important Define of plant breeding

1. SST-506
Seed Legislaion and Certification
Assignment On
Glossary of Plant Breeding
Submitted By :
Delvadiya Indrajay R.
2010116027
M. Sc. (Agri)
Dept. of Genetisc and Plant Breeding
JAU, Junagadh
Submitted To :
Dr. A.G. Pansuriya
Associate Research Scientist
Wheat Research Station
JAU, Junagadh.
DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING,
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE,
JUNAGADH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY,
JUNAGADH-362001

2.  Plant Breeding : Plant breeding is the art and science of changing
the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics
 Anther: The pollen-bearing portion of the stamen.
 Arrow : The inflorescence of sugar cane
 Backcross : The crossing of an F1 hybrid or heterozygote with one
of its parents.
 Biofortification : Genetic modification and bioprocessing for the
improvement of nutritional quality of food.
 Biological Yield : The total yield of a plant material.
 Centres of Origin (Vavilov 1926) : Geographical regions
represented by the greatest diversity of plant species
 Certified Seed : Seed produced from the foundation or certified
seed under the regulation of a legally constituted agency
 F1: The first generation of a cross between genetically unrelated
parents. It is also called first filial generation.

3.  F2: The second filial generation obtained by self-fertilization or
crossings inter se of F1 individuals.
 F3: The third filial generation progenyobtained byself-fertilizing
F2 individuals.
 Farmers’ Right : A legal right that entitles farmers to save, use,
sow, resow, exchange, share or sell their farm produce including
seed of a variety protected under IPRs.
 Fertility :Abilityto produce biologicallyfit offspring.
 Gene Pyramidying: A strategy for management of resistance that
involves incorporation of an increasing number of resistance genes
into the same cultivars likely to be released in succession.
 Genetic Advance : The genetic superiority (and not phenotypic)
of selected individuals / lines/families over the base population.
 Herkogamy: Hinderance to self-pollination due to some physical
barriers such as presence of hyline membrane around the anther is
known as herkogamy. Such membrane does not allow the
dehiscence of pollen and prevents self-pollination such as in
alfalfa.

4.  Self incompatibility: The inability of fertile pollens to fertilize the
same flower is referred to as self incompatibility. It prevents self-
pollination and promotes cross pollination. Self incompatibility is
found in several crop species likeBrassica, Radish, Nicotiana, and
many grass species. It is of two types porophytic and
gametophytic.
 Male sterility: In some species, the pollen grains are non
functional. Such condition is known as male sterility. It prevents
self-pollination and promotes cross pollination. It is of three
types: viz. genetic, cytoplasmic and cytoplasmic genetic. It is a
useful tool in hybrid seed production.
 Glume : The outer husks or bracts of each spikelet in grasses.
 H4 (Patel 1971) : The first commercial hybrid of cotton in the
world. It was developed at Cotton Research Station, Surat (India)
by crossing two upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.) varieties namely
„Gujrat 67‟ and „American Nectariless‟. The commercial seed
production was performed manually.
 Heredity : The biological similarity of offspring and parents; the
property by virtue of which offspring resemble their parents.

5.  Heterosis (Shull 1908) : A phenomenon in which an F1 derived by
crossing genetically dissimilar parents may fall outside the range of
their parents with respect to a character (s).
 Hybrid : The product of a cross between genetically dissimilar
parents; an individual carrying dissimilar alleles at one, two,
three,….., etc. loci is called mono-, di-, tri-,…., polyhybrids,
respectively; a heterozygote. It is a progeny individual from any
cross between parents with differing genotypes.
 I-Line:
Inbred line. I1, I2 , I3… symbols used to designate first, second,
third, etc. inbred generations.
 Ideotype (Donald 1968): A biological model expected to perform
in a predictable manner within a defined environment.
 Inbred Line: The product of inbreeding; in plant breeding, a
nearly homozygous line usually originating by continued self-
fertilization accompanied by selection for desired traits.
 Inbreeding Depression : A reduction in biological fitness and
vigour following inbreeding (in individuals, which are normally
cross-pollinated)
 Inflorescence : A cluster of flowers; the arrangement and mode of
development of the flowers on a floral axis.

6.  Isolation Distance : The minimum distance required to separate
seed-producing field from other varieties of the same or related
species in order to prevent outcrossing or undesired mating
 Land Race : A line/strain/group of individuals evolved directly
under influence of natural selection; the earliest cultivated types;
 Law of Homologous Series in Variation: Characters found in one
plant species may also be expected in similar species.
 Lint : Long fibres of cotton separated from the seed after ginning.
 Male Sterility : Absence or non-functioning of pollens in plants.
This provides a barrier to self-fertilization.
 Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) : The selection of target
gene(s) aided by tightly linked markers
 Mass Selection: A form of selection in which individual plants are
selected depending upon their better phenotypic values (usually
without progeny test) and the next generation is propagated from
aggregate of their seeds.
 Maternal Effect : The environmental influence of the mother‟s
tissues on the phenotype of the offspring.

7.  Multiline Variety : A variety developed through a composite of
isolines. The term “multilines” sometimes is applied to mixtures of
genetically diverse lines produced in various ways to buffer against
environmental stresses.
 Mutation Breeding : A system of breeding in which plants/plant
parts/seeds or any kinds of propagules are treated with any kind of
mutagen accompanied by selection for desired types in succeeding
generations.
 Muton : The smallest part of a gene that is involved in a mutation
event.
 Norin 10 : A Japanese semi dwarf variety of bread wheat
discovered in 1946. It carried two recessive genes for dwarfness,
designated as Rht1 and Rht2 on 4A and 4D chromosomes,
respectively.
These genes facilitate greater mobilization of dry matter towards
economic yield
 ODV : Other Distinguishable Varieties; seeds of other varieties
with distinct appearance present in a seed lot of designated variety.
 OECD : Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development. OECD was developed after the Second World War
in Europe. The scheme developed for uniform technology and
standard methods and practice for seed production and certification
for forage moving in international trade was taken over byOECD

8. in 1962. Since then, it adopted and implemented schemes for
certification of different kinds of seeds including those of cereals,
sugar beet, forestry, and the like. The basic objective of OECD
seed scheme is to encourage use of seed of high quality in the
participating countries. The scheme authorizes use of labels and
certificates for seed produced and processed for international trade
according to the seed principles. The scheme is open on voluntary
basis to members of organization as well as to other member
countries of United Nations. If a country adopts OECD seed
schemes, it is obliged to ensure that the rules of the scheme are
strictlyobserved.
 Off - Season Nursery : A place wherein a breeding strain is
grown in a season not suited to its normal rearing. The off-season
planting serves the purpose of advancing generations, e.g., growing
of off-season wheat and chickpea at Wellington (Tamil Nadu) and
Dharwad (Karnataka), respectively.
 Patent : The legal right, which provides protection to the interests
of the experimenter.
 Pedigree Breeding : A system of breeding in which individual
plants are selected in the segregating generations from a cross on
the basis of their desirability judged individually and on the basis
of a pedigree record. It has been a widelyused method in breeding
self-pollinated crops.

9.  Plant Introduction : Bringing of a plant species or a variety from
one place/environment to a new place/environment where it has not
been grown previously.
 Pollination : The transfer of pollen from the anther to a stigma.
Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to the
stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant, or
within a clone. Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from an
anther on one plant to a stigma of a flower on a geneticallydifferent
plant or clone
 Pre-Breeding : The sum total of all the activities related to
germplasm enhancement for future use in varietal development.
 Primary Gene Pool : Genetic resources of a crop that include both
cultivated and wild races wherein exchange of genetic information
among individuals is possible through routine breeding.
 Pure-Line: Progeny of a single self-fertilised homozygous
individual.
 QPM : QualityProtein Maize
 Registered Seed : The progeny of foundation seed normally grown
to produce certified seed. This class of seed is not produced in
India.

10.  S0 : Symbol used to designate the original selfed plant.
S1, S2, S3… Symbols used to designate first, second, etc.
generations after selfing an ancestral plant (S0t).
 Strain : A group of similar individuals from a common origin
 Syn-0, Syn-I, Syn-II : Symbols for designating the original
synthetic population, first synthetic generation (progeny of Syn-0),
and second synthetic generation (progeny of syn-I)
 Taichung Native-1: A variety of rice introduced from Taiwan in
1966. It heralded the beginning of cultivation of photoinsensitive
rice in India. It was developed from a cross between Tsai-yuan-
chung and Dee-geo-woo-gen
 Orthodox seeds : seeds which can be dried to low moisture
content and stored atlow temperature without loosing their
viability.
 Recalcitrant seeds : (subsequently known as unorthodox seeds)
are seeds that do not survive drying and freezing during ex-situ
conservation and vice versa

11.  In-situ conservation : is the on-site conservation or the
conservation of genetic resources in natural populations of plant or
animal species, such as forest genetic resources in natural
populations of tree species.
 Genetic erosion : is a process where the limited gene pool of an
endangered species diminishes even more when reproductive
individuals die off before reproduce low population
 Homogamy : Maturation of anthers and stigma of a flower at the
same time is called homogamy. As a rule, homogamy is essential
for self-pollination.
 Cleistogamy : When pollination and fertilization occur in
unopened flower bud, it is known as cleistogamy. It ensures self
pollination and prevents cross pollination. Cleistogamy has been
reported in some varieties of wheat, barley, oats and several other
grass species.
 Chasmogamy : Opening of flowers only after the completion of
pollination is known as chasmogamy. This also promotes self
pollination and is found in crops like wheat, barley, rice and oats.
 Dichogamy:
It refers to maturation of anthers and stigma of the same flowers
at different times.

12.  Heterostyly: When styles and filaments in a flower are of different
lengths, it is called heterostyly. It promotes cross pollination, such
as linseed.
 Herkogamy: Hinderance to self-pollination due to some physical
barriers such as presence of hyline membrane around the anther is
known as herkogamy. Such membrane does not allow the
dehiscence of pollen and prevents self-pollination such as in
alfalfa.
 Self incompatibility: The inability of fertile pollens to fertilize the
same flower is referred to as self incompatibility. It prevents self-
pollination and promotes cross pollination. Self incompatibility is
found in several crop species likeBrassica, Radish, Nicotiana, and
many grass species. It is of two types porophytic and
gametophytic.
 Male sterility: In some species, the pollen grains are non
functional. Such condition is known as male sterility. It prevents
self-pollination and promotes cross pollination. It is of three
types: viz. genetic, cytoplasmic and cytoplasmic genetic. It is a
useful tool in hybrid seed production.