The Biak-na-Bato Pact established a ceasefire between Emilio Aguinaldo's rebel forces and the Spanish government in 1897. Under the pact, Aguinaldo agreed to go into exile in Hong Kong in exchange for a large monetary payment and a promise of reforms and independence for the Philippines within three years. However, neither side fully trusted the other, and clashes continued after Aguinaldo left. In 1898, Aguinaldo returned from exile and declared Philippine independence after the US defeated Spain in the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. The Treaty of Paris later that year ended the war by transferring control of the Philippines from Spain to the United States.

1. THE BIAK-NA-BATO PACT

2. Emilio Aguinaldo
established his
headquarters in
Biak-na-Bato in the
province of Bulacan

3. In July 1897, Aguinaldo established the
Biak-na-Bato Republic
and issued a proclamation stating the following demands:
1. Expulsion of the friars and the return of the friar
lands to the Filipinos
2. Representation in the Spanish Cortes
3. Freedom of the press and of religion
4. Abolition of the government’s power to
banish Filipinos
5. Equality for all before the law.

4. THE BIAK-NA-BATO CONSTITUTION
Constitution based on the Cuban Constitution
Drafted by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho
Signed on November 1, 1897
The Constitution provided a:
SUPREME COUNCIL
EMILIO AGUINALDO MARIANO TRIAS
President Vice-President

5. TO END THE CLASHES BETWEEN FILIPINOS
AND SPANIARDS…
Emilio
Gov. Gen.
Aguinaldo Primo de Rivera
PEDRO
PATERNO
volunteered to act as negotiator

6. A ceasefire was declared by both camps and an agreement
between Aguinaldo and the Spanish forces was made.

7. CONDITIONS:
The Spanish government will grant
SELF-RULE to the Philippines in
3 YEARS
if Aguinaldo went to exile in HONG KONG
and surrender his arms.
IN EXCHANGE FOR WHAT??

8. Aguinaldo will receive P800,000 (Mexican Pesos) as
remuneration to the revolutionaries and an
amnesty.
SO…
After receiving a partial payment of P400,000,
Aguinaldo left for Hong Kong on board the
ship URANUS
December 27, 1897.
Some Filipino generals, however, did not believe in the
sincerity of the Spaniards. They refused to surrender
their arms.

9.  WHY?
 The Filipino’s and the Spaniards did not trust each
other.
 As a result, periodic clashes between the two
groups still took place even after Aguinaldo’s
departure from the country.
 The Spanish did not pay the entire agreed amount.

10. AGUINALDO IN HONG KONG

12. Battle of Manila Bay
• May 1, 1898
•First major battle
of Spanish American
War
•Led by George
Dewey
•Won with four
deaths
•Battle lasted only a
few hours

13. AGUINALDO RETURNS
TO MANILA... May 19, 1898
Aguinaldo arrived on board the MCCULLOCH with
ammunition bought with the money he received
from Spain
By June 1898, General Emilio Aguinaldo had captured
the whole of Luzon and was ready to storm Manila
with the help of Gregorio del Pilar
MANILA = INSIDE INTRAMUROS

14. Aguinaldo was firmly convinced that it
just was a matter of days before the
Spaniards surrendered.
Therefore, he started planning for the
declaration of
Philippine independence.

15. JUNE 12, 1898...
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
is declared by
AGUINALDO

16. JUNE 12, 1898...

17. The TREATY OF
PARIS...
FELIPE AGONCILLO – was sent to the USA to try
to speak to Pres. McKinley – FAILED

18. FELIPE AGONCILLO – Tried to go to France to
attend a meeting between Spanish and
American representatives

19. WHAT WAS THE MEETING ABOUT?
1. Outcome of the Spanish – American War
2. Situation in Cuba and the Philippines

20. TREATY OF PARIS IS SIGNED...
On Dec. 10, 1898, THE TREATY OF PARIS ended the
Spanish-American War.
Cuba was granted its independence
Spain ceded the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico
In return, the US paid Spain the sum of
US$20 million for the Philippines.

21. LAST JOINT SESSION OF THE TREATY
OF PARIS

22. Peace treaty negotiation between American and
Spanish military generals. The Americans negotiated
in a hostile atmosphere because all Europe, except
England, was sympathetic to the Spanish side.

23. DIEGO DE LOS RÍOS,
the last Spanish
Governor-General of
the Philippines.
His term ended on
Dec. 10, 1898 when the
Treaty of Paris was
signed.