This document discusses different types of research methods including observational studies, experiments, and surveys. It provides details on observational research methods like participant observation, non-participant observation, and naturalistic observation. For experiments it explains independent and dependent variables as well as factors, levels, and treatments. It also discusses surveys and collecting data through questionnaires and interviews. In the end it provides examples of a summary table and bibliographic references.

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Thelma V. Villaflores

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 Observation
 Experiment
 Survey

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Observational Data
The researcher observes and
measures the characteristics of the
subjects without applying any
treatments.

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Observational Data
Participant observation
Non-participant observation
Naturalistic observation
Simulation

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Participant
Observation
Researcher becomes
an active part of the
group being observed.
Members of the group
are not aware.

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Non-Participant
Observation
Researcher observes
from a distance and
does not participate
in the group’s
activities.
Members of the group
are aware.

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Naturalistic
Observation
Researcher observes
the behavior of the
test group in a
naturalistic
environment.

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Simulation Models are used to
imitate the condition
of a process or
situation.

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Experimental Data
Data are collected from an
experimental study that involves
taking the measurements in a
controlled setting.

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Experimental Data
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Controlled variable

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Independent
variable
The variable that is
manipulated by the
researcher.

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Dependent
variable
The variable that is
likely to change in
response to the
independent variable.

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Controlled
variable
The variables that
stay constant all
throughout the
experiment.

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Experimental Data
Factor
Level
Treatment

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Factor An explanatory
variable that is
controlled in an
experiment.

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Level The value of the
factors manipulated in
the experiment.
amount or magnitude

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Treatment Combination of factor
levels

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Table 1. Summary Table on the Effect of Different Colors of Light on Plant Growth
Allium
Cepa
Green Red Blue Yellow Orange Natural
15 min 30 min 15 min 30 min 15 min 30 min 15 min 30 min 15 min 30 min 15 min 30 min
Percentage of
Germinated
Seeds
Plant Height
Number of
Leaves

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Survey
Data are collected by asking
questions from the respondents.

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Survey
Questionnaires
Interviews

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Questionnaire A series of written
questions answered by
participants or
respondents.

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Interview A face-to-face
encounter with the
participants and is
more personal.

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Bibliographical References
Policarpio, Vea Jane A. (2018).
Growth response of allium cepa
(onion), solanum lycopersicum
(tomato), solanum melongena
(eggplant), and brassica (mustard) on
different colors of light. Unpublished
research
MORALES-Ramos, Anna Cherylle.
(2017). Exploring life through
Science-capstone research project.
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

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“Change the way
you look at
things and the
things you look
at change.”
― Wayne W. Dyer

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Thanks!
Theay’s Nuggets of Wisdom
Thelma Villaflores