traveled back and forth between Manila and Biak-na-Bato carrying proposals and counterproposals. Paterno's efforts led to a peace agreement called the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. This consisted of three documents, the first two being signed on December 14, 1897, and the third being signed on December 15; effectively ending the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.[7]
- On December 23, 1897, Generals CelestinoTejero and Ricardo Monet of the Spanish army arrived in Biak-na-Bato and became hostages of the rebels. A ceasefire was declared by both camps and an agreement between Aguinaldo and the Spanish forces was made -that the Spanish government will grant self-rule to the Philippines in 3 years if Aguinaldo went to exile and surrender his arms. In exchange, Aguinaldo will receive P800,000 (Mexican Pesos) as remuneration to the revolutionaries and an amnesty. After receiving a partial payment of P400,000, Aguinaldo left for Hong Kong on December 27, 1897. Some Filipino generals, however, did not believe in the sincerity of the Spaniards. They refused to surrender their arms. Nevertheless, the Te Deum was still sung on January 23, 1898.
- On December 23, 1897, Generals CelestinoTejero and Ricardo Monet of the Spanish army arrived in Biak-na-Bato and became hostages of the rebels. A ceasefire was declared by both camps and an agreement between Aguinaldo and the Spanish forces was made -that the Spanish government will grant self-rule to the Philippines in 3 years if Aguinaldo went to exile and surrender his arms. In exchange, Aguinaldo will receive P800,000 (Mexican Pesos) as remuneration to the revolutionaries and an amnesty. After receiving a partial payment of P400,000, Aguinaldo left for Hong Kong on December 27, 1897. Some Filipino generals, however, did not believe in the sincerity of the Spaniards. They refused to surrender their arms. Nevertheless, the Te Deum was still sung on January 23, 1898.
- On December 23, 1897, Generals CelestinoTejero and Ricardo Monet of the Spanish army arrived in Biak-na-Bato and became hostages of the rebels. A ceasefire was declared by both camps and an agreement between Aguinaldo and the Spanish forces was made -that the Spanish government will grant self-rule to the Philippines in 3 years if Aguinaldo went to exile and surrender his arms. In exchange, Aguinaldo will receive P800,000 (Mexican Pesos) as remuneration to the revolutionaries and an amnesty. After receiving a partial payment of P400,000, Aguinaldo left for Hong Kong on December 27, 1897. Some Filipino generals, however, did not believe in the sincerity of the Spaniards. They refused to surrender their arms. Nevertheless, the Te Deum was still sung on January 23, 1898.
- On December 23, 1897, Generals CelestinoTejero and Ricardo Monet of the Spanish army arrived in Biak-na-Bato and became hostages of the rebels. A ceasefire was declared by both camps and an agreement between Aguinaldo and the Spanish forces was made -that the Spanish government will grant self-rule to the Philippines in 3 years if Aguinaldo went to exile and surrender his arms. In exchange, Aguinaldo will receive P800,000 (Mexican Pesos) as remuneration to the revolutionaries and an amnesty. After receiving a partial payment of P400,000, Aguinaldo left for Hong Kong on December 27, 1897. Some Filipino generals, however, did not believe in the sincerity of the Spaniards. They refused to surrender their arms. Nevertheless, the Te Deum was still sung on January 23, 1898.