This document discusses the history and development of orchid micropropagation techniques. It notes that in the 1960s, scientists developed methods for inducing plantlets from dormant buds and shoot tips in vitro, allowing for mass propagation. Since then, techniques using shoot tips, meristems, leaves, and other explants have been developed for propagating many commercial orchid species. The document also outlines some best practices for orchid micropropagation, including addressing phenolic exudation and somaclonal variation. It concludes by discussing the growth of the global orchid industry and opportunities to expand commercial orchid cultivation in India through further development of low-cost micropropagation methods.
Dendrobium
Family – Orchidaceae
Exhibits a vast diversity in vegetative and floral characteristics
1,600 Dendrobium species are recognized worldwide
High value of crop – for flower and medicinal purpose
D. husohanense- Anti-tumor and Anti-
inflammatry
D. longicornu - used to treat fever and
coughs
Micropropagation
Seeds are minute and lack endosperm
Micropropagation has been achieved using
Shoot tip culture
Seed culture (Immature and mature embryo)
Auxiliary Bud culture
Pseudobulb segment culture
Shoot Tip culture
Sterlization of Explant
Shoot tips(0.5–0.8 cm) harvested from mother plants
carefully washed in distilled water
surface decontaminated with 0.1% streptomycin (20 s) 70% (v/v) ethanol
(50 s) and 0.1% (w/v) HgCl2 (2 min)
Thoroughly rinsed with sterilized distilled water
Media
Subculturing
Micropropagation of Dendrobium From Pseudobulb segment
Regeneration from Pseudobulb Segment Cultures
Pseudobulb segments of about 0.5-1.0 cm excised from the 1 year old in vitro raised seedlings
Any leaves or roots, if present, were removed from the segments prior to inoculation
Each segment had one or two axillary buds. Single pseudobulb segment was cultured in test tubes (25 mm × 150 mm), each containing 12 mL half-strength MS basal medium supplemented with BAP 1.0 mg L-1 individually or in combination with NAA at 1 mg L-1
The medium was solidified with 4 g L-1 agar
Rooting of Regenerated Shoots (Pseudobulbs)
Small clumps of shoots having 2-3 pseudobulbs (3-4 cm in length) were cultured in test tubes (25 mm × 150 mm)
Each containing 12 mL half-strength MS basal medium supplemented with or without 1.0 mg L-1 IAA or IBA or NAA.
The cultures were incubated for 3 months under the conditions as described above.
The pH was adjusted to 5.8 before autoclaving at 121°C, 15 lb in-2 for 15 min.
Micropropagation of Dendrobium From Auxiliary bud
Stem (1–2 cm long), each comprising a node and axillary bud are used as explant- wash in running tape water for 15-20 minute
Surface sterilization with-
- 10 % (v/v) NaClO solution for 10 minute
- 0.1 % (w/v) HgCl2 for 2 min
- washing 5–6 times with sterilized distilled water
The explants were shortened to 3–4 mm after the removal of leaves, dry sheaths and other external tissues
Micropropagation of Dendrobium from immature seeds
Capsules collected from hand-pollinated plants after 8–14 wk of pollination
Surface-disinfected in 70% ethanol for 30 s, followed by 1.0% sodium
hypochlorite with two drops of Tween 20 per 100 ml for 10 min and rinsed five
times with sterile distilled water
After sterilization, the c
Dendrobium
Family – Orchidaceae
Exhibits a vast diversity in vegetative and floral characteristics
1,600 Dendrobium species are recognized worldwide
High value of crop – for flower and medicinal purpose
D. husohanense- Anti-tumor and Anti-
inflammatry
D. longicornu - used to treat fever and
coughs
Micropropagation
Seeds are minute and lack endosperm
Micropropagation has been achieved using
Shoot tip culture
Seed culture (Immature and mature embryo)
Auxiliary Bud culture
Pseudobulb segment culture
Shoot Tip culture
Sterlization of Explant
Shoot tips(0.5–0.8 cm) harvested from mother plants
carefully washed in distilled water
surface decontaminated with 0.1% streptomycin (20 s) 70% (v/v) ethanol
(50 s) and 0.1% (w/v) HgCl2 (2 min)
Thoroughly rinsed with sterilized distilled water
Media
Subculturing
Micropropagation of Dendrobium From Pseudobulb segment
Regeneration from Pseudobulb Segment Cultures
Pseudobulb segments of about 0.5-1.0 cm excised from the 1 year old in vitro raised seedlings
Any leaves or roots, if present, were removed from the segments prior to inoculation
Each segment had one or two axillary buds. Single pseudobulb segment was cultured in test tubes (25 mm × 150 mm), each containing 12 mL half-strength MS basal medium supplemented with BAP 1.0 mg L-1 individually or in combination with NAA at 1 mg L-1
The medium was solidified with 4 g L-1 agar
Rooting of Regenerated Shoots (Pseudobulbs)
Small clumps of shoots having 2-3 pseudobulbs (3-4 cm in length) were cultured in test tubes (25 mm × 150 mm)
Each containing 12 mL half-strength MS basal medium supplemented with or without 1.0 mg L-1 IAA or IBA or NAA.
The cultures were incubated for 3 months under the conditions as described above.
The pH was adjusted to 5.8 before autoclaving at 121°C, 15 lb in-2 for 15 min.
Micropropagation of Dendrobium From Auxiliary bud
Stem (1–2 cm long), each comprising a node and axillary bud are used as explant- wash in running tape water for 15-20 minute
Surface sterilization with-
- 10 % (v/v) NaClO solution for 10 minute
- 0.1 % (w/v) HgCl2 for 2 min
- washing 5–6 times with sterilized distilled water
The explants were shortened to 3–4 mm after the removal of leaves, dry sheaths and other external tissues
Micropropagation of Dendrobium from immature seeds
Capsules collected from hand-pollinated plants after 8–14 wk of pollination
Surface-disinfected in 70% ethanol for 30 s, followed by 1.0% sodium
hypochlorite with two drops of Tween 20 per 100 ml for 10 min and rinsed five
times with sterile distilled water
After sterilization, the c
A PRESENTATION ON PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF TUBEROSEujjwalkumar353
Tuberose is an important commercial cut as well as loose flower crop due to pleasant fragrance, longer vase-life of spikes, higher returns and wide adaptability to varied climate and soil
Self-incompatibility refers to the inability of a plant with functional pollen to set seeds when self pollinated. It is the failure of pollen from a flower to fertilize the same flower or other flowers of the same plant.
This presentation includes, Single-locus self-incompatibility- {Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) and Sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI)},2-locus gametophytic self-incompatibility, Heteromorphic self-incompatibility,Cryptic self-incompatibility (CSI) and Late-acting self-incompatibility (LSI).
Micropropagation and commercial exploitation in horticulture cropsDheeraj Sharma
Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.
FSC 503: Biodiversity and conservation of fruit crops
Collection: Tapping of genetic diversity from various sources and assembling at one place is called germplasm collection.
Evaluation: It deals with the assessing the agronomic potential of an accession including quality parameters and response to various abiotic and biotic stresses.
Documentation:Germplasm conservation, in its various stages, includes a range of activities for which information is required or from which information is derived. This may refer to species, their sites of origin, or activities or stages of conservation. The action of recording, organizing, and analyzing conservation data is known as documentation.
Seed dormancy is fully explained in this ppt. it includes causes ( dormancy due to hard seed coat, dormancy due to condition of embryo, dormancy due to absence of light, dormancy due to low temperature etc. ) of seed dormancy, types of seed dormancy, various methods to remove seed dormancy like impaction, stratification, scarification, exposure of seed to light
Presentation on the relevance of self-incompatibility, methods to overcome self-incompatibility, advantages and disadvantages, utilization in crop improvement
Comparative study on screening methods of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) producing...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Micro-propagation of Alstroemeria Hybrida Cv. PlutoIJEAB
The experiment entitled micropropagation of Alstroemeria hybrida cv. Pluto was conducted to standardize protocol for aseptic establishment, callus induction, proliferation, and rooting from rhizome tips, rhizome sections, shoot tips, shoot nodal segments and inflorescence buds. Highest culture asepsis of 79.20 per cent at 2 weeks of culture and 68.08 per cent at 4 weeks of culture was recorded in rhizome tips following sterilization treatment with Carbendazim 200 ppm for 30 minutes + HgCl2 (0.1 %) dip for 10 minutes and final treatment with ethyl alcohol (70 %) for 1 minute. Rhizome tips and rhizome section explants survived sterilant treatment better than other explants. MS-liquid medium supplemented with BAP + IBA: 1.5 + 0.2 mg l-l proved best for culture establishment (89.42 %) in case of rhizome tips and (56.13 %) in case of rhizome sections. MS-solid medium with plant growth regulator combinations BAP + IBA: 1.0 + 0.2 mg l-1 fortified with activated charcoal resulted in an establishment of (78.25 %) in rhizome tips and (40.24 %) in case of rhizome sections. Callus induction was highest in MS-solid medium fortified with BAP + NAA: 0.5 + 4.5 mg l-l. Rhizome tips cultured on MS-medium BAP + IBA + GA3 + Activated charcoal: 2.0 + 0.4 + 0.5 + 1000 mg l-l gave highest proliferation (88.85 %) along with highest number of erect shoots (5.75) , number of new rhizome buds ( 3.75), rhizome fresh weight/shoot complex (6.05), and multiplication index (2.76). Highest Rooting (54.81 %) along with lowest days to appearance of root (10.87), highest number of roots (3.12) and highest root length (16.42 mm) was recorded in MS-liquid medium fortified with NAA 1.5 mg l-1. Abbreviations used— AC; Activated charcoal, BAP; 6-Benzyl amino purine, BA; 6-Benzyladenine, 2, 4-D; 2, 4dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid,GA3; Gibberelic acid, IAA; Indole-3-acetic acid, IBA; Indole-3-butyric acid, MS; Murashige and Skoog’s (1962) medium, NAA; Naphthalene acetic acid and µm; Micro molar.
A PRESENTATION ON PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF TUBEROSEujjwalkumar353
Tuberose is an important commercial cut as well as loose flower crop due to pleasant fragrance, longer vase-life of spikes, higher returns and wide adaptability to varied climate and soil
Self-incompatibility refers to the inability of a plant with functional pollen to set seeds when self pollinated. It is the failure of pollen from a flower to fertilize the same flower or other flowers of the same plant.
This presentation includes, Single-locus self-incompatibility- {Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) and Sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI)},2-locus gametophytic self-incompatibility, Heteromorphic self-incompatibility,Cryptic self-incompatibility (CSI) and Late-acting self-incompatibility (LSI).
Micropropagation and commercial exploitation in horticulture cropsDheeraj Sharma
Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.
FSC 503: Biodiversity and conservation of fruit crops
Collection: Tapping of genetic diversity from various sources and assembling at one place is called germplasm collection.
Evaluation: It deals with the assessing the agronomic potential of an accession including quality parameters and response to various abiotic and biotic stresses.
Documentation:Germplasm conservation, in its various stages, includes a range of activities for which information is required or from which information is derived. This may refer to species, their sites of origin, or activities or stages of conservation. The action of recording, organizing, and analyzing conservation data is known as documentation.
Seed dormancy is fully explained in this ppt. it includes causes ( dormancy due to hard seed coat, dormancy due to condition of embryo, dormancy due to absence of light, dormancy due to low temperature etc. ) of seed dormancy, types of seed dormancy, various methods to remove seed dormancy like impaction, stratification, scarification, exposure of seed to light
Presentation on the relevance of self-incompatibility, methods to overcome self-incompatibility, advantages and disadvantages, utilization in crop improvement
Comparative study on screening methods of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) producing...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Micro-propagation of Alstroemeria Hybrida Cv. PlutoIJEAB
The experiment entitled micropropagation of Alstroemeria hybrida cv. Pluto was conducted to standardize protocol for aseptic establishment, callus induction, proliferation, and rooting from rhizome tips, rhizome sections, shoot tips, shoot nodal segments and inflorescence buds. Highest culture asepsis of 79.20 per cent at 2 weeks of culture and 68.08 per cent at 4 weeks of culture was recorded in rhizome tips following sterilization treatment with Carbendazim 200 ppm for 30 minutes + HgCl2 (0.1 %) dip for 10 minutes and final treatment with ethyl alcohol (70 %) for 1 minute. Rhizome tips and rhizome section explants survived sterilant treatment better than other explants. MS-liquid medium supplemented with BAP + IBA: 1.5 + 0.2 mg l-l proved best for culture establishment (89.42 %) in case of rhizome tips and (56.13 %) in case of rhizome sections. MS-solid medium with plant growth regulator combinations BAP + IBA: 1.0 + 0.2 mg l-1 fortified with activated charcoal resulted in an establishment of (78.25 %) in rhizome tips and (40.24 %) in case of rhizome sections. Callus induction was highest in MS-solid medium fortified with BAP + NAA: 0.5 + 4.5 mg l-l. Rhizome tips cultured on MS-medium BAP + IBA + GA3 + Activated charcoal: 2.0 + 0.4 + 0.5 + 1000 mg l-l gave highest proliferation (88.85 %) along with highest number of erect shoots (5.75) , number of new rhizome buds ( 3.75), rhizome fresh weight/shoot complex (6.05), and multiplication index (2.76). Highest Rooting (54.81 %) along with lowest days to appearance of root (10.87), highest number of roots (3.12) and highest root length (16.42 mm) was recorded in MS-liquid medium fortified with NAA 1.5 mg l-1. Abbreviations used— AC; Activated charcoal, BAP; 6-Benzyl amino purine, BA; 6-Benzyladenine, 2, 4-D; 2, 4dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid,GA3; Gibberelic acid, IAA; Indole-3-acetic acid, IBA; Indole-3-butyric acid, MS; Murashige and Skoog’s (1962) medium, NAA; Naphthalene acetic acid and µm; Micro molar.
Production of Haploids Plants from Anther Culture of Musa Paradisiaca cv. ‘Pu...RSIS International
Haploid plants were regenerated from the anther callus of banana Musa paradisiaca (AB) cv. Puttabale. The highest frequency of callus induction (90%) was observed at the concentration of 3mg/l 2, 4-D . After 20 days of incubation organization of embyroids were organised from the callus mass. Interaction of 4mg/l BAP and 0.4 mg/l IAA provoked shoot growth of the embryoids and well organised roots were developed at the concentration of 0.6 mg/l NAA and the media was agumented with 0.2% activated charcoal. Flow cytometry study was carried out to analyse the DNA content of the regenerated haploid plants. The results of the investigation reported the efficient production of haploid plants from the anther culture.
Interaction between Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) with Verticillium dahli...Premier Publishers
Vericillium wilt of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important diseases of olive plantations worldwide. Four distinguishable native AMF species (Paraglomus occultum (C. Walker), Glomus etunicatum W.N. Becker & Gerd. Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxt.) Gerd. & Trappe and Glomus clarum T.H. Nicolson & N.C. Schenck) were morphologically identified. The effectiveness of these native AMF fungi as inoculants for two target varieties of olive (Roghani and Zard), currently used in Iran was assessed. The current study in interaction of AMF fungi with Verticillium dahliae kleb. of olive inoculated with four different AMF fungi were used to suppress Verticillium wilt under greenhouse conditions. The fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots and the rate of increase in plant height and leaf number were significantly greater for olive seedlings inoculated with both AMF and Verticillium. No significant differences were observed between growth of olive seedlings inoculated with V. dahliae and control. This study supports the need to explore and exploit the natural diversity of AMF fungi as a starting point to formulate inoculants to be applied during the commercial nursery production of olive varieties.
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Oxygen status and its implication in seed developmentHridya Rejeendran
Changes in environmental conditions (e.g. light) produce short term adaptive responses in the oxygen consumption of the developing seed. Elevating the external oxygen supply can be balanced by increasing mitochondrial respiration (Borisjuk & Rolletschek, 2008). During seed development, the levels of typical fermentation products such as lactate/ethanol remain rather low, thus fermentation and anoxia are obviously avoided. It may be that seeds are able to fine-tune their endogenous oxygen level as well as the oxygen demand. The use of microsensors to track oxygen status following imbibition has been reported and the development of oxygen-sensitive microsensors now offers the capability to determine the localized oxygen status within a seed, and to study its dynamic adjustment both to changes in the ambient environment, and to the seed's developmental stage (Rolletschek et al., 2009).
Analysis of some Capparis L. accessions from Turkey based on IRAP and seed pr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— 15 accessions from 10 different grid square of Turkey were analysed based on IRAP and seed protein patterns in order to observe the genetic diversity in the gene pool of Capparis. High levels of polymorphisms were detected with IRAP primers (93%) and seed protein electrophoresis (55.5%). Specific delineation between C. spinosa and C. ovata, and segregations of the accessions related to infraspecific status and eco-geographical distributions were presented in the dendrograms and PCA analysis. Significantly correlation between IRAP markers and seed protein profiles of the specimens was detected (p< 0.0001). Combination of genomic/proteomic marker systems may be useful approach for determining the broad genetic diversity in gene pool of Capparis, identification of the germplasms and ecologically tolerant genotypes in breeding programs.
Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. Sandalwoodijtsrd
An efficient plant regeneration protocol was developed for Santalum album L. Santalaceae , an economically important species. Plant regeneration was achieved using nodal explants and leaf disc on Murashige and Skoog MS medium for direct shoot regeneration. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators PGR like 6 Benzyl Adenine BA , Kinetin KN and 2 Isopentenyl adenine 2 iP on shoot initiation 2 Isopentenyl adenine and Gibberellic acid GA3 for shoot elongation and multiple shoot formation and Indole 3 Butyric Acid IBA and a Naphthalene Acetic Acid NAA for rooting was studied. Among the explants tested for shoot induction, nodal segments proved good results. The best treatment for obtaining shoot induction was 3.0mg L BAP and for rooting 1 mg L of IBA was found to be the best treatment combination for maximum sprouting of shoot and rooting. After six the rooted plantlets were transferred for hardening, 20 of plantlets survived and resumed growth in the mixture of soil, vermiculite and sand 1 1 1 . S. Aghi Zion Inbakani | S. Sathishkumar | Bakan Jagdish Sudhakar "Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. (Sandalwood)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43698.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biotechnology/43698/micropropagation-of-santalum-album-l-sandalwood/s-aghi-zion-inbakani
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
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Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
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"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
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Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
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4. In 1949, Rotor at Cornell University demonstrated that
plantlets could be induced by aseptic culturing of the
dormant buds on the basal node
of Phalaenopsis inflorescence.
In 1960, Morel cultured shoot tips for obtaining virusfree Cymbidium clones in vitro. Possibility of obtaining
more than four million plants in a year from a single bud by
repeatedly sectioning and subculturing the protocorm-like
bodies (PLBs) created an intense interest among the orchid
growers and has revolutionized the orchid industry.
In 1963, Wimber published the first detailed protocol for in
vitro production of Cymbidium starting with meristem
culture.
7. Optimum requirements for Orchid
Culture
LIGHT : Without enough light, orchids may produce lush looking growths
but no flowers. Orchids grown under sufficient light will have lighter,
somewhat yellow-green foliage and strong upright growths.
AIR : Orchids roots, and eventually the entire plant, will die if they do not
get air and this is the reason that, with the exception of a few terrestrial
varieties, orchids do not grow in soil. Orchid potting media should be
open, with exceptionally good drainage, yet capable of holding sufficient
moisture to support the plant's needs.
WATER : Proper watering consists of two separate components; quantity
and frequency. Water should be provided until it runs freely from the
drainage holes. Watering frequency can be controlled by the choice of pot.
FERTILIZER : Typically plants are fertilized once a week during the summer
and every two weeks in the fall and winter.Fertilizers used on orchids
should contain little or no urea
12. Paphiopedilums have attained increasing demand in the flower
industry but suffer from slow plant growth and difficulty of removing
bacterial and fungal infections from explants originating from
greenhouse plants had kept them in short supply.
In 1988,Huang reported that most bacteria and fungi could be
excluded by utilizing shoot tip explants that were considerably
smaller than those usually employed for mericloning other orchids.
In 2005 Huang etal. modified the concentration of BAP and NAA in an
attempt to simplify the above protocol so that shoot increase and
rooting could be accomplished in a single step, thus shortening the
time required for obtaining plants.
Out of all the reports on shoot tip culture reviewed only two
(Vanda and Vanilla) are monopodial orchids.
Shoot tip culture can be used as a more reliable technique for tissue
culture of sympodial orchids
like Dendrobium, Cymbidium,Arundina, Phaius and Anoectochilus.
13. Orchid species
Medium composition
Regenerants (PLB/shoot bud)
Source of explant (invitro/in vivo)
Authors
Anacamptis pyramidalis(L.) Rich.
MS + NAA/IBA/IAA; 0.5–1 mg/l) + CW
PLBs
NA
Morel (1970)
Anoectochilus formosanus Hay.
Hyponex medium + 1 mg dm−3BAP/1–
2 mg dm−3
Shoot buds
In vivo
Ket et al. (2004)
Arundina bambusifoliaLindl.
Raghavan and Torrey's
(1964) medium
Shoots
In vitro
Nagaraju and Parthasarathy (1995)
Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw.
N&N medium
PLBs
In vitro
Devi et al. (1997)
Cymbidium atropurpureum (Lindley)
Rolfe.
VW + 5.0 mg/l NAA
PLBs
NA
Subramanium and Taha (2003)
D. wardianum R. Warner
MS + 2.5 mg/l BAP
PLBs
In vivo
Sharma and Tandon (1992)
Dendrobium cv. Sonia
VW + 1 mg/l BAP + 1.5 mg/l NAA
Shoot buds
In vivo
Sheela et al. (2004)
1/2 MS + 1 mg/l BAP + 7.5%CW
PLBs
Dendrobium Joannie Ostenhault
VW + 15% CW
PLBs
–
Sharon and Vasundhara (1990)
Phaius tankervilleae(Banks ex Aiton)
Blume
Raghavan and Torrey's (1964) basal
medium
Shoots
In vitro
Nagaraju and Parthasarathy (1995)
Vanilla planifolia Andr.
MS + 1 mg/l BAP + 150 ml/l CW
Shoots
In vivo
Kalimuthu et al. (2006)
15. In 1965, Wimber pioneered leaf tissue culture and gave the first
well-documented report on production of PLBs
from Cymbidium leaves.
The formation of calli and plants from leaf tips may merely
reflect an inherent trait of the Orchidaceae which is ‘brought
out’ or ‘turned on’ by the culture medium (Churchill etal.)
Only leaf tips responded by forming callus and PLBs.
In contrast to the above report in leaf explants of Vanda hybrid
(Vanda TMA × Vanda Joaquim) the leaf base was the most
amenable region for growth with over 80% of the isolated leaf
base cultures showing proliferation
Young leaves responded better than the old leaves.
Successful regeneration of a large number of uniform plants
from leaf tissue culture of endangered Renanthera
imschootiana , also known as the Red Vanda, has been reported
(Seeni and Latha, 1992).
16. Regeneration competence (frequency of response and number and
nature of regenerants) in foliar cultures was markedly influenced by
the juvenility of the tissues in terms of size of the donor leaf.
Successful micropropagation using leaf explants depends on many
factors like medium nutrient composition, the growth hormones,
source of the leaf (in vitro/in vivo), part of the leaf taken, explant
orientation and most importantly the age of the leaf.
PROBLEM :
Though maximum reports on orchid micropropagation surveyed have
used leaves as the starting material, popular use of leaf explantmediated mass scale cultivation of commercially important orchid
species in industries is restricted because of the time and costs
involved in standardizing the above factors.
17. Orchid species
Medium composition
Regenerants (PLB/shoot bud)
Source of explant (invitro/invivo)
Authors
Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatter and McCann.
MS + 0.5 mg/l NAA + 1 mg/l TDZ
Shoot buds
In vitro
Nayak et al. (1997a)
Aerides crispum L.
MS + 2.0 μM BAP
PLBs
In vitro
Sheelavanthmath et al. (2005)
Aerides maculosum Lindl.
MS + 2 mg/l BAP
PLBs
Invitro
Murthy and Pyati (2001)
Aerides multiflora Roxb.
MPR + 2 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA
PLBs
In vitro
[Vij et al., 2004a] and [Vij et al., 2004b]
Ascocenda Fifth State Beauty (Ascocentrum × Vanda)
MPR medium + 1 mg/l BAP
PLBs
In vitro and in vivo
Vij and Kaur (1999)
Dendrobium Cheingmai Pink
1/2 MS + 18.16 μM TDZ
Somatic embryos
In vitro
Chung et al. (2005)
Dendrobium hybrids (Sonia 17 and 28)
MS + 44.4 μM BAP
PLBs
In vitro
Martin and Madassery (2006)
Micropera pallida Lindl.
1/2 MS + 2 mg/l NAA + 2 mg/l BAP
PLBs
In vitro
Bhadra and Hossain (2004)
Mokara ‘Chark Kuan’
MS + 0.5 mg/l Kn
PLBs
In vitro
Abdul Ghani and Harris (1992)
Paphiopedilum philippinensehybrids (pH 59 and pH
60)
1/2 MS + 4.54 μM TDZ (pH 59)
Shoot buds
In vitro
Chen et al. (2004)
1/2 MS + 0.45 μM TDZ + 4.52 μM 2,4-D (pH 60)
Phalaenopsis ‘Taisuco Hatarot’, P. Tinny Sunshine
Annie, P. Taipei Gold ‘Golden Star, P. Tinny Galaxy
Annie’
MS + 88.8 μM BAP + 5.4 μM NAA
PLBs
In vitro
[Park et al., 2002a] and [Park et al., 2002b]
Phalaenopsis Little Steve
1/2 MS + 4.54 μM TDZ
Somatic embryos
In vitro
Kuo et al. (2005)
Renantanda ammani (Renanthera
storiei × Vanda Josephine van Breno)
VW liquid medium + 20% CW
PLBs
In vivo
Goh and Tan (1979)
Spathoglottis plicata Blume
1/2 MS + 0.2% activated charcoal + 5.37 μM
BAP + 0.44 μM NAA
PLBs
In vivo
Teng et al. (1997)
Vanda cristata Lindl.
MPR + 10 mg/l BAP + 5 mg/l IAA with increased
concentration of CuSO4·5H2O (2.2 mg/l)
PLBs
In vivo
Sharma and Vij (1997)
Vanilla planifolia Andr.
MS + 4.52 μM 2,4-D + 2.22 μM BAP
Callus
In vivo
Janarthanam and Seshadri (2008)
MS + 4.52 μM 2,4-D + 2.22 μM BAP
Shoots from the callus
24. Problems in orchid
micropropagation
1) Orchid cells in tissue culture exude a large
quantity of phenolics that become toxic to the cells
when oxidized.
REMEDY :
• Quick transfer of the explants to fresh media is
often recommended to avoid possible inhibitory
effects of exudates.
• Addition of activated charcoal and ascorbic acid
to the medium can help overcome inhibitory
effects of phenolics .
25. 2) TRANSPLANTATION STAGE : It continues to be a major bottleneck in the
micropropagation of many orchids. A substantial number of micro-propagated plants do not
survive transfer from in vitro conditions to greenhouse or field environment.
REMEDY :
Acclimatization of most micro-propagated plants can be hastened by in vitro hardening of
plantlets or after transplantation by decreasing the transpiration rate by applying antitranspirants including ABA or by increasing photosynthetic rate by elevated
CO2 concentration .
3) SOMACLONAL VARIATION : High concentrations of plant growth regulators and long
periods of culture are thought to be the main causes of variation in plants cultured in
vitro (George and Sherrington, 1984). Chen et al. (1998)have reported considerable
somaclonal variations in flower morphology, including colour and shape.
REMEDY :
Biochemical traits such as isozymes can help in the identification of somaclonal variations as
a complement to monitoring morphological traits.
The exact cause of mutations occurring in tissue cultured plants is not known, the available
evidence indicates that the use of pre-existing meristems (apical or axillary) as explant
tissues, which minimizes the requirement of growth regulators to induce growth and
development, may help to maintain clonal stability of plants derived in vitro to a great extent
27. • India's annual flower production stands at around 1000 tonnes and its
floriculture industry has a miniscule 0.01% share in the international
market.
• Even though since the last few years orchids have made their presence felt
in the Indian cut-flower trade, orchid cultivation and commerce in India is
still at a nascent stage.
• The major species grown are Dendrobium , Vanda, Paphiopedilum
, Oncidium , Phalaenopsis and Cymbidium. Vanilla (for spice)
and Dendrobium sp. (as cut flower) have been recognized as two of the
priority plants for tissue culture propagation according to a report
prepared on market survey on tissue cultured plants (Biotech Consortium
India Limited for Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and Small Farmers’
Agri-Business Consortium, 2005).
• Varied agroclimatic zones, cheap labour, ever growing high end consumer
markets make it a highly profitable proposition to grow orchids in India
• Its production, however, is restricted mainly to the north-eastern hill
region and parts of Kerala and Karnataka.
• Unfortunately, due to lack of controls at airports, huge quantities of
diseased and rejected cut flowers, often coloured with toxic dyes where
biosafety is a suspect are dumped in the Indian cities.
28. • Modern propagation and production technology has made orchids
accessible to a much broader section of the society. The fact that all major
commercial tissue culture laboratories in the world are involved in orchid
micropropagation emphasizes how popular these flowers have become.
• Development of new hybrids and their commercial cultivation have now
become a lucrative industry in many countries of the world.
• The rising popularity of orchids has created a demand for high quality
plant materials for the development of orchid industry.
• Training workshops in tissue culture techniques and hybridization to
develop new novel hybrids will also help to create job opportunities. It is
felt that due to tremendous uniformity in vegetatively propagated
plants, the future mass-market orchids will most likely be explant
propagated and not seed propagated.
• Cost efficient protocols for mass propagation of rare, threatened and
endangered orchids, new hybrids, as well as transgenic orchids have to be
developed further in order to commercialize and conserve them.
