1. The document discusses qualitative and quantitative models of technology transfer. Qualitative models delineate activities and factors that influence success, while quantitative models aim to quantify parameters and minimize incompatibility between transferors and transferees. 2. Several qualitative models are described, including the Bar-Zakay, Behrman and Wallender, Dahlman and Westphal, and Schlie, Radnor and Wad models. These models outline stages of the technology transfer process and factors that influence effectiveness. 3. Quantitative models discussed aim to measure parameters like potential technological distance between transferors and transferees, and examine the technological "catch-up" process when a leader assists a follower.

1. PES
MODERN COLLEGE OF PHARMACY (Ladies)
MOSHI, PUNE
Savitribai Phule Pune University
B.PHARM
Semester- VII
By
Mrs. Sneha Patil
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Pharmaceutics
Technology transfer models
– Qualitative and quantitative models

2. Content
1. Introduction
2. Qualitative technology models
3. Quantitative technology models
4. References

3. 1. Introduction
 Technology transfer is the process by which the manufacturing
process and analytical method are transferred from one
manufacturing unit to another unit or from R & D to manufacturing
unit
 Technology transfer from R & D to manufacturing site is critical
because of the scale up of the product from pilot batch to large scale
commercial batch
 In pharmaceutical industry, “Technology Transfer” refers to the
processes of successful progress from drug discovery to product
development, clinical trials and ultimately full-scale
commercialization

4. Introduction continue……
 Models of technology transfer that could facilitate the effective
planning and implementation of technology transfer projects
 Two types of technology transfer models are qualitative and
quantitative
 Qualitative models often have as their objective the delineation of
activities involved in managing technology transfer and the elicitation
of factors and issues that can influence the success and/or
effectiveness of technology transfer
 Quantitative models, aim at quantifying parameters of significance in
technology transfer and analysing them with a view towards
minimizing goal incompatibility between the transferors and
transferees of technology

5. Introduction continue…..
Classification of technology transfer models
Sr. No. Qualitative models Quantitative models
1. The Bar-Zakay model Sharif and Haq
2. The Behrman and Wallender model Raz et al
3. The Dahlman and Westphal model Klein and Lim
4. The Schlie, Radnor and Wad model
5. Lee et al.
6. The Chantramonklasri model
7. Unido model
8. Durrani et al.

6. 2. Qualitative technology models
1. The Bar-Zakay model
 Bar-Zakay (1971) developed a technology transfer model based on a
project management approach
 Technology transfer process is divided into the Search, Adaptation,
Implementation and Maintenance stages
 The lessons that can be learnt from the Bar- Zakay model are the
following:
1. There is a need for a comprehensive examination of the entire
technology transfer process from “search” right through to “post-
implementation” activities
2. The process approach must be adopted in planning and
implementing technology transfer projects
3. Milestones and decision points are important so that activities can
be strengthened, mistakes corrected, or even the project terminated
at any point in time

7. Qualitative technology models continue……
2. The Behrman and Wallender model
 Behrman and Wallender (1976) have proposed a seven stage process
for international technology transfer that may be more relevant to
multinational corporations
 The seven stages are:
1. Manufacturing proposal and planning to arrive at decisions
regarding location and preparing a business case including good
resource assessments
2. Deciding the product design technologies to be transferred
3. Specifying details of the plant to be designed to produce the product
and other aspects related to construction and infrastructure
development
4. Plant construction and production start-up

8. Qualitative technology models continue……
2. The Behrman and Wallender model
5. Adapting the process and product if needed and strengthening
production systems to suit local conditions
6. Improving the product technology transferred using local skills
7. Providing external support to strengthen the relationship between
the transferor and transferee
 Weakness of this model – During first three stages, the transferor
develops the technology transfer project with minimal involvement
of the transferee thereby reinforcing dependency

9. Qualitative technology models continue……
3. The Dahlman and Westphal model (1981)
 He proposed a nine stage process model as follows:
1. Pre-investment feasibility is carried out to gather information and
establishing project viability that are carried out for techno-
economic
2. On the basis of feasibility study there is a need to carry out a
preliminary identification of technologies
3. Carry out basic engineering studies that involve the preparation of
process flow diagrams, layouts, material and energy balances and
other design specifications of the plant and machinery and the core
technology to be transferred
4. To make the transfer effective carry out a detailed engineering study
that involve the preparation of a detailed civil engineering plan for
the facility, including construction and installation specifications and
identification of the peripheral technology needed

10. Qualitative technology models continue……
3. The Dahlman and Westphal model (1981)
 He proposed a nine stage process model as follows:
5. Selection of suppliers to assemble the plant machinery, equipment
and plan for the co- ordination of the work among various parties
6. The education plan and training are executed in consultation with
the suppliers of technology for the workers who would be employed
in the technology transfer project
7. The plant is constructed
8. Operations are commenced
9. Develop trouble-shooting skills and put in place arrangements to
solve design and operational problems as they arise, especially
during the early years of operation
 Weakness of the model – It assumes that the transferee will have
access to high level engineering skills

11. Qualitative technology models continue……
4. The Schlie, Radnor and Wad model
 Schlie et al. (1987) propose a simple, generic model that delineates
seven elements that can influence the planning, implementation and
eventual success of any technology transfer project. These seven
elements are listed below.
 i. The transferor, which is the unit selling the technology to the
recipient.
 ii. The transferee, which is the unit buying the technology.
 iii. The technology that is being transferred.
 iv. The transfer mechanism that has been chosen to transfer the
chosen technology.
 v. The transferor environment is the immediate set of conditions,
in which the transferor is operating. Attributes of the transferor
environment that can influence the effectiveness of the transfer
process include, among others, economic status, business orientation
(inward versus outward), stability, attitude and commitment to the
transfer project, and operating policies.

12. Qualitative technology models continue……
4. The Schlie, Radnor and Wad model
 Schlie et al. (1987) propose a simple, generic model that delineates
seven elements that can influence the planning, implementation and
eventual success of any technology transfer project.
 These seven elements are as follows:
1. The transferor, which is the unit selling the technology to the
recipient
2. The transferee, which is the unit buying the technology
3. The technology that is being transferred
4. The transfer mechanism that has been chosen to transfer the chosen
technology
5. The transferor environment is the immediate set of conditions, in
which the transferor is operating and attributes of the transferor
environment that can influence the effectiveness of the transfer
process include, among others, economic status, business
orientation (inward versus outward), stability, attitude and
commitment to the transfer project, and operating policies

13. Qualitative technology models continue……
4. The Schlie, Radnor and Wad model
6. The transferee environment is the immediate set of conditions
under which the transferee is operating. Attributes of the transferee
environment that can influence the absorptive capacity of the
transferee include physical and organizational infrastructure, skills
availability, attitude and commitment to the transfer project,
technological status, business orientation (inward versus outward),
economic status and stability.
7. The greater environment which is surrounding both the transferor
and the transferee, there may be layers of this environment that are
sub-regional, regional and global and even if the immediate
operating environments of the technology transfer, if the layers of
the greater environment are not supportive, then cross-border and
international technology transfer could be adversely affected

14. Qualitative technology models continue……
5. Lee at al.
 He has developed a longitudinal model (1988) of technology transfer
based on a study of developing and rapidly industrializing countries
 The need of transferee firm to put in place strategies to be able to go
through the stages of acquisition, assimilation, and eventual
improvement

15. Qualitative technology models continue……
6. The Chantramonklasri model
 Chantramonklasri (1990) who proposes a five phase model as shown
in (Fig. 1)
 The five phases of this model are as follows:
Fig. 1 Five –Phase Model of International Technology Transfer

16. Qualitative technology models continue……
6. The Chantramonklasri model
 The five phases of this model are as follows:
1. Carrying out a pre-investment and feasibility study
2. On the basis of feasibility study developing engineering
specifications and design
3. Commence capital goods production based on the engineering
specifications and designs that have been developed
4. Commissioning and start-up including comprehensive of the
workforce
5. Commercial production commences

17. Qualitative technology models continue……
7. Unido model
 UNIDO (1996) model, in which endorsement of the Bar- Zakay
approach, suggests that in the manufacturing sector, once the need
for a technology transfer project is established the steps of search,
evaluation, negotiation, contract execution, technology adaptation
and absorption should be followed sequentially to ensure
effectiveness

18. Qualitative technology models continue……
8. Durrani et al.
 Durrani et al. (1998) have proposed a generic model consisting of five
steps:
1. Market-place requirements to be established
2. Identifying technology solutions
3. Classifying the identified technology solutions
4. Establishing sources from where the desired technology could be
acquired
5. Technology-acquisition decision was finalized

19. 3. Quantitative technology transfer models
1. Sharif and Haq
 Sharif and Haq (1980) proposed the concept of Potential
Technological Distance (PTD) between a transferor and transferee
and argues that when the PTD is either too great or too small
between the transferor and transferee, the effectiveness of the
transfer is low
 It suggests that when a transferee first looks for a potential transferor
it is important to look for one with an “optimal” PTD

20. Quantitative technology transfer models continue…..
2. Raz et al.
 Raz et al (1983) have presented a model of technological “catch-up”
that shows how a technology leader, through technology transfer, can
assist the rate of technological development of a technology follower
 The model examines three phases of growth of a technology follower
namely, the slow initial phase with high technological capability gap,
the faster learning phase with the decreasing gap, and catch-up
phase when the technological gap is very small or closed

21. Quantitative technology transfer models continue…..
3. Klein and lim
 Klein and Lim (1997) have studied the technology gap between the
general machinery and electrical and electronic industries of Korea
and Japan
 This model suggests that technology transfer from leaders can play a
critical role in upgrading the technological levels of follower firms
 Their study also shows that the followers should supplement the
transfer by independently putting in place measures to assimilate,
modify, and localize the technology transferred from the leader

22. 4. References
1. https://www.pharmaguideline.com/2015/07/technology-transfer-in-
pharmaceuticals.html
2. https://www.slideshare.net/naseebbasha/technology-transfer-in-
pharma-industry
3. Sajid A, Vinay P, Chander S. Technology transfer in pharmaceuticals.
International research journal of Pharmacy. 2012, volume 3, issue 6;
Pg. no. 43-48